Parental Obligations Research Articles

Severity of illness and adaptive functioning predict quality of care of children among parents with psychosis: A confirmatory factor analysis.

Parenthood is central to the personal and social identity of many people. For individuals with psychotic disorders, parenthood is often associated with formidable challenges. We aimed to identify predictors of adequate parenting among parents with psychotic disorders. Data pertaining to 234 parents with psychotic disorders living with dependent children were extracted from a population-based prevalence study, the 2010 second Australian national survey of psychosis, and analysed using confirmatory factor analysis. Parenting outcome was defined as quality of care of children, based on participant report and interviewer enquiry/exploration, and included level of participation, interest and competence in childcare during the last 12 months. Five hypothesis-driven latent variables were constructed and labelled psychosocial support, illness severity, substance abuse/dependence, adaptive functioning and parenting role. Importantly, 75% of participants were not identified to have any dysfunction in the quality of care provided to their child(ren). Severity of illness and adaptive functioning were reliably associated with quality of childcare. Psychosocial support, substance abuse/dependence and parenting role had an indirect relationship to the outcome variable via their association with either severity of illness and/or adaptive functioning. The majority of parents in the current sample provided adequate parenting. However, greater symptom severity and poorer adaptive functioning ultimately leave parents with significant difficulties and in need of assistance to manage their parenting obligations. As symptoms and functioning can change episodically for people with psychotic illness, provision of targeted and flexible support that can deliver temporary assistance during times of need is necessary. This would maximise the quality of care provided to vulnerable children, with potential long-term benefits.

KOMUNIKASI SIMBOLIK DALAM UPACARA NGABEN MATUUN DI DESA ADAT MUNDUK LUMBANG DESA ANGSERI KECAMATAN BATURITI KABUPATEN TABANAN

<p><em>Balinese comes in contact with 3 ideologic concepts such as: Tattwa (philosophy), Susila (behaviour), and Upacara (ritual). Those basic concepts will integrate and realize each other in Yadnya practices. There are 2 forms of Yadnya, such as Sekala and Niskala. Sekala is sacrifice by doing. While Niskala is sacrifice through offering to God with prabhavan.Yadnya requires infrastuctures symbolically, which is implemented through ritual. Ngaben Matuun is Yadnya which is included in Pitra Yadnya as a sacrifaction for pitara.</em></p><p><em>Symbolic communication aspects in ngaben matuun will be investigated through relevant aspects of communication in that ritual, such as intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication, group communication, body symbol meaning, perpetuation meaning, social adaptation meaning,offerings symbolic meaning, palmyra palm leaves meaning in Kunduh meaning.</em></p><p><em>Ngaben ritual process is started by hitting kentongan 5 times, bathing the dead body using cendana water, corpse bathing ritual, pangerigkesan, buried. Matuun has some steps, such as mapekeling, nanceb salon, mapekeling ngaturang pelabaan, the main steps is ental burning and kunduh burying.</em></p><p><em>Ngaben ritual purpose is to bring unsure back to Panca Maha Butha and atma to pitara by breaking the relation with the body. The unsure will be back to Panca Maha Butha quicker through pengabenan. Through pengabenan, Balinese people believe that it can bring unsure back to Panca Maha Butha as well as doing child obligation for parents. Ngaben ritual has many functions, such as religious function, obligation function, social economical function, ethical function, and esthetical function.</em></p>

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA TERHADAP ANAK JALANAN PADA BIDANG PENDIDIKAN

The responsibility of protecting the right to education of street children that the responsibility of the government, the provincial government, the district/ city government, and the obligations of parents of guardians, parents, families, and communities and countries. The management of education shall be the responsibility of the government and shall be responsible for any loss incurred on the fautes personalles (ie the loss to the third party charged to the officer, the fautes the services of the third party) shall be borne by the agency and the responsibility of the facility. The responsibility for the protection of street children's right to education should be given responsibility to the state through the government, provincial government, district/ municipal government by involving the community and the institution whose management is regulated and adapted to the ideals of the country and the conditions of each community in the region

