Oblique Body Length Research Articles

ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ПОЛЕЗНЫХ ПРИЗНАКОВ И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ СЕЛЕКЦИИ

The work was carried out on three-breed hybrid Simmental x Ayrshir x Holstein animals in the conditions of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “1st May” of Mordovia Republic. Correlation of the main economically useful traits was carried out on crossbred animals bred with different energy nutritional value of the ration. The excess of the ration nutritional value of the test group was 7.0%. The heifers of the test group significantly exceed in terms of live weight the analogues from the control group at the age of 6 months by 11 kg, at 12 months - by 19 kg, at 18 months - by 26 kg (P <0.001). The highest milk productivity had the cows of the test group, which gave 7543 kg of milk, which is 8.5% more than in the control group. The superiority of cows in the test group is also preserved in terms of milk fat and protein yield, respectively, by 8.5-6.6% (P <0.01). Significant differences were noted between the groups of animals in the main exterior dimensions. As for height at the withers and sacrum, heifers from the test group exceeded their analogues from the control group by 5.7 - 6.3 cm, chest girth by 9.5 cm, oblique body length by 4.8 cm (P <0.001). The study of correlation of the main economically useful traits shows a certain dependence of live weight in different periods with milk production. This relationship is clearly seen in heifers of the test group at the age from 2 to 5 months and 12-18 months. The correlation coefficient in these age periods was + 0.685 ... + 0.734, which indicates a high dependence between live weight and milk productivity. The correlation between the main measurements of heifers and their future milk productivity was higher for heifers bred with improved feeding. It is advisable to use this regularity in practical selection/

Growth rate and conformation characteristics of calves after administration of different doses of tissue biostimulator to cows

It is known that one of the most important reasons for the birth of weak calves is the impact of adverse factors on the physiological status of the cow, which in turn affects the intrauterine and postnatal development of the fetus and newborn. The results of studying the introduction of different doses of tissue biostimulator to cows during the dry period and its effect on the development of the conformation of calves received from them have been presented in the article. The experiment was carried out in 2019 on cows of Priobsky type of Black-and-White breed and calves obtained from them. In order to conduct the experiment four groups of dry cows-analogs have been formed with 10 heads in each for 55–60 days before the expected calving at the age of III lactation and older. When selecting animals the live weight and milk productivity of cows for the previous lactation have been taken into account. The highest growth rate has been observed in calves from cows the 2nd experimental group, which exceeded the control by 24,4 % (P ≤ 0,001). The best indicators of conformation development have been also observed in calves obtained from cows of the 2nd experimental group, which were injected subcutaneously with 22,5 ml of tissue preparation. So, oblique body length have been greater by 12,6 % (P ≤ 0,001), chest girth by 17,3 % (P ≤ 0,001), width of hook bones by 21,0 % (P ≤ 0,01), the width of the pin bones by 15,0 % (P ≤ 0,05). The lengthiness index was by 11,5 % higher (P ≤ 0,001), the blockiness index was by 4,1 % higher (P ≤ 0,05), and the boniness index was by 10,6 % lower (P ≤ 0,05) than in the control group herdmates.

Assessment of selection groups of mature cows of various breeds, differentiated by milk fat

The assessment of black-and-white, red steppe, and Simmental cattle, differentiated by milk fat was carried out. Three groups were formed: selection, production and marriage. The selection parameters are calculated using the standard deviation. The calculated parameters of selection of animals of the breeding group for milk fat in adult black-and-white cows are at least 179 kg, red steppe - 186, Simmental breed from the Novosibirsk region - 143, the Republic of Khakassia - 176 kg. Cows of the red steppe breeding group are leading in productivity. Their milk fat index is 216.8 kg (P ≥ 0.95). In animals of the black-and-white breed, the milk fat productivity is 193.2 kg. In the Simmental Republic of Khakassia it is 193.8, in the Novosibirsk region - 163.5 kg. Analysis of interbreed differences in cows of breeding groups shows that animals of the black-and-white breed surpass their peers in chest width behind the shoulder blades, milk yield and milk production index. Animals of the red steppe breed are the best in milk fat, live weight, width in shanks, oblique body length, oblique rear length, chest girth, milk fat content. Simmental cows bred in the Novosibirsk region lead over their peers in height at the withers, and Simmental cows in Khakassia - in height at the sacrum, chest depth, cannon girth, assessment of the exterior. Evaluation of the production groups of animals for milk fat allows to note that the selection group of the black-and-white breed, despite the superiority in milk yield, is inferior to the peers of the red steppe and Simmental in terms of the evaluated character. However, the cows of the black-and-white breed of the production group surpass their peers in milk fat and most other signs. The formation of breeding groups for milk fat enables to note the consolidation of the black-and-white breed in terms of productive and exterior characteristics. The Red Steppe and Simmental breeds have a high potential for improvement. These breeding groups are worthy of competing with the contemporaries of the black-andwhite breed in milk fat productivity.

