Object-oriented Model Research Articles

Evaluation of a deep-learning model for multispectral remote sensing of land use and crop classification

High-resolution deep-learning-based remote-sensing imagery analysis has been widely used in land-use and crop-classification mapping. However, the influence of composite feature bands, including complex feature indices arising from different sensors on the backbone, patch size, and predictions in transferable deep models require further testing. The experiments were conducted in six sites in Henan province from 2019 to 2021. This study sought to enable the transfer of classification models across regions and years for Sentinel-2A (10-m resolution) and Gaofen PMS (2-m resolution) imagery. With feature selection and up-sampling of small samples, the performance of UNet++ architecture on five backbones and four patch sizes was examined. Joint loss, mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), and epoch time were analyzed, and the optimal backbone and patch size for both sensors were Timm-RegNetY-320 and 256 × 256, respectively. The overall accuracy and F1 scores of the Sentinel-2A predictions ranged from 96.86% to 97.72% and 71.29% to 80.75%, respectively, compared to 75.34%–97.72% and 54.89%–73.25% for the Gaofen predictions. The accuracies of each site indicated that patch size exerted a greater influence on model performance than the backbone. The feature-selection-based predictions with UNet++ architecture and up-sampling of minor classes demonstrated the capabilities of deep-learning generalization for classifying complex ground objects, offering improved performance compared to the UNet, Deeplab V3+, Random Forest, and Object-Oriented Classification models. In addition to the overall accuracy, confusion matrices, precision, recall, and F1 scores should be evaluated for minor land-cover types. This study contributes to large-scale, dynamic, and near-real-time land-use and crop mapping by integrating deep learning and multi-source remote-sensing imagery

Object-Oriented Mapping as a Tool for the Assessment of Landslide Hazard in Higly Urbanized Areas

The assessment and mitigation of landslide risk affecting hillslopes in highly urbanized and infrastructured environments are often problematic due to the inadequacy of the traditional approach based on landslide inventories and the absence of a shared language between the different scientific-technical operators (geologists, engineers, architects, environmentalists, economists, jurists) and recurrent understanding problems with policymakers, stakeholders, and property owners. Therefore, innovative technologies and working procedures are required to address these problems. In this context, the European INSPIRE Directive and the Italian national Catalog of Territorial Data with the related Geo-Topographic DB provide positive responses in terms of data standardization and transdisciplinary interoperability. On the other hand, the application of the object-oriented geomorphological mapping of landslides and, even more, the recently proposed Landslide Object-Oriented Model (LOOM) make it possible to develop a more thorough approach to assess the spatial and temporal relationships between landslides and affected slopes. Following the above perspective, the InterUniversity Research Center for Prevision and Prevention of Great Risks (C.U.G.RI.) produced the LOOM-based “eventory” of landslides over a sector of the Tyrrhenian coastal belt, northwest of Salerno city, in the framework of a multi-disciplinary investigation project launched by the Campania Regional Administration to assess the landslide risk. The quantitative assessment of the geomorphological expert-judgment procedures has been carried out exploiting morphometric indexes: the Topographic Position Index (TPI) for automatic slope features recognition, and the Slope-Area plots for surficial process domains. Furthermore, the application of the INSPIRE, and related Italian National Geo-Topographic DB standards allowed transdisciplinary interaction between scientists, technicians, and managers. Such proposal can support the risk management procedure, adding in the Value Judgement and Risk Tolerance Criteria simplicity and effective interoperability in trans-disciplinary frameworks.

A Temporal Case-Based Reasoning Platform Relying on a Fuzzy Vector Spaces Object-Oriented Model and a Method to Design Knowledge Bases and Decision Support Systems in Multiple Domains

Knowledge bases in complex domains must take into account many attributes describing numerous objects that are themselves components of complex objects. Temporal case-based reasoning (TCBR) requires comparing the structural evolution of component objects and their states (attribute values) at different levels of granularity. This paper provides some significant contributions to computer science. It extends a fuzzy vector space object-oriented model and method (FVSOOMM) to present a new platform and a method guideline capable of designing objects and attributes that represent timepoint knowledge objects. It shows how temporal case-based reasoning can use distances between temporal fuzzy vector functions to compare these knowledge objects’ evolution. It describes examples of interfaces that have been implemented on this new platform. These include an expert’s interface that describes a knowledge class diagram; a practitioner’s interface that instantiates domain objects and their attribute constraints; and an end-user interface to input attribute values of the real cases stored in a domain case database. This paper illustrates resultant knowledge bases in different domains, with examples of pulmonary embolism diagnosis in medicine and decision making in French municipal territorial recomposition. The paper concludes with the current limitations of the proposed model, its future perspectives and possible platform enhancements.