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA TERHADAP ANAK JALANAN PADA BIDANG PENDIDIKAN

The responsibility of protecting the right to education of street children that the responsibility of the government, the provincial government, the district/ city government, and the obligations of parents of guardians, parents, families, and communities and countries. The management of education shall be the responsibility of the government and shall be responsible for any loss incurred on the fautes personalles (ie the loss to the third party charged to the officer, the fautes the services of the third party) shall be borne by the agency and the responsibility of the facility. The responsibility for the protection of street children's right to education should be given responsibility to the state through the government, provincial government, district/ municipal government by involving the community and the institution whose management is regulated and adapted to the ideals of the country and the conditions of each community in the region

W trosce o młodzież. Stanisław Podoleński SJ, pedagog (nie)znany

<p>Troska o harmonijne wychowanie młodych pokoleń jest wpisana w działalność wychowawczą podejmowaną przez wiele środowisk, zaczynając od rodziny, szkoły, przez państwo i Kościół. W II Rzeczypospolitej wszystkie te środowiska podjęły dyskusję nad właściwym kierunkiem wychowania przyszłych pokoleń. Jednym z priorytetowych zadań była troska o właściwe wychowanie zdrowotne i fizyczne młodzieży.</p><p>W dyskurs o istotnej roli edukacji prozdrowotnej włączył się jezuita Stanisław Podoleński. Problematyka podjęta w artykule dotyczy jego poglądów na istotę wychowania zdrowotnego i fizycznego jako wyraz troski o harmonijne wychowanie młodych w II Rzeczypospolitej.</p><p>Stanisława Podoleńskiego należy zaliczyć do grona aktywnych i zaangażowanych w działalność edukacyjną pedagogów w II Rzeczypospolitej. Bliskie mu były problemy młodych ludzi. W swoich publikacjach podkreślał, że istnieje nierozerwalny związek pomiędzy wychowaniem fizycznym i zdrowotnym a duchowym i intelektualnym człowieka. Jego zdaniem troska o harmonijny rozwój wszystkich sfer młodego człowieka jest podstawowym obowiązkiem rodziców, wychowawców, a nawet całego społeczeństwa.</p>

Bullying in Canada in the 21st Century: The Moral Obligations of Parents, Teachers, Schools and Governments

Despite an abundance of evidence-based intervention programmes available to schools across the country, childhood bullying persists in Canada. This paper looks at various types of bullying behaviour and its often devastating and far-reaching effects. It examines the common characteristics of children who bully as well as the reasons for, and causes of, bullying behaviour and summons more heightened attention to its root causes namely poverty, homelessness and disconnection. The moral obligations of parents, teachers, schools and governments and their roles as team players in raising sociable, compassionate and confident moral citizens in a world in which bullying behaviour is not only unacceptable but unthinkable, is also discussed.

Parental vulnerability

Increasing philosophical attention has recently focused on questions of the nature of vulnerability, and of the implications of recognizing and responding to vulnerability in human agents and subjects. Within that field of interest, explorations and analyses of the specific vulnerability of children have raised many interesting questions regarding the nature of childhood and the vulnerability-responsive obligations of parents. By contrast, there has been no philosophical recognition or discussion of parental vulnerability within the parent-child relationship. In this paper I seek to address that theoretical gap, exploring the distinct ways in which parents are vulnerable qua parents, as well as some of the normative implications that follow from a recognition of that vulnerability. These implications include claims of a vulnerability-based foundation for extensive parental authority over children, and the significant role of expanded social structures and mechanisms to more adequately support the parenting of our children.