Association of exterior indicators of the experimental population of Pushkin breeds chickens with an effective marker rs316247861 of the myostatin gene

In modern poultry farming, along with classical breeding methods based on phenotype analysis, it is possible to use MAS breeding, which includes genotype assessment. Meat productivity is influenced by live weight and body characteristics of the bird. This article analyzes the influence of the rs316247861 marker of the myostatin gene on the conformation parameters of Pushkin breed chickens. For the analysis, 140 heads of Pushkin breed chickens were taken. Exterior assessment was carried out in chickens at the age of 330 days according to 17 indicators: body weight, body length, body + neck length, oblique body length, thigh length, chest depth, chest width at collarbones, pelvic width, chest girth, metatarsal girth, shin girth , chest angle (degree), keel length, metatarsal length, tibia length, oblique body length with a tape (KDT), tibia length with a tape. PCR-RFLP analysis was performed using the restriction endonuclease BstHHI enzyme. As a result of the study of the experimental population of Pushkin breed chickens, carriers of the CC genotype were significantly superior to individuals with the GG genotype in terms of indicators affecting the formation of poultry meat productivity. In the sample of chickens of the studied population, the value χ2=10.29, which allows us to conclude that the genetic equilibrium is shifted, this is a sign of strong selection pressure. Thus, in the experimental population of the Pushkin breed, the CC genotype is desirable for selection for poultry meat productivity. In this regard, the MSTN gene and its expression product deserve special attention, among the issues of both molecular genetics and animal husbandry.

Accurate body measurement of live cattle using three depth cameras and non-rigid 3-D shape recovery

Body condition scoring of livestock is widely used as a subjective method for assessing energy reserves and making management decisions for livestock. Since animal dimensions are often measured manually, the procedure is time-consuming, expensive and stressful for both the farmer and animal. Recent advances in three-dimensional sensor technology provide innovative tools for the design of automated contactless systems for assessing the animal body condition. The objective of this paper is to design an automated computer vision system capable to generate an accurate three-dimensional model of live cattle. The system is based on a non-rigid 3-D shape reconstruction utilizing data from depth cameras. The design methodology includes three Microsoft Kinect v2 cameras, computer vision, signal filtering of point clouds, pattern recognition using 3-D feature extraction techniques, and statistical analysis using point and interval estimations. The quality of generated three-dimensional body models is validated against manually measured nine references, such as withers height, hip height, chest depth, oblique body length, heart girth, etc. With a 90% confidence level, measurement errors in the proposed system among all measured estimates are less than 3%. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can serve as a new accurate method for non-contact body measurement of livestock.

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FORMATION OF EXTERIOR AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ADAY HORSES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MANGYSHLAK PENINSULA

