Object-oriented Programming Research Articles

The Concept of Class Invariant in Object-oriented Programming

Class invariants—consistency constraints preserved by every operation on objects of a given type—are fundamental to building, understanding, and verifying object-oriented programs. For verification, however, they raise difficulties, which have not yet received a generally accepted solution. The present work introduces a proof rule meant to address these issues and allow verification tools to benefit from invariants. It clarifies the notion of invariant and identifies the three associated problems: callbacks, furtive access, and reference leak. As an example, the 2016 Ethereum DAO bug, in which $50 million was stolen, resulted from a callback invalidating an invariant. The discussion starts with a simplified model of computation and an associated proof rule, demonstrating its soundness. It then removes one by one the three simplifying assumptions, each removal raising one of the three issues and leading to a corresponding adaptation to the proof rule. The final version of the rule can tackle tricky examples, including “challenge problems” listed in the literature.

Identifying Concurrent Behaviours in Erlang Legacy Systems

In Erlang, behaviours are special forms of design patterns. There are many benefits to using behaviours. For example, behaviours can help abstract away the most common parts when solving similar problems. Design pattern recognition may help understand the source code of the software. It can provide structured information about the purpose of specific parts and the design decisions behind the implementation. For object-oriented languages, several tools exist that use different approaches and methods to identify design patterns. We present a method for identifying source code fragments in legacy Erlang systems amenable to transforming into client-server Erlang design patterns. In our analysis, we identify the base set of server candidates using concurrent process analysis and narrow down the result using further static analysis knowledge using the RefactorErl framework.

Spreadsheet Modeling and Wrangling with Python

A staple of many spreadsheet-based management science courses is the use of Excel for activities such as model building, sensitivity analysis, goal seeking, and Monte-Carlo simulation. What might those things look like if carried out using Python? We describe a teaching module in which Python is used to do typical Excel-based modeling and data-wrangling tasks. In addition, students are exposed to basic software engineering principles, including project folder structures, version control, object-oriented programming, and other more advanced Python skills, creating deployable packages and documentation. The module is supported with Jupyter notebooks, Python scripts, course web pages that include numerous screencasts, and a few GitHub repositories. All of the supporting materials are permissively licensed and freely accessible. Supplemental Material: The supplemental files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ited.2023.0047 .

The Role of object-oriented Programming in sustainable and Scalable Software Development

This study empirically evaluates how various practices and principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) impact the sustainability and scalability of software projects. A detailed analysis of real-world projects is carried out, considering aspects such as encapsulation, code reuse, modularity, and the application of inheritance and polymorphism. The goal was to identify patterns and best practices contributing to efficient and adaptable software development. The main results highlight that the adoption of OOP practices, such as encapsulation, code reuse, modularity, inheritance, and polymorphism, can be essential for efficient and adaptable software development over time, effectively addressing scalability and sustainability challenges in real-world projects.

Smart Contract Design Pattern for Processing Logically Coherent Transaction Types

Recent research shows that the source code of smart contracts is often cloned. The processing of related types of transactions in blockchain networks results in the implementation of many similar smart contracts. The rules verifying transactions are therefore duplicated many times. The article introduces the AdapT v2.0 smart contract design pattern. The design pattern employs a distinct configuration for each transaction type, and verification rule objects are shared among configurations. The redundancy of logical conditions was eliminated at two levels. Firstly, it is possible to combine similar smart contracts into one. Secondly, a configuration in a smart contract reuses verification rule objects at runtime. As a result, only one object is instantiated for each verification rule. It allows for the effective use of operating memory by the smart contract. The article presents the implementation of the pattern using object-oriented and functional programming mechanisms. Applying the pattern ensures the self-adaptability of a smart contract to any number of transaction types. The performance tests were carried out for various numbers of verification rules in a smart contract and a different number of checked transactions. The obtained evaluation time of 10,000,000 transactions is less than 0.25 s.

Programming experiment course for innovative and sustainable education: A case study of Java for Millikan Oil-Drop experiment

A teaching approach of programming experiment courses with a new education process is proposed in this study to improve the sustainability of engineering education and extend the accessibility of lab experiments across experiment courses, with the goal of encouraging innovative and scientific thinking among students. The Millikan Oil-Drop experiment combined with Java object-oriented programming is demonstrated as a case study to validate the feasibility and advantages of this teaching approach. The new education process of the experiment course is designed based on Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, which has high practical potential for popularization among tertiary institutions without additional cost. Additionally, this work discussed the relevance of the general criterion of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology on student outcomes to educational accreditation, further indicating that introducing programming into experiment education can improve students' all-round ability and strengthen the triangular relationship among the three main subjects in tertiary education, namely, students, faculty, and higher educational institutions. This study may serve as an educational guide for teachers and tertiary institutions to pursue innovative and sustainable education.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ONTOLOGICAL MODEL OF DEEP LEARNING NEURAL NETWORKS

This research paper examines the challenges and prospects associated with the integration of artificial neural networks and knowledge bases. The focus is on leveraging this integration to address practical problems. The paper explores the development, training, and integration of artificial neural net- works, emphasizing their adaptation to knowledge bases. This adaptation involves processes such as in- tegration, communication, representation of ontological structures, and interpretation by the knowledge base of the artificial neural network's representation through input and output. The paper also delves into the direction of establishing an intellectual environment conducive to the development, training, and integration of adapted artificial neural networks with knowledge bases. The knowledge base embedded in an artificial neural network is constructed using a homogeneous semantic network, and knowledge processing employs a multi-agent approach. The representation of artificial neural networks and their specifications within a unified semantic model of knowledge representation is detailed, encompassing text-based specifications in the language of knowledge representation with theoretical semantics. The models shared with the knowledge base include dynamic and other types that vary in their capabilities for knowledge representation. Furthermore, the paper conducts an analysis of approaches to creating artificial neural networks across various libraries of the high-level programming language Python. It explores techniques for developing arti- ficial neural networks within the Python development environment, investigating the key features and func- tions of these libraries. A comparative analysis of neural networks created in object-oriented programming languages is provided, along with the development of an ontological model for deep learning neural net- works.