Werknemers as Lasgewende Ouers in Surrogasie-Aangeleenthede: Die Geboorte van nuwe Verlof-behoeftes in Suid-Afrika / Employees as Commissioning Parents in Surrogacy Matters: The Birth of New Leave Requirements in South Africa

Commissioning parents, in terms of a surrogacy agreement, have the same parental obligations towards their child as traditional parents. Yet, despite the legitimising of surrogacy in the Children’s Act 38 of 2005, no provision has been made for suitable parental leave to be granted to these persons so that they may fulfil their parental obligations. The only leave that is currently available to commissioning parents is three days family responsibility leave in terms of section 27 of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 (BCEA). It is submitted that this leave is insufficient. In MIA v State Information Technology Agency 2015 36 ILJ 1905 (LC), the Labour Court indicated that amendments to labour legislation are necessary to address the lacuna in this respect. The Labour Laws Amendment Bill of 2015 has since proposed relevant amendments to such leave in terms of the BCEA. While the amendments are welcomed, the proposed period and management of the different types of leave give rise to concern and should be addressed. The latest developments in the United Kingdom in the field of parental leave make it a worthy comparator to provide guidelines for the improvement of the abovementioned Bill. In so doing, South African law can also sufficiently protect the interests of the parties to a surrogacy agreement, including the child born in terms thereof.
 Lasgewende ouers ingevolge ʼn surrogasie ooreenkoms beskik oor dieselfde ouerlike verpligtinge as tradisionele ouers teenoor hulle kind. Alhoewel dit waar is, word sedert die statutêre erkenning van surrogasie in die Kinderwet nog geen geskikte ouerskapverlof vir hierdie persone gebied om aan sodanige ouerlike verpligtinge te voldoen nie. Die enigste verlof tans tot lasgewende ouers se beskikking is drie dae gesinsverantwoordelikheidsverlof ingevolge artikel 27 van die Wet op Basiese Diensvoorwaardes 75 van 1997 (WBDV). Dit word aan die hand gedoen dat hierdie verlof onvoldoende is. In MIA v State Information Technology Agency 2015 36 ILJ 1905 (LC) het die Arbeidshof aangetoon dat wysigings in hierdie verband aan die arbeidswetgewing noodsaaklik is ten einde die betrokke leemte aan te spreek. Die Labour Laws Amendment Bill van 2015 het sedertdien relevante wysigings aan verlof tot die WBDV voorgestel. Terwyl die vermelde wysigings verwelkom word, is die periodes en die bestuur van die verskillende tipes voorgestelde verlof kommerwekkend en behoort dit aangespreek te word. Die resente regsontwikkeling in die Verenigde Koninkryk op hierdie gebied kan as ʼn waardevolle vergelykende maatstaf dien ten einde riglyne vir die verbetering van bogenoemde konsepwet te bied. Sodoende kan ook die Suid-Afrikaanse reg die belange van die partye tot ʼn surrogaatooreenkoms, insluitende die van die kind daaruit gebore, na behore beskerm

Parental Education and Expensive Consumption Habits

AbstractThe aim of this article is to investigate the general and special obligations of parents with respect to the shaping of consumption habits, from a liberal egalitarian perspective. The article argues that, in virtue of them being well placed to shape the next generation's consumption habits, parents have a duty of justice to prevent their children from developing expensive consumption habits in order to enable them to leave their fair share to others. In virtue of the special relationship they have with their children, parents have a duty of care, and this may also require parents to prevent their children from developing expensive consumption habits. Then the article discusses whether and under which conditions these duties hold in unjust circumstances, where a consumerist ethos is predominant and where other parents and educational agents do not collaborate effectively.

Intervention and competences of social workers in the process of regulating parental rights and obligations concerning a minor child

Intervention and competences of social workers in the process of regulating parental rights and obligations concerning a minor child

All is not relative: intergenerational norms in Europe

ABSTRACTIs the sense of obligation we feel towards our parents comparable to the one we feel towards our children? Most studies of normative solidarity measure only filial norms, that is, norms for children’s obligations towards parents, whilst largely ignoring parental norms, that is, norms for parents’ obligations towards children. This article quantitatively investigates parental and filial norms in 20 countries within 5 European regions. The article examines the question of whether the family cultures of North-West Europe can be understood as cultures of descending familialism, that is, cultures in which parental obligations are emphasised over filial obligations, as opposed to cultures of extreme individualism. The article contributes to the literature on family norms theoretically by showing that family cultures should be differentiated not merely by their strength but also by their direction, and methodologically by highlighting the importance of developing precise measures of both parental and filial norms. For the Nordic countries in particular, the analysis shows that the family culture is pluralistic, with the question of intergenerational responsibilities being one likely to provoke discussion in these societies for years to come.

