Observance Of Human Rights Research Articles

Bullying - application of the ECHR practice

This study is devoted to the problem of the existence of school bullying, as well as the analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights related to it in the school sphere. The study of this direction is conditioned by the need to use the decision of the ECtHR in cases related to bullying in the school environment in Ukrainian judicial practice. The work reveals the interpretation of bullying and its legal definition. The signs and determinants (namely: causes and conditions) of school violence are described, as well as an understudied concept - the situation of bullying, which is necessary when considering this issue in court. In the course of the study, the criminological and constitutional aspects characteristic of bullying in the school environment were considered. The specifics of criminal liability for committing actions classified as bullying by participants in the educational process and a list of constitutional rights and freedoms that are violated by such actions are given. In order to properly disclose the research, the shortcomings that arise during the observance of human rights in the school sphere are considered. Data from 2019 to 2023 on the drawing up of administrative protocols on the commission of juvenile bullying prevention by the National Police of Ukraine, as well as sociological data conducted by us for this study in various regions on the presence and state of bullying in schools of Ukraine, are presented. The practice of considering cases of the European Court of Human Rights and their analysis regarding school violence is presented, as well as an illustrative case regarding the discrimination of children with special needs. Based on this, it was concluded that the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the field of education plays a key role at the international level, the analysis of decisions is necessary to improve the legislative regulation of bullying in the school environment and is promising for countering this phenomenon.

Қазақстандағы Адам құқықтары жөніндегі уәкіл институты: мәртебесі және даму перспективалары

The Commissioner for human rights or the ombudsman is the most important figure in a complex multi-level system of observance and protection of human rights. Each state undertakes to protect human rights and creates appropriate legislation and institutional structures for this, including national human rights institutions. Traditionally, national human rights institutions are defined as state structures for the promotion and protection of human rights. The activity of the institution of the Commissioner for human rights as an individual model of a national human rights institution is based on the norms established by the Paris Principles of 1993. The Paris Principles became the document that installed standards for the work of national human rights institutions, taking into account their diversity. The Republic of Kazakhstan has joined the majority of international treaties dealing with human rights issues. An important step in implementing the obligations under these agreements was the establishment of the institution of the Commissioner for human rights or ombudsman in 2002. The Ombudsman is an official with the authority to monitor the observance of human rights and freedoms and restore them within his competence. His activities complement the current system of state protection of human rights and freedoms. This article examines the features of the institution of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Kazakhstan, analyzes its compliance with international standards, and determines the directions of its further development. The authors used both general scientific and sociological research methods, in particular, document analysis and expert survey. The purpose of this work is to study the social institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Kazakhstan, to determine the features and prospects of its activities. The research used scientific publications, official reports of international experts, national reports, reviews of international organizations whose activities are aimed at the realization and protection of human rights.

Disadvantages of judicial control over the observance of human rights and freedoms during clandestine measures of obtaining information

Disadvantages of judicial control over the observance of human rights and freedoms during clandestine measures of obtaining information

Observance of Human Rights in the Use of AI as Technology

Observance of Human Rights in the Use of AI as Technology

Disadvantages of judicial control over the observance of human rights and freedoms during clandestine measures of obtaining information

Disadvantages of judicial control over the observance of human rights and freedoms during clandestine measures of obtaining information

КИТАЙСЬКА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ БАГАТОПОЛЯРНОГО СВІТУ ТА ЇЇ ЗАГРОЗИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

In contrast to the positive view of the role and place of China in the modern world and Ukrainian-Chinese cooperation, which is dominant among Ukrainian scientists, the article outlines the threats from the "peaceful rise of the PRC" and unjustified enthusiasm for the development of relations with it. Chinese leaders' official course and rhetoric have remained practically unchanged for decades, but real steps indicate a completely different content of foreign policy at the current stage. Talks about the "common destiny of mankind" and a multipolar world are followed by China's active actions aimed at changing the existing rules of the world system in its favor. China is very active in forming its own sphere of influence based on co-optation, coercion, and cover-up. Currently, it is using its entire economic and political arsenal to make the countries of the Global South dependent, especially the participants of the "Belt and Road" initiative. In the South China Sea, it is already using the "Strategy of Three Wars" to dislodge its opponents. The real content of Ukrainian-Chinese interaction, China's position regarding the Russian war against Ukraine, and its actual support of the aggressor no longer correspond to the status of a strategic partnership. Further close cooperation with the People's Republic of China contradicts the civilizational guidelines of our state regarding the development of democracy; mutually beneficial relations with the EU, NATO, the USA, and other partners that supported Ukraine in the war with Russia; observance of human rights. In relations with China, there is also the danger of deindustrialization, transformation into a commodity appendage, technological and cyber espionage, debt traps, corruption schemes, persecution of opponents of the Chinese government, etc. Considering the long-term national interests of democratic Ukraine and authoritarian China, we cannot be in the rank of strategic partners, but we can develop relations in accordance with the national interests of Ukraine and taking into account the numerous Chinese threats we mentioned.