Development of Covid-19 Patient Data Submission Application at RT/RW (Sublocal/Local Area Governments) to Public Health Center Based on The Web

Indonesia becomes one of the countries known with the highest positive cases of COVID-19 in the world. Every day there are new positive cases reported to the health facilities. Currently health facilities still use reporting data system for corona affected patient manually using files. This causes a lot of spaces used for storage or files which increases every day and affecs the service that becomes slower. The purpose of this research is to build an application that makes it easier for RT/RW in submitting and reporting data, and there is no need for in-person meetings to provide COVID-19 patient data to local health facilities. The development of this application uses an object-oriented modeling approach (UML) using the waterfall method. The programming languages used are PHP and javascript with Bootstap framework. The result of this research is a patient data reporting application that can facilitates health facilities in managing and increasing data validity to accelerate the handling of COVID-19 in Indonesia

Modelica-based modeling and simulation of district cooling systems: A case study

While equation-based object-oriented modeling language Modelica can evaluate practical energy improvements for district cooling systems, few have adopted Modelica for this type of large-scale thermo-fluid system. Further, to our best knowledge, district cooling modeling studies have yet to include hydraulics in piping networks alongside plant models featuring realistic mechanical systems and controls. These are critical details to include when looking to make energy and control improvements in many physical system installations. To fill these gaps, this study released new open-source district cooling models at the Modelica Buildings Library and leveraged these models for a real-world case study at the University of Colorado Boulder. The site includes six buildings connected to a central chiller plant featuring a waterside economizer. Several energy saving strategies are pursued based on the validated model, including control setpoint optimization, equipment modification, and pump setpoint adjustments. Results indicate that a combination of the studied measures can save the campus annually 84.6 MWh of energy, 8.9% of electricity costs, 58.0 metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions, while the waterside economizer cuts down chillers’ run times by 201 days/year, reducing maintenance costs and extending chiller life.

Cyber–physical system modeling with Modelica using message passing communication

Modelica is an object-oriented modeling language whose design and features facilitate the description of cyber–physical systems (CPS). Message passing communication (MPC), seen as the transmission of impulses of information between model components, eases the description of the discrete-event parts of CPS models. However, Modelica does not currently supports MPC. Modelica supports an equation-based component connection rationale, where Modelica tools automatically transform component connections into model equations, following a physical modeling approach. The differences between MPC and Modelica connections are analyzed. A proposal for supporting MPC in Modelica is presented, inspired by the coupled PDEVS model communication approach. The presented MPC proposal is based on the definition of structures to manage messages, named buffers, interface ports and communication channels. Also, an implementation of the proposed MPC mechanism in the form of a new free Modelica library, named MSGLib, is presented. MSGLib includes functionality to manage and dynamically store messages, and describe component communications. Two examples, a pick and place system and a robotic arm, are presented to demonstrate the use of the library, and its combination with other Modelica models.

Parallel Simulation of The Electromechanical Transient Phenomena of Power System via Modern Software Development Technique

The simulation of power system electromechanical transient phenomena is highly dependent on the knowledge and model of special domain. For this reason, traditional parallelization of the simulation must be coupled with concrete algorithm and code. In this paper, a parallelized electromechanical transient simulation program is proposed based on the open-source simulation engine called InterPSS and general open object-oriented modelling framework. The correctness and effectiveness of this framework have been verified by a large-scale simulation case.