It is established that milk mares of the Kazakh horse of the Aday breed have on average live weight of 389.2 kg, height at the withers of 139.2 cm, an oblique body length of 142.1 cm, a chest girth of 167.6 cm and a metacarpus girth of 17.5 cm. Mares of the Kazakh breed of the Mangystau population surpass in the live weight and body measurements the peers of Aday offspring. Namely, the live weight was 415.3 kg, the height at withers – 140.9 cm, the oblique body length – 143.4 cm, the chest girth – 170.5 cm and the metacarpus girth - 18.3 cm. In general, mares of the Kazakh horse of the Aday offspring are inferior to the minimum requirements for animals of the elite class in height at withers, the chest and metacarpus girths. At the same time, 90% of mares correspond to the 1 quality class. In stallions – producers of the Kazakh horses of the Aday offspring, the live weight averaged 438.7 kg, and in stud horses the Mangystau population – 449,8 kg. Body measurements in Aday horses were 145.2-147.5-169.8-18.5 cm, in the Mangystau population – 145.6-148.1-172.2-18.5 cm, respectively. Some regularities of growth and development of foals from birth to 30 months of age are established. A scale for the development of young Aday horses has been developed.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА МИКРОПОПУЛЯЦИЙ СЕВЕРНЫХ ОЛЕНЕЙ НЕНЕЦКОЙ ПОРОДЫ МАЛОЗЕМЕЛЬСКОЙ ТУНДРЫ НАО

The territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) has a large length from north to south and from west to east within the borders, which distinguish different biotopes that have been used for breeding reindeer for a long time. The aim of our research was the genetic and exterior assessment of reindeer micropopulations of SRO Tabseda (TABS) and marine brigades of the SEC Indiga (INDM), formed in the biotopes of the western and eastern parts of one geomorphological region of the Malozemelskaya tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. For analysis, we used the results of molecular genetic studies on nine STR markers, zootechnical examination of animals on 10 main features of the exterior and live weight, characteristics of physique, agroecological assessment of pastures (description of the relief, hydrographic network, zonal division of the vegetation cover, calculation of the INDM vegetation index in Landsat -8 and Sentinel-2A). According to the analysis of long-term values of the vegetation index NDVI, TABS pastures differ from INDM in low biological productivity, the vegetation of which is formed in vast lowlands with a highly developed hydrographic network. The micropopulation of TABS was characterized by high rates of genetic diversity: the average number of alleles (Na) per locus was 8.22, information alleles - 5.33, effective - 4.46 and private - 0.89. Heterozygous deficiency was noted in both TABS and INDM micropopulations (8.8 and 12.1%). Based on the obtained data on the exterior indicators, the INDM females had a number of advantages over TABS in chest girth (125.8 and 121.2 cm, p> 0.95), oblique body length (108.5 and 106.5 cm, p = 0, 95) and live weight (104.2 and 95.9 kg, p> 0.999), while males - by chest depth (47.5 and 44.7 cm, p> 0.99), chest width (29.9 and 27.5 cm, p> 0.99) and oblique body length (119.5 and 116.5 cm, p> 0.95), respectively. Thus, the reindeer micropopulations TABS and INDM located in the Malozemelskaya tundra have genetic and morphological differences that are associated with different environmental conditions.

Population-genetic parameters of the traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed

Researches of the linear traits of the body structure of cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed were conducted in the herd of the breeding plant of the Pidlisnivskoyi branch of PJSC «Rise-Maksymko» in Sumy region. The results of the correlated variability between conformation measurements and the value of animal milk yield in the age-related lactation dynamics were presented. Positive correlation coefficients were determined within the statistical significance between measurements and milk yield of first-born cows: height at withers (r=0,422) and sacrum (0,353), chest depth (r=0,362), width in pin (r=0,311), hip bone (0,271 ) and ischial humps (r=0.366); oblique body length (r=0,286) and rear (r=0,244); chest girth (r=0.391). With age ties are weakening. The degree of heritability measurements varies within the traits and age of cows. In the herd of the breeding farm revealed sufficient, reliable by Fisher's criterion, the level of inheritance coefficients, which will provide adequate efficiency of mass selection by height measurements at the withers (h2=0,347) and sacrum (h2=0,288), depth (h2=0,244) and chest girth (h2=0,348), rear width (h2=0,251‒0,264), oblique body length (h2=0,318) and rear part (h2=0,216), for which animals differed at the age of the first lactation. It was determined that the share of variability of measurements of the main traits of the body structure is caused by the heritability of improving breed (22.1‒36.4 %), parent breeding value of cows (16.1‒37.7 %), blood of father (10.9‒26, 6 %) and father line (8.6‒19.6 %). The positive correlation coefficients have been determined between the majority of body parts measurements and the value of milk yield, and the sufficient level of heritability in age-related lactation dynamics were the motivating factors for efficiency of selective breeding of dairy cattle breed by conformation. Power of influence of the breeding value of parent and his origin on the indicators of the conformation measurements of their offspring indicated the need to consider when selection of indicators of comprehensive assessment the breeding value of sires. Key words: Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, cows, measurements, correlation, inheritance, power of influence, hope.