Ensuring information security of Ukraine in the conditions of modern challenges and threats from the Russian Federation

The article examines the issue of ensuring information security of Ukraine in the conditions of modern challenges and threats from the Russian Federation. It is noted that the stability of the functioning of institutions of public authority, the preservation of law and order is a necessary prerequisite for the observance of human rights. In the conditions of technological development, ensuring information security is one of the most important guarantees of human rights. The basis of such guarantees is the observance of the principles of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and information systems. In order to ensure the information security of the individual, special legal frameworks for the protection of the right to the inviolability of private life are being developed, as well as additional mechanisms for its protection related to the establishment of specific requirements in the field of collection and processing of personal information. In order to ensure national security and information security of the state as one of its components, the most important guarantee of human rights is the observance of the principle of proportionality when restricting them. Most states have responded to the threats to national security that have grown recently by expanding the authorities' powers to access, collect and process personal information, which are now not limited to any particular categories of information. At the same time, approaches to ensuring the proportionality of measures taken to ensure national security may also differ in different states. It is emphasized that the actions of modern terrorists go beyond elementary humanitarian principles (in this context, we can talk about the Russian Federation as the most dangerous terrorist of the modern period of human development). There is contempt for the basics of humanity. In the conditions of such a struggle, it is difficult to call for respect for human rights, to apply this message to those who completely ignore it. Almost every day, state institutions, mass media, critical infrastructure objects, and the life support system are exposed to powerful cyber attacks using advanced information technologies. All this is part of a coordinated informational aggression against Ukraine. It was concluded that special attention should be paid to the tasks of protecting the relevant resources of the executive authorities, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly improve the measures taken for this purpose, to establish day-to-day control of the execution of relevant assignments of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in the conditions of geopolitical instability and transformation of the world order, modern cyber­attacks, which are characterized by non-standard methods, methods and means of their perpetration, require, at the legislative level, prompt work to prevent and prevent a destructive impact on domestic information resources and the information infrastructure of the public and private sector.

International legal mechanisms for the protection of human rights and freedoms in times of war: the practice of the ECHR

The issue of human and civil rights and freedoms is an integral part of the problems of the real human situation in society and the State. Never before have the issues of human and civil rights and freedoms been raised as acutely as they are today in connection with Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The international community is on the side of Ukraine, the inviolability of its territorial integrity, and most importantly, in defense of human rights as the highest social value in the country.
 Also, after the armed aggression of Russia and its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, ensuring international security has become a major issue of the day. As an independent, legal and social state, Ukraine is particularly interested in protecting human rights and freedoms. Currently, there are many international bodies that monitor the observance of human rights and freedoms and protect these rights, including courts and tribunals. They are divided into universal, i.e. those that operate at the UN level, and regional (European, American, African, Asian and others). For a detailed study of this issue, the author has researched and analyzed international standards of human and civil rights and freedoms, in particular, the case law of the ECHR in favor of Ukraine in the human rights protection system from 2014 to the present.
 As of February 21, 2023, the following interstate cases were pending before the ECtHR: the «Crimean case» related to the annexation of Crimea by Russia; the case of human rights violations in the occupied territories of Donbas, which includes the complaint about the downing of Malaysian flight MH-17 filed by Ukraine and the Netherlands; the case of violations of the rights of Ukrainian political prisoners; the case of the seizure of Ukrainian sailors and vessels in the Kerch Strait in 2018. the case of crimes committed by the Russian military during the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 However, it is worth noting that on September 16, 2022, Russia finally withdrew from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. This was the result of Russia's expulsion from the Council of Europe. The European Court of Human Rights has finally lost jurisdiction over Russia, and the consideration of thousands of complaints against it has been called into question, including those filed by Ukraine.