An Object-Oriented CNN Model Based on Improved Superpixel Segmentation for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Classification

Object-oriented convolutional neural network (OCNN) has been proven to be an effective classification method for very fine spatial resolution (VFSR) remotely sensed imagery. It can obtain higher accuracy and well edge preservation results due to the combination of advantages of image segmentation and deep network at the same time. However, the mismatch with the real boundary of the ground object is still a problem that needs to be solved further. In addition, a specific CNN model that can learn better feature representations also plays an important role in improving classification accuracy. For these purposes, we proposed an improved sample linear iterative cluster (ISLIC) to obtain better segmentation edges. This algorithm overcomes the limitation of the input feature dimension in SLIC and improves the boundary performance by using more features. Besides, in order to obtain better feature representations, a new CNN model has also been developed, which can make full use of spectral information to learn first-order and second-order fusion features for classification. This method has been verified on four real remote sensing images. Compared with other methods, the proposed method achieves better performance in terms of edge and classification accuracy.

A Transformational Approach to Managing Data Model Evolution of Web Services

The communication of web services is typically organized through APIs, which rely on a common data model shared among system components. Over time, this data model must be changed in order to accommodate new or changing requirements, and the components including the data they are operating on must be migrated. In practice however, not all affected components can be migrated instantly and at the same time. A common approach is to plan data model changes in a backward compatible fashion, which causes serious maintenance problems and is a common cause of technical debt. We propose an alternative solution, using a translation layer serving as a round-trip migration service, responsible for the lossless translation of object-oriented data model instances of different versions. We present a framework which offers a version-aware interface definition language (IDL) for APIs, a typed JavaScript-based language using the IDL definition, and a run-time environment. From a methodological point of view, development is supported by a catalog which comprises a set of typical evolution scenarios along with corresponding round-trip migration strategies. We showcase the applicability of our approach via a case study of a real-world e-commerce web application, and evaluate correctness through automated testing.

Identifying Difficulties of Software Modeling Through Class Diagrams: A Long-Term Comparative Analysis

Software modeling is a creative activity in which software components and their relationships are identified based on customer requirements. Based on the literature, object-oriented software modeling is based on four fundamental pillars which are abstraction, encapsulation, decomposition, and inheritance. However, despite the existence of guidelines and recommendations for implementing the object-oriented approach, novice software designers do not make good design decisions, leading to inefficient designs that cannot be modifiable, understandable, or user-friendly distribute at the development level. The literature reveals that the most common difficulties faced by software designers is a lack of understanding and confusion of concepts related to the object-oriented approach, as well as difficulties in creating Unified Modeling Language diagrams, especially class diagrams. The work presented in this article uses a qualitative and quantitative approach to determine, in a group of university students, what are the most recurrent difficulties and their persistence during the time. The qualitative case study is the method that allowed to generate the documents: <i>diagnostic</i> and <i>evaluation</i> tests. Additionally, a thematic analysis was used to identify, analyze and report patterns within the data. In order to know the occurrences of the problems in the case study, as part of our quantitative approach, a comparative study was applied to compare the results obtained between the diagnostic and evaluation tests and thus establish the similarities and differences among the cases observed, through the hierarchical clustering technique. The findings of this study show us 16 difficulties identified after the qualitative analysis, while the quantitative analysis shows us the number of occurrences and their persistence over time. The difficulties reported in both analyzes focus on these three difficulties: a) Definition of attributes that could be a class, b) Classes with inadequate or insufficient behavior and, c) Incorrect use of multiplicity between classes. Each of these difficulties is analyzed in depth in this study.

High-Resolution Mapping Changes in the Invasion of Spartina Alterniflora in the Yellow River Delta

The propagation of the invasive <i>Spartina alterniflora</i> (<i>S. alterniflora</i>) has seriously affected the health of coastal wetland ecosystems in China and thus requires an urgent response. In this research, we construct a feature vector set containing phenological and other time-series features based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform by combining dense time-series images from the Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites. We obtained the dataset of the annual distribution of <i>S. alterniflora</i> in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) from 2016 to 2021 by developing an object-oriented random forest classification model. The results show that <i>S. alterniflora</i> has different phenological features from other wetland plants that played an important role in its classification based on the images. A combination of multiple phenological and temporal features improved the classification accuracy of <i>S. alterniflora</i> (multi-year average OA: 95.38&#x0025;; UA: 95.01&#x0025;; PA: 95.17&#x0025;). Our results suggest that from 2016 to 2021, the growth rate of the area occupied by <i>S. alterniflora</i> was 2.17 km² per year, and a new patch of the <i>S. alterniflora</i> appeared in the south of the study area in 2018. The work here provides scientific data to support the monitoring and control of the invasive <i>S. alterniflora</i> at a large scale.