Constitutional and production features of the cross of the Kalmyk breed with Aberdeen-Angus breed of cattle

The results of the crossing of the Kalmyk cows with the Aberdeen Angus breed are presented. The indicators of growth and development in crossbred bulls in comparison with purebred from birth to 8 months of age were studied. It was proved that crossbred gobies in the Aberdeen-Angus breed at 8 months of age significantly exceeded the control Kalmyk breed in live weight by 41.40 kg or 19.1%. They also possessed the best exterior in terms of the development of meat forms and the ratio of articles of physique. In terms of the depth of the chest, superiority was 6.05 cm or 12.5% (P≥0.999), the width of the chest behind the shoulder blades was 5.73 cm or 19.4% (P≥0.999), and 6.3 cm in the oblique body length or 5.4% (P≥0.95). The ratio of the articles of constitution was also in favor of the crossbred bulls. In general, they were characterized by a wider and rounded chest and a somewhat longer body length. According to the massiveness index, the advantage was 5.25% (Р≥0.95).

Exterior special characteristics of cows and their descendants of different generations at high-producing herds

The results of studies of the exterior characteristics of first-calf cows and their descendants of different generations are presented. The studies were conducted at high-producing herds (average yields per a cow about 10000 kg) LLC “Veleten” of the Glukhiv district of Sumy region and PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” of the Kamyansko-Dniprovskyy district of Zaporizhzhya region created out of the absorption crossing of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed females with Holstein breeders, first-calf cows and their descendants of the first, second, and at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” – also of third generations. The sample of animals includes 62.5–100% share of Holstein inheritance. There was some differentiation between the cows of the controlled herds according to the investigated body measurements: the first-calf cows of PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” were highly dominated the herdmates of LLC “Veleten” by height at the withers by 3.2, chest depth by 1.4, chest girth by the shoulder by 1.2 and oblique body length – by 1.7 cm, but were inferior to them in chest width by 0.8 (P < 0.05), width of oysters – by 0.4 and girth of wrist – by 0.3 cm (P < 0.001). The cows of both farms, by all studied exterior characteristics, outweighed their descendants of different generations, which is explained by the lower age of first calving for daughters, grandchildren and great-grandchildren than the cows from which they came. However, such a slight, although in most cases, probable differentiation between the exterior features of the cows and their descendants of the above generations appears to be the result of a better level of animal production of each successive generation, as indicated by their milk yields for the first lactation. However, according to all the investigated measurements (exception – width of oysters of cows of all generations and girth of wrist in the descendants of the second and third generations) animals of both controlled herds outperformed the target parameters of exterior characteristics for the first-calf cows of the desired type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The analysis of body structure indices shows that the first-calf cows under control and their descendants of different generations were characterized by the type of body structure characteristic of dairy cattle. Between the body measurements of animals and their descendants of different generations, different strengths and directions of communication are established. The correlation coefficients between the exterior characteristics of cows and their daughters in LLC “Veleten”, depending on the size, were in the range -0.05 – +0.15, in cows and their granddaughters, within -0.15 – +0.06, and the regression coefficients are within -0.05 – +0.19 and -0.15 – +0.05, respectively. In PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy” the relative variability of body measurements in cows and their descendants of the first, second and third generations was -0.07 – +0.23, respectively; -0.19 – +0.14 and -0.33 – +0.26, and regression coefficients ranged from -0.04 to +0.14; from -0.17 to +0.07 and from -0.47 to +0.16. It should be noted that in both farms the correlation coefficients between the exterior features of animals of different generations were by no means probable, and the regression coefficients were only reliable between the chest depth behind the shoulders of cows and their daughters in LLC “Velyten” and between heights in the cows' hedge and their great-grandchildren at PJSC “Plemzavod “Stepnoy”.