Правове регулювання статусу військовополонених відповідно до норм міжнародного гуманітарного права: історична та сучасна ретроспектива

Annotation. The article is devoted to the study of the norms of international humanitarian law in force in Ukraine regarding prisoners of war and the history of their implementation in the Ukrainian legal field. A thorough analysis of the norms of international humanitarian law and their implementation in national legislation is carried out. The Third Geneva Convention clearly defines the concept of prisoners of war, which is particularly important for the issues under study, to whom both the personnel of the armed forces of one of the warring parties, as well as members of the resistance movement, as well as the population that defends its state from attack and is not reorganized in official armed formations. Ukraine has undertaken to fulfill all obligations regarding prisoners of war, which are prescribed in the Geneva Conventions, as well as additional protocols to the Geneva Conventions of June 8, 1977, which were ratified by Ukraine on August 18, 1989 and entered into force on July 25, 1990. Ukraine also undertakes to implement the UN Convention against Torture, which has been in force in Ukraine since November 5, 1998. The lack of proper legal regulation of the status of prisoners of war, their legal understanding and a defined set of guarantees was noted. Attention is focused on the declarative nature of norms. In general, despite the state of war in Ukraine, the situation of enemy prisoners of war who are in captivity of the state of Ukraine is based solely on Ukraine's adherence to the norms of IHL and international conventions for the protection of these rights, it is necessary to state the real observance of human rights, respect for the dignity of the person and the rule of law . Along with this, the urgent problem is the status of prisoners of war in the aggressor state, the impossibility of obtaining access to information about them in accordance with international and national institutions, cruel and inhumane treatment - this is a colossal pain of our society. The perspective of further research is defined as the issue of forming military law into a complex branch of national legislation, determining the guarantees of prisoners of war, the issue of their exchange, etc.

International human rights ensurement standards in the law enforcement activities of the national police of Ukraine: today's realities

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to conduct an analysis of international standards for ensuring human rights in the law enforcement activities of the National Police of Ukraine, based on the realities and challenges of today. Methodology. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific reseach have been implemented: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, system-structural, logical-normative. Results. In the process of research, it was recognized that the proper affirmation of human rights and freedoms is one of the fundamental and leading factors of national state-building, where the National Police of Ukraine occupies one of the key positions in the person of competent state bodies to ensure them, thereby determining its activity, because its efficiency and productivity are of decisive importance in this aspect for social development. In addition, today's realities oblige the National Police of Ukraine to make significant transformational changes, as an appropriate algorithm of actions and decision-making, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its professional direction – serving the Ukrainian people, thus ensuring the implementation of strategic priorities of police activity in accordance with international standards observance of human rights. Originality. In the process of research, based on the generalization of positive experience, the significance and effectiveness of international standards for ensuring human rights in the law enforcement activities of the National Police of Ukraine at the current stage of state formation have been proven. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law-making and law-enforcement activities during the development of proposals for improving the mechanism of its timely detection, prevention and elimination.

The impact of the relocation of enterprises in Ukraine and abroad on the realization of socio-economic, cultural and labour rights

The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the consequences of the relocation of the company (enterprise) in Ukraine affect the realization of human rights and the activity of the enterprise as a whole. The purpose of the article is to study the current state of legal regulation of enterprise relocation, human rights (employee, family members, etc.). One of the main methodological techniques of research is a comparative approach. The legislation of different countries of the world, which regulates the issue of company relocation, is analysed in a comparative legal direction. The relationship between the norms of international law and the legislation of Ukraine regarding the implementation of international principles of human rights, enshrined in international legal acts, into the legal system of Ukraine, in particular regarding the relocation of the enterprise, was revealed. The practice was studied and the consequences of the relocation of the enterprise were revealed. The advantages and disadvantages of enterprise relocation are considered. Special attention is paid to the psychological consequences of the relocation of enterprises in Ukraine and abroad. The peculiarities of the impact of the relocation of enterprises on socio-economic, labour, and cultural aspects have been determined. It is noted that the value idea of “preserving their rights” is the foundation of the observance of human rights. It is emphasized that the implementation of outlined human rights must be considered in the process of strategic relocation planning. The practical significance of the study is that the conclusions and proposals formulated in the scientific article will contribute to the improvement of the mechanism of human rights protection due to the consequences of the relocation of the enterprise, the need to consider the needs of vulnerable segments of the population – employees of pre-retirement age, disabled people, children of employees. The generalization of the results of the work is designed to improve Ukrainian legislation in the field of human rights, as well as to implement into Ukrainian practice foreign norms and standards for the protection of human rights, such as socio-economic, cultural, and labour rights