On one way to build up a computer model of the multibody system dynamics

A technology of an object-oriented modeling is under consideration. This technology is applied to the cases of the multibody systems virtual prototypes dynamics creating. General approach for creating the models is described. The approach is based on the multiport representation for the mechanical system to be simulated. The object-oriented paradigm turned out to be an efficient tool for constructing complicated models especially for the cases of large or very large dimencions. Several examples of the machines dynamical models from different topics were implemented.

Flexible object-oriented modelling for the control of large gas networks

In this work we develop an innovative framework for the dynamic modelling of natural gas transmission networks. Thanks to its flexibility, this tool may be used to support operation of the network while also giving the possibility to explore and test new optimized scenarios, introduce new elements in the grid itself (ranging from new branches to new machines) and test the use of new gas mixtures. We use as benchmark the Italian high pressure gas transportation network, executing simulations of past daily operation scenarios. Results are compared to real measurements so to prove the validity of the adopted approach.

MORPHOSCRIPT DATA MODEL AND ARABIC MORPHOLOGICAL AUTOMATA

This paper presents an automata-based Arabic morphology analyzer and an object-oriented data model. Arabic morphology is too complex to model exhaustively with classical approaches. Therefore, the first issue of this paper is the proposal of an adequate data model representing Arabic morphological components and related building rules. Our proposed MorphoScript model is a declarative and object-oriented language using classes, inheritance, and aggregation as basic supports to define the morphological components and all possible morphological links between them. The data model is also based on an annotation indexing system for semantic enrichment of the morphology knowledge. The other contribution of this paper is the compilation of the data model into a deterministic finite-state automaton that represents morphological knowledge. The produced AMA (Arabic Morphological Automaton) constitutes the nucleus of the final proposed morphological analyzer. As a result, the MorphoScript language allowed us to represent the morphological knowledge base in a readable and extremely optimal data model. On the other hand, the morphological automata generated from the MorphoScript database make the morphological process very fast, simple, and deterministic. Moreover, the compilation process is fully automatic, so we can update any morphological rule or component and run the compiler to automatically obtain a new version of the automaton.

Empirical Analysis of Re-Factoring Techniques

Abstract: The process or technique of Code Re-factoring is restructuring the existing source code by making changes in factoring without any changes in external behaviour. The main intention of re-factoring is to improve non-functional attributes of the software. The advantages include improving the code readability and reducing the complexity of any given source code, and these can overall enhance code maintainability and produce a much more elaborated internal architecture or objectoriented model to boost the extensibility of the code. The effect that re-factoring has on any software project is analysable and customisable. But, before customising the factoring techniques, it is essential to have a complete knowledge of all possible refactoring techniques, and all its possible effects. Our main focus will be on few main re-factoring techniques like Red-Green refactoring, preparatory re-factoring, Abstraction re-factoring, composing methods re-factoring etc. Every software project has both internal and external attributes, that highly influence the software’s maintainability, reusability, understandability, flexibility, testability, extensibility, reliability, efficiency, modularity, complexity and composition. The research mainly focuses on the effect of re-factoring on them. Study of researched data will give us comparative analysis, pointing out both the positive and negative impacts, re-factoring can have. Overall, the project aims to perform an empirical study to find out the impacts of refactoring techniques. The research aims to explore the change in the quality of the code after re-factoring. Improvement, decrement and stability are analysed. Study is also done to find the possibilities of applying more than one re-factoring techniques, independently or in an aggregation. Keywords: maintainability; extensibility; reliability; modularity

Investigation of VVER-1200 pressurizer dynamics by adopting modelica based modeling