Filozoficko-právny a etický pohľad na rodičovské práva a povinnosti. Reflexia podnetov od vybraných autorov

Filozoficko-právny a etický pohľad na rodičovské práva a povinnosti. Reflexia podnetov od vybraných autorov

Protection of the Debtor's Rights in a Maintenance Obligation of Parents and Children

Protection of the Debtor's Rights in a Maintenance Obligation of Parents and Children

Marriage, kinship and childcare in the aftermath of AIDS: rethinking “orphanhood” in the South African lowveld

In this article I consider the significance of marriage from the vantage point of children’s affiliation to domestic units during the era of South Africa’s AIDS pandemic. Drawing on multi-temporal fieldwork in Impalahoek, a village in the Bushbuckridge municipality of the South African lowveld, I suggest that AIDS-related diseases and deaths have led to the further erosion of marriage and to the greater absence of fathers in the lives of children. However, these changes have not precipitated a crisis in childcare. A survey of 22 households shows that orphaned children are generally cared for by related adults, such as matrikin and older female siblings. These arrangements are a product of a long history of improvisations, necessitated by experiences of oscillating labour migration. Moreover, they are facilitated by a diffusion of parental obligations, which is a central tenet of Northern Sotho and Shangaan models of kinship. I argue that in an economy of high unemployment and dependence upon state-instituted social security systems, marriage does not appear to be decisive to children’s welfare.

Can the best interests of young people be met in residential care? An Ireland case study

ABSTRACTThe search for factors essential to the achievement of congruence in residential youth care services in Ireland led to the discovery of five critical success factors, each of which affects all three organizational levels of such services. These critical factors included: needs-led, not regulation-driven, care; senior managers with workforce responsibility require domain expertise; shared vision and purpose across three organizational levels; practice-led planning and service development; and bureaucratic policies and practices that are congruent with corporate parenting obligations to provide developmental care that serves each child's best interests.

The impact of mutual obligation for sole parents

Mutual obligation is located within a neoliberal socio-political framework of policies designed to structure an ordered and ‘disciplined society’ emphasising strong work-ethics and self-reliance. This article presents findings of three qualitative studies into welfare-recipient experiences under interventions allied to mutual obligation. The studies were of 14 (2000), 32 (2007) and 15 (2014–15) sole mothers in receipt of Centrelink payments. Participants voiced concerns over interventions targeting individuals predominantly already contributing in essential roles, fear of misdirected coercive punishments, increased stigmatisation, a lower real standard of living and unimproved prospects for suitable employment. The article explores past and present rhetoric and implementations of mutual obligation policies, and their impacts for people receiving welfare benefits. Ongoing critical analysis of such interventionist policies is essential to ensuring that the ostensible goals of addressing poverty and disadvantage are achievable and without excessive unforeseen consequences to society. Are they in the interests of social justice and stability?

Creating a family through connection websites and events: ethical and social issues

Over the years, connection websites and speed dating events have increasingly attracted singles and couples who cannot have a child in the ‘traditional’ way. These initiatives bring together candidate gamete providers and recipients with the promise of offering more freedom of choice than fertility centres or sperm banks currently do. Depending on the level of contact desired, the role of the gamete provider may range from not being involved at all to sharing full parental rights and obligations. In this paper, we take a look at the ethical and social issues that emerge with these new forms of family arrangements. We suggest that, although the private arrangements promote greater autonomy and control for all parties involved, risks and questionable assumptions are also at play. In particular, risks involve insufficient screening of the involved donor or co-parent, particularly in terms of motives and psychological characteristics. One must also be wary of the risk of unregulated commercialization and, more importantly, of disappointments and legal conflicts caused by unclear or changing expectations. We also warn for the risk of reinforcing heterosexist and genetic norms of parenting and valid family building.

Family caregiving for adults with sickle cell disease and extremely high hospital use.