Problems of the procedural status of property temporarily seized during a search

Introduction. In the aspect of both legislative regulation and practical implementation of such a means of security as temporary seizure of property, it is possible to state a violation of certain fundamental principles - legal certainty, protection against arbitrariness, and observance of human rights. This issue is monitored in terms of the unregulated procedural status of temporarily seized property and insufficient regulation of the legal basis for obtaining such property, that is, the lack of "legitimization" of the corresponding seizure by a special entity. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the essential issues of the legal status of temporarily confiscated property according to the current criminal procedural legislation, the consequences of leveling such a procedural concept, as well as to investigate the guarantees of the rights of the person whose property is confiscated and to identify possible means of overcoming the relevant regulatory gaps. Results. It is noted that a number of problematic issues arise during the application of the relevant security measure, which may at least lead to a violation of the inviolability of a person's property rights. The fundamental and essential basic principles on which the improvement of the institute of temporarily seized property should be based are characterized. In particular, conventional, national and branch principles. Analyzed decisions of the ECtHR. It was established that the things obtained as a result of the search and not specified in the decision of the investigating judge, were left with a procedural status due to the lack of a legal basis, namely a court decision for their receipt. This situation persists with the relevant property until the investigator, the prosecutor submits a petition for seizure of the relevant temporarily seized property to the investigating judge. It is noted that the property of a person, which is important in the context of criminal proceedings, from the time of its acquisition by authorized subjects during the search, until the decision on the seizure of temporarily seized property is made, is in a "procedural vacuum status". Procedural guarantees of the rights of a person whose property is temporarily seized have been analyzed. Conclusions. The author notes the need for further improvement of the institute of temporarily seized property.

Some issues of human rights protection in the field of business within the framework of the UN

The article is devoted to the issue of human rights protection in the field of business within the framework of the UN. It was found that states have, in accordance with international human rights law, an obligation to protect everyone within their territory and/or jurisdiction from human rights violations committed by commercial enterprises. This obligation means that states must have effective laws and regulations to prevent and remedy business-related human rights violations and ensure access to effective remedies for those whose rights have been violated. Corporate responsibility for the observance of human rights exists regardless of the ability or willingness of states to fulfill their duty to protect human rights. Regardless of context, states and businesses retain these distinct but complementary responsibilities. When a business enterprise violates human rights, States must ensure that affected people have access to an effective remedy through the court system or other legitimate non-judicial process. For their part, companies are expected to establish effective grievance mechanisms for any individuals or communities affected by or involved in their activities. the main duty to protect human rights rests with the state. This is the main duty of the state not only according to the UN Convention, but also as stipulated by various human rights documents. The state must take measures that will allow to effectively guarantee and implement human rights and human rights standards in its countries. Furthermore, it is envisaged that this protection should extend to human rights violations committed by third parties, including businesses or corporate entities. By setting that the protection of human rights is a fundamental responsibility of the state, the Guiding Principles remain consistent with international law, as human rights treaties and conventions are binding on states and not on non­state actors. In addition, states should clearly state the expectation that all commercial enterprises located within their territory and/or jurisdiction respect human rights throughout their operations.

Protection of Private, Family, and Intimate Lives

Abstract The Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR) holds an essential position in guaranteeing the observance of human rights within the country’s constitutional and legal framework. Through its attribution to interpret and verify the compliance of laws with the Constitution, the CCR has built a vast and particularly significant caselaw regarding the individual’s fundamental rights. By studying the Constitutional Court of Romania’s judicial practice in the field of human rights, we can examine how fundamental rights are interpreted and implemented in the national legal system. In this regard, the CCR plays a vital role in ensuring the protection and promotion of these rights by interpreting the Constitution and applicable legislation in accordance with international standards. It is important to highlight that the CCR’s human rights caselaw reflects the constant attempt to ensure a balance between the individual’s and society’s interests, protecting fundamental rights in accordance with the principles of the rule of law and international standards in the field. Through the analysis of concrete cases and constitutional interpretation, the CCR strengthens its essential role in human rights promotion and defense in Romania.