This work is conducted within the framework of developing a control-oriented modelling and simulation tool focused on the study of the generation III + VVER-1200 plant transient dynamics, in order to conduct necessary stability analyses aimed at providing essential feedbacks required to perform the model-based control system design. An object-oriented modelling technique was applied, based on the reliable, validated and well-documented Modelica language. The pressurizer was modeled based on the Åström and Bell non-equilibrium approach. The developed model was then adapted to predict the behavior of the VVER-1200 pressurizer free dynamics at different conditions, with different perturbations/excursions. The developed model has been successfully integrated inside a Modelica based VVER-1200 plant model and pressurizer transient response to plant different free dynamics was tested.Test and verification of the developed model were performed against multiple benchmarks, as well as a real reference plant. Good agreement was obtained. Test results has shown that the simulator has provided precise information regarding its steady state as well as transient behavior even for severe excursions. Uncertainty analysis was also performed and showed that the developed model is more sensitive to the input variables than the plant model parameters. The model is valid along the complete operating range, including run-up/down, fast runbacks, as well as violent transients. The produced model is non-linear, time variant, of low order and high-precision. The adopted technique is well suited to the task of performing assessed studies for system dynamics. It fills the gap and overcomes shortages and/or limitations associated with current control-oriented modeling techniques.

Process Product Design Based on Multimode Interaction Design

There are many problems in the current process product design, such as poor interaction and low overall efficiency, so a process product design method based on multimode interaction design is proposed. Based on the relationship model, environment model, and object-oriented model of process product design, the process of process product development and design is analyzed. On this basis, the finite state machine is used to analyze the state of the designer to complete the task sequence, as well as the related design task planning, constructing craft products multimodal interaction mechanism, with the improved fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the quality of the products, according to the evaluation results of technology of product design optimization. The experimental results show that both experts and ordinary users give a high evaluation of the product designed in this paper, and the design cycle of the product is significantly shortened, indicating that this method can fully save the design time and improve the overall efficiency.

Parallel Computational Algorithm for Object-Oriented Modeling of Manipulation Robots

An algorithm for parallel calculations in a dynamic model of manipulation robots obtained by the Lagrange–Euler method is developed. Independent components were identified in the structure of the dynamic model by its decomposition. Using the technology of object-oriented programming, classes corresponding to the structures of the selected components of the dynamic model were described. The algorithmization of parallel computing is based on the independence of the calculation of objects of individual classes and the sequence of matrix operations. The estimation of the execution time of parallel algorithms, the resulting acceleration, and the efficiency of using processors is given.

Технология программной имплементации цифрового двойника в контур IoT управления HVAC-системой

The development of application software for cyber-physical systems of buildings involves the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) integration platforms. In practice, the flexible functionality of IoT platforms often leads to additional costs for software enhancement of existing and connection of new units, in particular digital twins. The paper proposes a technological solution for the implementation of a digital twin of the ventilation process in the IoT control loop of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for buildings and industrial facilities. The implementation and execution of the digital twin in the form of a dynamic simulation model in the object-oriented modelling language Modelica in the OpenModelica environment is considered. The IoT platform InfluxData, based on the TICK stack, is considered as an example of an integration environment. It is a horizontally-oriented IoT platform that contains the mechanism for collecting data from devices and the InfluxDB time-series database for storing metrics. To integrate simulation models on Modelica with InfluxDB, an OMPython server is proposed. In this case, the integration scripts are executed in the Python language, which as a result extends the traditional capabilities of the IoT platform significantly to the level of a digitally twinned control system. This HVAC control involves adapting control loops by taking into account the dynamics of the air distribution process over the ventilation network, evaluating and compensating for process inertia. The publication was prepared within the framework of the Academic Fund Program at the HSE University in 2020–2021 (grant № 21-04-039).

Correlating Time Series Signals and Event Logs in Embedded Systems.

In many embedded systems, we face the problem of correlating signals characterising device operation (e.g., performance parameters, anomalies) with events describing internal device activities. This leads to the investigation of two types of data: time series, representing signal periodic samples in a background of noise, and sporadic event logs. The correlation process must take into account clock inconsistencies between the data acquisition and monitored devices, which provide time series signals and event logs, respectively. The idea of the presented solution is to classify event logs based on the introduced similarity metric and deriving their distribution in time. The identified event log sequences are matched with time intervals corresponding to specified sample patterns (objects) in the registered signal time series. The matching (correlation) process involves iterative time offset adjustment. The paper presents original algorithms to investigate correlation problems using the object-oriented data models corresponding to two monitoring sources. The effectiveness of this approach has been verified in power consumption analysis using real data collected from the developed Holter device. It is quite universal and can be easily adapted to other device optimisation problems.