Genomic assessment and phenotypic characteristics of F2 resource sheep population

The article presents the results of assessment of genetic diversity and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the re-source sheep population, originated from crossing of fast-growing (Katahdin) and slow growing (Romanov) breeds for QTL mapping and search for candidate genes associated with growth rate. The study was conducted on 88 sheep from the resource population, including two unrelated families that have been reared in the Moscow region since 2017. Each family consists of a Katahdin ram (founder), Romanov’s ewes (mothers), F1 hybrids, and two groups of backcrosses. All sheep were genotyped using a high-density DNA chip Illumina Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip (~ 600 thousand SNP markers). SNP markers were filtered in the PLINK v.1.90. PCA was performed in PLINK v.1.90 and visualized in R package ggplot2. The genetic diversity indices (Ho, uHe, Ar, FIS) were calculated in R package “diveRsity”. It was established that both crosses had higher level of genetic diversity in comparison with the mother breed. F1 hybrids were characterized by the highest level of observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.409-0.407), while Ho ranged from 0.382 to 0.396 for the backcrosses, respectively. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.329 to 0.356 in the groups from the resource population. Allelic richness was high in all studied groups (more than 1.849). PCA showed that the mated parent breeds were highly differentiated, as it should be in successful establishment of the resource population. The phenotypic characteristic of the backcrosses on live weight and nine body measurements at 9, 42 and 90 days is given. The coefficients of variation were the highest by live weight (17.0-19.0%), body length (15.5-22.3%) and oblique body length (16.2% and 22.7%) at 90 days. The results are intermediate and create a geno-typic and phenotypic base to perform GWAS at the next stage of our study.

ИНТЕНСИВНОСТЬ РОСТА И РАЗВИТИЯ РЕМОНТНЫХ ТЕЛОК ЧЕРНО-ПЕСТРОЙ ПОРОДЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ

The study analysed absolute, average daily and relative live weight growth indices in replacement of the holstein friesian (black-and-white) heifers for the breeding period. The study was conducted at AO (JSC) «Uchkhoz Iyulskoe Izhevsk state agricultural academy» in Votkinsk district of Udmurt Republic. Also, the study focused on dynamics of body measurements in the young animals of different origin from birth to the age of 12 months. Maintenance and feeding conditions met the physiological requirements. The heifers demonstrated the highest growth indices at the age of 6–9 months. The absolute weight gain was 67,8 kg, the average daily weight gain was 753,5 g. As for the dynamics of body measurements a significant increase was observed up to the age of 6 months. Height measurements increased by an average of 11–15 cm, oblique body length rose by 20 cm, chest measurements increased by 8–30 cm, hip width grew by 9 cm and shank measurements increased by 2 cm on average for the study period. Depending on the origin, it was found that heifers of the lines by R. Sovering and V.B. Ideal had the highest absolute and average daily weight values at the age of 9 months, they were 73,6 kg, 817,3 g and 69,1 kg, 768,2 g, respectively. M. Chiftain’s line heifers showed the lowest growth indices in all of the analysed age periods. Heifers of the line by V.B. Ideal demonstrated the greatest increase in body measurements with age. Up to the age of 6 months, their main body measurements exceeded other line heifers by 6–10 cm. From the age of 9 months, the largest increase in measurements was observed in R. Sovering’ line heifers, these indices were higher by 2–3 cm than in other line heifers.