Ethical guidelines for collaborative research in European ethnography

Ethical behaviour in sociological research is a basic principle of obtaining high ̶quality results from such activities; this issue is especially relevant for ethnographic research, where the problems of observance of human rights, in particular, freedom of speech and protection of personal data, are key factors in the fight against the continuous “technologization” of modern society and the devaluation of integrity. The study aims to develop recommendations for the correct behaviour of all participants involved in collaborative ethnographic research in Europe by considering the basic principles and aspects of interaction in this field of sociological research. The main methods used include comparative and historical, which helped to identify the key features and trends in the development of ethnographic research in the time dimension; systematic and analytical, which helped to identify the basic principles of ethical behaviour in the process of scientific research. The concepts of research in the field of ethnography and the ethical component in the process of such research are explained, and the ambiguity of generally accepted definitions is emphasised. The essence, content and characteristic features of ethnographic research and the principles of ethical behaviour in it are defined; the key problems and controversial issues of this field of research are emphasised. The historical development of this field of scientific activity in the context of fieldwork in the European region is considered, and several important examples of ethnographic research in the past are described. Based on the studied positive and negative international experience and on the analysis of the results of scientific research of several expeditions, general recommendations for the ethical component of ethnographic research are presented. The results and conclusions of the work can be used for further activities on this topic, in particular, in the context of providing practical recommendations for organising and conducting sociological research in the fields of ethnography, anthropology, etc. in different regions of the world

Challenges and threats of personal data protection in working with artificial intelligence

With the development of artificial intelligence technologies, there are new opportunities to use personal data for various purposes, such as machine learning, process automatization and management of large volumes of information. However, along with these opportunities, questions arise regarding the protection of personal data privacy and the observance of human rights. This article aims to explore the challenges and threats that are becoming relevant in the context of the use of artificial intelligence from the perspective of legal scholars.
 This research paper explores the challenges and threats associated with the protection of personal data when working with artificial intelligence (AI). The growing role of AI in various spheres of life causes the need to exchange and process a large amount of personal data. However, this process raises serious privacy and security issues.
 The article analyzes the main challenges, in particular, the instability of technological progress, which complicates the development of effective methods of personal data protection. The problem of processing a large amount of data while ensuring its confidentiality and integrity is also investigated. Important attention is paid to the problem of identification and management of risks related to the protection of personal data in the context of AI.
 The article also identifies threats to the security of personal data when working with AI. The author consider the possibility of unauthorized access to personal data, identity theft, and the possibility of using AI to manipulate data for the purpose of fraud or discrimination. The problem of algorithmic bias and the risks of insufficient anonymization of data are also analyzed in the present article. The article concludes with recommendations and strategies for protecting personal data when working with AI. In particular, the need to establish strict rules and regulations for the processing of personal data, the use of encryption and anonymization of data, the development of control mechanisms and verification of compliance with security policies, as well as the education and awareness raising of users regarding the protection of personal data.

Contribution of Hersch Lauterpacht to the Development of International Protection of Human Rights

The article is devoted to Hersch Lauterpacht's contribution to the development of the concept of international protection of human rights and international human rights law in general. The study analyzes relevant norms of international law and scientific works of Hersch Lauterpacht; considerable attention is paid to the reviews of leading scientists on Hersch Lauterpacht's books "An International Bill of the Rights of Man" published in 1945 and "International Law and Human Rights" in 1950. The purpose of the article is to, based on the analysis of Hersch Lauterpacht's scientific works, investigate his contribution to the development of the concept of international protection of human rights. Both general (dialectical and systemic-structural) and special (historical-legal, comparative-legal and formal-dogmatic) scientific methods were used in the research. The article defines the prerequisites for Hersch Lauterpacht's choice of international human rights protection as his scientific interest, explores the peculiarities of the scientific environment within which Hersch Lauterpacht developed the concept of international human rights protection, outlines the main doctrinal approaches to the control mechanism of human rights protection. Particular attention is paid to the progressiveness of Hersch Lauterpacht's concept of international control over the observance of human rights and obstacles to its establishment at the universal level. On the basis of the conducted research, the conclusion was formulated that Hersch Lauterpacht, among a number of scientists of the middle of the 20th century who developed the concepts of international legal regulations of human rights, most thoroughly, after investigating the genesis of the formation of human rights and using natural law approaches, proposed a model of effective international protection of human rights. Hersch Lauterpacht's views on the need for real guarantees of human rights at the universal level, rather than a simple declaration, were quite advanced and far ahead of their time. To a certain extent, they can be perceived as idealistic since even today, the achievement of the same universal international standard of guaranteeing human rights (especially economic, social and cultural) is improbable.