This study investigated coping with chronic illness in the adult patient-caregiver relationship for sickle cell disease, marked by debilitating acute and chronic pain. One-on-one interviews (N = 16) were conducted with eight primary caregivers of eight adults with extremely high hospital use, severe sickle cell disease with hospital admissions several times monthly over successive years. Caregivers were predominantly parents; two were romantic partners. Caregivers attributed disruptions to the disease's variability, tensions in how much support to give, and adults' inability to fulfill parental obligations. Both groups expressed fears of patients' increasing age, declining health, and early death. Targeted counseling and resilience training is recommended.

Sympathy and misery in families with drinking problems

Sympathy is an emotion that connects people in trouble with those around them. This paper uses Candace Clark’s sociological theory on sympathy-giving to explore the emotional relationships between adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs) and their parents. Three dimensions are singled out as being central to sympathy-giving. We show, first, that the ‘sympathy accounts’ of alcoholic parents are related to the degree to which they live up to standardized parental obligations. Second, ACOAs’ sympathy investment in their parents is associated with the parents’ reciprocation – in terms of returning the sympathy, showing gratitude and/or acknowledging their problems and trying to solve them. Third, the interviewees’ sympathy-giving is related to the moral status they ascribe to problem drinkers, and especially their conceptions of alcohol problems as being self-inflicted or caused by circumstances the drinker cannot control. The paper is based on qualitative interviews with 25 ACOAs recruited through a survey in Denmark.

June Carbone and Naomi Cahn Marriage Markets: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family Oxford University Press, 2014. 272 p. $29.95; 19.95 (pbk.)

Marriage Markets, by legal scholars June Carbone and Naomi Cahn, is ambitious in scope and covers many topics and trends of interest to demographers, sociologists, and other family researchers. These include race and class stratification in family formation, the interplay between economics and norms and values, the culture wars, the rise in executive compensation, and family law. The book's motivating question is why changes in the American family have not affected all socioeconomic groups equally. As many demographers have documented, the family patterns of college-educated Americans have been relatively stable over time, while the retreat from marriage and the rise in nonmarital childbearing and family instability have been concentrated among their less-educated counterparts. Marriage Markets draws on a large body of literature to explain the divergence in family patterns across socioeconomic groups. The authors propose that marriage markets help to explain divergence in family patterns across education groups. Sex ratio imbalances have generally been powerful explanations of cross-sectional differences in family patterns, but whether they can also account for changes over time in such patterns is less clear. The authors write that there are “more successful men seeking to pair with a smaller pool of similarly successful women” (p. 4) and suggest that this helps to explain the stability of marriage for the college-educated, but these assertions are questionable. For their evidence, the authors cite a chart from a blog post showing that the number of college-educated men exceeds the number of college-educated women when we condition on full-time employment and earning over $60,000 a year. There seems to be no strong rationale for conditioning in this way; moreover, we see the opposite picture for the college-educated group as a whole. Overall, the ratio of college-educated individuals has fallen from about 114 men per 100 women in 1980 to 78 per 100 in 2010. The gender ratio for the college-educated group as a whole has moved in a direction that complicates rather than explains the puzzle of why the college-educated have more or less held steady in their family behavior while less-educated groups have led the retreat from marriage. Carbone and Cahn's use of pop cultural references and casual generalizations may appeal to lay readers but is likely to be less appealing for family scholars. The use of stylized narratives throughout the book, based on a pair of couples who are acquaintances of the authors, may also miss the mark for a scholarly audience. This storytelling strategy has been used effectively elsewhere, but here the experiences of these couples are often only indirectly relevant to the arguments being advanced. In spite of such shortcomings the book has merit. The discourse on family change can certainly be enriched by perspectives from outside the usual disciplines—in this case the perspective of legal experts. The book's novel contribution is its discussion of the shifting legal definition of parental obligation and how the implications and effects of these shifts vary by class. In particular, the legal standing of non-biological, “social fathers” has thus far received little attention, and the authors raise important questions about whether and when social fathers should have legal rights and responsibilities for children, in the absence of legal adoption and even in the presence of a child's tie with his or her biological father.