The Impact Of Higher Nervous Activity Type On Work Productivity And Horse Growth

Estimation of working productivity of horses of sport breeds at an early age is of great selective and economic importance. The purpose of our research was to study the effect of the type of higher nervous activity on the formation of the level of working productivity of horses, basic measurements and live weight. Methodology and source material. The research was carried out on the stock of horses of Ukrainian riding breeding plant PJSC "Rize-Maximko" (N = 77). The assessment of growth and development was carried out according to the following parameters: height in the neck, breast circumference, trunk length, trunk circumference and live weight. Analysis of working productivity of horses was based on the results of factory tests in the farm. In order to achieve this goal, conventional zootechnical methods were used. The origin of horses was determined on the basis of pedigree cards. The determination of the type of higher nervous activity was carried out according to the simplified methodology of the All-Russia Research Institute of Horse Breeding [4]. All data is statistically processed by the methods of variation statistics. Results and discussion. For the analysis of exteriors, 77 horses of Ukrainian horse breed were selected, which was divided into 4 groups by the type of higher nervous activity. According to the results of the study of growth and development of horses. Adult livestock of horses with a weak type of higher nervous activity in height at the withers, oblique body length and chest circumference are likely to exceed the standard breed, respectively, at 2, 5 and 4 cm (P0,01). The lowest indicators of height at the withers were observed in adult horses of 3 other groups (164 cm)

EXTERIOR INFLUENCE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY FIRST-CALF HEIFERS ON THE FORMATION OF THEIR FURTHER MILK PRODUCTIVITY

Selection and breeding work, which is responsible for realization and further improvement of genetic potential of animals, has a significant role in solving problems of industry competitiveness of dairy sector. Increase of animal productivity due to better development of those body parts which impact on milk productivity directly or indirectly, and elimination of some defects in appearance, affecting on various economic useful traits of animals may be one of the breeding work directions. Considering the above mentioned, the aim of our research was to study dependence of milk productivity of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows on their body measurements during the period of their first lactation.
 The research was conducted at Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows in "Milk rivers" LLC of Sokal district, Lviv region. Exterior of first-сalf heifers (measurements of withers height, the depth of the chest, chest width, chest girth for scapula, oblique body length (by stick), width in hips, girth of metacarpus) and evaluation of dairy cow productivity during the first, second, third and better lactation (milk yield, fat content in milk, the amount of milk fat) were carried out according to the data of zootechnical accounting (during last 30 years).
 It was revealed that the experimental first-calf heifers had proportional development of a body, a deep and voluminous chest. Withers height was 131,0, chest depth – 73,1, chest width – 45,2, chest girth for scapula – 192,7, oblique body length – 156,3, width in hips – 51,8 and girth of metacarpus – 18,6 cm. It should be noted that the animals on most of the evaluated measurements, slightly, but prevailed the target parameters for the desired type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle (exception – chest width). Narrow chests of the first-calf heifers were inherited from Holstein bull-sires, which for the recent decades, have widely been used in domestic herds of cattle. The variability level of the investigated measurements of a body was low; it testifies the consolidation of the herd. According to the measurements it was within 3,11–9,79 %. It should be noted that measurements of chest width (9,79 %) and width in hips (8,11 %) were observed with the highest variability.
 The milk yields of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows of the herd were 3728,2 kg during the first lactation, 3936,8 kg during the second, 4375,2 kg during the third and 4446,3 kg during the best, fat content in milk – 3,86; 3,80; 3,78 and 3,82 % respectively and the amount of milk fat – 143,8; 149,7; 165,5 and 169,8 kg.
 As a result of the research we found the dependence of milk productivity of the cows on their body measurements during the first lactation. The highest milk yield and the amount of milk fat were characterized for animals, which withers height was 130–132, the depth of the chest – 74–76, the width of the chest – 43–45, chest girth – 195–199, oblique body length – 155–159, width in hips – 55–57, girth of metacarpus – 18,1–19,0 cm during the first lactation. According to the abovementioned indicators of milk productivity, they exceeded animals of all other experimental groups, but this predominance was significant only in some cases.
 High significant relationships between exterior measurements of the first-calf heifers and their further milk production were revealed. The correlation coefficients between body measurements of first-calf heifers and milk yields, depending on measurement and lactation, were within 0,100-0,388, between body measurements and fat content in milk – within 0,145–0,347 and between body measurements and the amount of milk fat – within 0,132–0,388, and share of impact of measurements on these indicators of milk productivity – within 8,68–36,38; 10,80–28,42 and 8,83–34,96 % respectively.