Trade unions of Russia in the system of social partnership: legal regulation, problems and prospects of development

The subject. Proclaiming the ideas of partnership and solidarity, the state designates a completely new development focused on socio-economic relations in Russia, involving new principles of interaction between society, business and the state. The revision of the status of subjects of social partnership will be aimed at further development of the system of guarantees of human and civil rights and freedoms. Purpose of the study. The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the trade union as a subject of social partnership based on the study, analysis and generalization of the scientific base, current legislation and practice of its application. Effective protection of the rights and legitimate interests of employees is possible only if there is an effective mechanism of implementation of trade union control over their compliance. Therefore, it seems that in the near future the share of public control over compliance with labor legislation and labor protection should increase. Methodology. In the process of achieving the goal and solving the tasks set, the general scientific dialectical methods of cognition, as well as logical, historical, comparative legal and formal legal methods were used. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the study. The conclusions of the work are based on dialectical unity and the struggle of opposites. The main results. In the process of scientific research, it can be concluded that a society should be able to exercise public control over the observance of human rights in this society. During the reforms, trade unions lost the right to legislative initiative at the federal level, the rights to state supervision of compliance with labor legislation and the state of labor protection, and consideration of individual labor disputes. At the same time, trade unions have re-ceived a number of new rights, for example, to participate in the resolution of collective labor disputes, in collective bargaining, to conclude social partnership agreements, etc.Despite the declared principle of independence of trade unions from the state, as a result, it is impossible to create and legalize the legal status of the trade union movement without a state regulator. Therefore, the independence of any legal entity is, in principle, relative. Nevertheless, associations of employees are provided with a sufficient amount of corporate independence, which actually ensures their national and individual characteristics. Conclusions. Trade unions are an important element of civil society. Without increasing their role, it is impossible to achieve harmony in social and labor relations. In this regard, the question of the new status of trade unions in Russia should be raised. This conclusion is justified by the fact that free and independent trade unions are the guarantors of social justice and security. Consequently, the use of the market mechanism by the population depends on whether it is possible to regulate the labor market within the framework of law and policy. Moreover, the labor market improves the status of employees in relation to employers only with strong trade unions.

Civilizational and culturological aspect of philosophical and legal studies of observance of human rights

The main purpose of the article was to study the key elements of the civilizational and cultural aspect of philosophical and legal research on the observance of human rights. The subject of the research was specifically the philosophy of human rights observance. Methodologically it is descriptive research developed in the domains of legal philosophy and logic. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in modern legal discourse several approaches to the modern cross-cultural substantiation of the idea of human rights have been identified. Among them deserve attention the theories of human rights, based on the self-limitation of negative manifestations of a person, the ontology of spheres of human existence, the idea of human identity and the possibility of intercultural legal discourse. All allowed to conclude that, the further development of a theory of human rights acceptable to the majority of countries, in the opinion of the authors, is connected precisely with the otological concepts of human rights, among which the intercultural legal approach can be of great importance, in heuristic and hermeneutic terms.

Similarities between Longest Ongoing International Disputes: Kashmir and Palestine

The world's longest ongoing international disputes are the Palestine and the Kashmir issues that need the attention of the world for their resolution. International human rights rules hold Israel and India accountable for their excessive use of force and state-sponsored terrorism against Palestinians and Kashmiris. A fair and long-lasting solution in both regions requires an all-encompassing strategy that includes communication, diplomacy, observance of human rights, and international collaboration. This research article will explain the similarities among two disputes, Kashmir and Israel-Palestine. Also about the emergence of these issues, the problems faced by individuals of Kashmir and Palestine, and the role of media in the resolution of these conflicts.