INFLUENCE BODY MEASUREMENTS COWS UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED AFTER THE FIRST CALVING ON THE FORMATION OF FURTHER MILK PRODUCTIVITI

The productivity cow dairy breed largely depends on the careful evaluation and selection of animals by milk production and the type of exterior. The estimation of animals by measuring of body plays an important role in plant-breeding work in the process of further improvement of the newly formed Ukrainian dairy breeds by the type. It’s because exterior is one of the main signs of breeding dairy cattle together with indicators of milk production, reproductive ability and productive longevity.
 The aim of research was to investigate the formation of milk productivity of cows black and white dairy cattle based on their body measurements after the first calving.
 The research was done on animals Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant-breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region.
 The body measurements of first calving cows (height at withers and depth of chest, breast width, chest girth, scythe body length, the width of the pelvic bones and metacarpus circumference cow) and milk productivity (the milk yield, fat content in milk and milk fat) cows first, second, third
 and better lactation were studied by the materials zoo technical accounting. The force of influence on performance metrics was calculated by Single-factor disperse analysis method. The results of research were treated by variational statistics by G.F. Lakin.
 Established that the milk yield of cows Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cattle depends on body measurements after the first calving. The cows Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed in Western Ukraine that after the first calving had a height at the withers 134-136,9 cm, depth of chest – 76 cm or more, chest width – 47 cm or more, chest girth by shoulder blades – 196-203,9 cm, scythe body length – 160-164,9 cm, the width of the pelvic bones – 53 cm and metacarpus circumference cow –19-20,4 cm, are the most productive.
 Animals with these measurements of the body most of the largest number of yield milk and milk fat had probable advantage over cows with other indicators of these measurements. By the fat
 content in milk by the first, second, third and better lactation there was no significant difference between animals with different body measurements after the first calving in most cases.
 Among the studied parameters milk productivity of cows and measurements of their bodies after first calving we found varying strength and direction of correlation. The correlation coefficients between body measurements firstborns and yield milk by the first, second, third and better lactation were positive and depended on measurements and lactation ranged from +0,297 to +0,478.
 Between such measurements of firstborns, as the height at the withers, the depth of chest, width of chest, chest girth in blades, the width of the pelvic bones and with fat content in milk for the first, second, third and better lactation correlation coefficients were though low, but positive, and dependently on measurements and lactation were within +0,026 – +0,109. The correlation coefficients between the oblique body length after the first calving cows and fat content in milk were negative (-0,045 – -0,005) and between metacarpus circumference and fat ranged from negative to positive values (-0,038 – +0,017).
 The correlation coefficients between measurements body in firstborn and milk fat yield in the first, second, third and better lactation were positive and dependently on measurements and lactation ranged from +0,288 to +0,473.
 The likely positive correlation coefficient between soundings article body and yield milk and milk fat yield indicates that selection of cows by exterior will ensure the effectiveness of selection by milk productivity.
 The impact of body measurements cows after first calving on the milk yield value dependently on lactation yield was 7,6-22,9 %, on the yield of milk fat – 7,1-22,9 %. The greatest influence on these indicators were height at the withers, the depth of the chest, chest girth shoulder blades and scythe body length, somewhat lower impact had breast width and the width of the pelvic bones and lowest – metacarpus circumference.
 The impact of body measurements cows after first calving on the fat content in milk was negligible and, dependently on measurements and lactation ranged from 0,1 to 1,6 %.

External characteristics adults cows of ukrainian black and white dairy breed

The results of the evaluation exterior of the animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the western region of Ukraine. Studies conducted on animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region. Exterior animals was assessed by measurement of body articles. By value measurements calculated indices of body structure cows. Weight-size factor determined by the formula D.T. Vinnychuka and P.N. Merezhko. The results of research were treated by variational statistics G.F. Lakin. Adults cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed for exterior fit the type of dairy animals. Measurements body cows are: height at the withers – 135,6–136,5 depth of chest – 75,1–77,1 width chest – 46,2–48,6, chest girth for by shoulder – 197,0–201,2, oblique body length – 161,4–163,6 width in clubs – 54,5–57,2 girth metacarpus – 19,1–19,5 cm. By oblique trunk length and girth metacarpus, and in the «Milk River» farm Sokal offices and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» also for girth at breast for by blades are dominated by target parameters for the desired type of animal. By other body measurements investigated cows do not reach target parameters for the desired type of animal. Further breeding work with this array of animals should be directed to increase the linear dimensions of the body, with particular attention paid to the width of the chest. Indices body structure cows in farms of different characteristic type of dairy animals. Surround dimensions of the animals constituted 494,9–501,4 cm weight-size factor – 1,08–1,15. In cows of all farms the ratio of live weight and measurements body was typical for relatively stretched animals.

Morphometrical and production traits of Bengal sheep in West Bengal, India

SummaryThe study was conducted to phenotypically characterize the Bengal (Desi) sheep in some purposively selected villages of Nadia and Murshidabad districts of West Bengal, India. The Bengal sheep is reared as mutton sheep and has not been studied or characterized. Qualitative (coat colour and tail type) and quantitative (height at withers, height at rump, chest circumference, paunch girth, oblique body length, head length, head width, ear length, horn length, shoulder width, ear width, pelvic width, canon length, length of the fore leg, length of the hind leg, fore canon circumference, neck circumference, neck length, body weight) traits were included in the study. Phenotypic traits indicated that the sheep is of a small, thin tailed type adapted to grazing in water logged areas and lowly to moderately prolific. The structural indices indicate that the sheep is forward aligned, robust and rectangular in shape; it is well balanced and adapted for humid climates. The wool is coarse and hairy type, used for making blankets and durries. The reproductive parameters indicate that the age at first service was 295 days for ewes and 252 days for rams while the age at first lambing averaged around 425 days. Conservation efforts and genetic characterization are needed to maintain the breed purity and further studies regarding the carcass and mutton quality traits need to be carried out

Comparative study on the performances of local and their crosses with Boer goats

For this comparative study, 50 kids of each of both Boer crossbred goats and local goats were supplemented with concentrate @100g, 150g and 200 g / head / day during 3–4 months, 4-6 months and 6-9 months of age, respectively. The birth weight and fortnight interval body weight of the goats were recorded. The biometric measurements of the goats were recorded at birth and at 3 monthly intervals. At 9 months of age, serum minerals and biochemical profile of the goats were determined. The body weight of Boer crossbred goats was significantly higher than that of local goats. The body length, height at withers, height at croup, chest girth, and paunch girth values of Boer cross goats and local goats differed significantly between the breeds in all the ages of study except the oblique body length of Boer crossbred and Local female kids at birth, oblique body length of Boer crossbred and local male kids at 3 months. The serum protein, serum glucose, serum albumin and serum globulin levels between male and female goats of local and Boer crossbred goats did not differ significantly. The serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc levels between male and female goats of local and Boer crossbred goats did not differ significantly. The economics of production of Boer crossbred goats were found to be better than that of local goats. From this experiment, it may be concluded that Boer crossbred goats have higher growth rate with better net return per animal than that of local goats.

Evaluation of the conformation of stallions of selected horse breeds

The aim of this study was to evaluate the conformation of stallions of the breeds American Quarter Horse (AQH), American Paint Horse (APH), Appaloosa (Appa), the Lipizzaner horse (LH) and the Old Kladruby horse (OKH). Representatives of these breeds are characterized as the descendants of horses on the base of the Arab-Berber blood. Western breeds (AQH, APH, Appa) due to different environmental conditions, nutrition and the other structure under the influence of a different type of use, type of riding demands differed considerably from the original Spanish-type horses. It was measured a total of 24 body dimensions. Representatives of The American western breeds are statistically highly conclusively (P ≤ 0.01) in 23 of the 24 observed effects. To be precise, they are: smaller wither height as measured by stick, lower at the tail-set, longer neck, narrower chest, longer oblique body length, wider front pelvis length, longer pelvis bones, longer femur bones, shorter hind cannons.A statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) was found in the length of the humerus, where the Old Kladruby Horse has a humerus that is longer by 2.34 cm than that of the APH. The Lipizzaner horse differs statistically highly conclusively (P ≤ 0.01) from the Appaloosa and Old Kladruby horse in the tape length of its head.