Un model de proiect STEAM în cadrul disciplinei programarea orientată pe obiecte

The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) approach is a continuously expanding field, thanks to its evident benefits in the contemporary world dominated by globalization and technological advancements. Science, technology, and mathematics form the foundation for technological progress worldwide, underscoring the necessity of motivating students to engage in STEM/STEAM learning. In this article, we will explore the relevance of STEM/STEAM education, its benefits, and present a project model within the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) discipline that can be implemented in classrooms to prepare future innovators.

Reform of Blended Online and Offline Teaching in the Object-oriented Programming Course

Reform of Blended Online and Offline Teaching in the Object-oriented Programming Course

Designing an intelligent territorial safety management system

The conceptual stage of designing an intelligent territorial safety management system is presented. The article shows the problems of information support for management associated with the need to process a large volume of unformalized data and their low reliability. Existing descriptions of objects and processes are not constructive. The approval and decision-making processes are poorly algorithmized and there are no feedback mechanisms reflecting the quality of decisions. As an alternative, the article proposes the use of intelligent technologies that change the mechanisms for collecting, processing and using data. An ontological description of a multi-level management model is presented that formalizes the main tasks of ensuring the natural and technogenic security of territories. Management levels and objects are highlighted, and their information support is shown. The model is based on assessments of territorial risks, representing a combination of comprehensive monitoring indicators. The novelty of the approach lies in the possibility of justifying the types and volumes of activities with the magnitude of risks, as well as linking management results with the necessary resources. The model is the basis of the intelligent system project. Using object-oriented programming methods, the transition from ontological description to structural and functional designing is shown. Representation of ontology elements in the form of sets allows the construction of multidimensional analytical models that reveal ways to solve management problems in specific conditions. This makes it possible to justify the composition of information and the requirements for its quality for each level of the territorial management hierarchy. Problem solving examples of ensuring territorial safety in accordance with the proposed classification are given. The model can be used as a scientific basis for management digitalization programs implemented in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Design and Implementation of an Extranet Web Application for Collaborative Education at the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques – Comoros

This paper presents an interactive e-learning web platform for the Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Comoros. This Extranet application replaces the manual Excel processing during session examination by proposing a fully automated programming application. The proposed platform helps to minimize errors that occur when using Excel manipulation, students’ interaction with the department, and waiting time before a response. The application leads also to a centralization of the results after deliberation and students can consult their detailed results over the different islands without having to come back to the campus. For the security of the developed platform, we used the well-known efficient agile method that allows us to facilitate task management during the process. The full platform was designed using the UML, and the implementation was done under object-oriented programming. The system was built using PHP, HTML, CSS, Symfony, JavaScript, and MySQL. For the Extranet considerations, all users are given a non-modifiable username and a unique password to access the application. During the testing period, the administration service was able to accept student requests such as reports and attestation, and scores claiming and students were automatically notified of the evolution of their requests.

Learning Styles Impact Students’ Perceptions on Active Learning Methodologies: A Case Study on the Use of Live Coding and Short Programming Exercises

This research paper explores the effectiveness of live coding as an active learning methodology in teaching programming, particularly in the context of diverse learning styles. Live coding, characterized by real-time coding demonstrations by instructors, has been increasingly adopted to enhance the learning experience in programming education. It offers immediate feedback, demonstrates problem-solving in action, and allows instructors to incorporate student suggestions, making it a dynamic and engaging teaching tool. However, its effectiveness varies among students with different learning preferences. This study investigates the impact of various learning style dimensions, as defined by the Felder–Silverman model, on the effectiveness of live coding in an introductory object-oriented programming course. The study was conducted at Aalborg University, Denmark, with students from the BSc Software program. It aims to provide empirical evidence on how different learning style dimensions influence student preferences and the effectiveness of live coding, offering insights to educators for tailoring active learning methodologies in programming courses to diverse learner needs.

Double inclined cracks overlapping effect on mixed stress intensity factors using XFEM object-oriented implementation

The object of research is the Mixed Mode Stress Intensity Factor (MMSIF) of a two-dimensional (2D) plate. With the emergence of modern technologies and advanced innovations which contribute to the development and improvement of the design, implementation and management of construction projects, it has become easier. However, it is very difficult to manufacture components free from unavoidable defects, such as cracks, which lead to material deterioration and ultimately shorten its service life. Based on the process of local enrichment region using partition of unity concept, the extended finite element method (XFEM) has overcome the limitations of the standard FEM method in terms of modeling and numerical simulation of discontinuities (cracks) while gaining its general advantages. This makes XFEM a powerful and widely used digital tool in recent years. One of the most frequently raised problems in the discontinuities field (cracks) is the phenomenon of juxtaposition of multiple cracks in a cracked isotropic plate, which must be studied to determine the extent of its effect on the crack stress intensity factor in order to obtain higher safety reliability. On this basis, an improved object-oriented programming (OOP) with extended finite elements was used because of its great importance and well-known benefits. In this paper, the MMSIF of a 2D plate is determined to show the effect of the out-of-phase orientation of the angle, as well as the effect of the juxtaposition of two inclined cracks. As a result of the research, it is shown that, the convergence between the results obtained in this study with those reported in the literature, and to theoretical values is remarkable, and their close agreement was noted. In the future, based on the object-oriented approach characteristics represented by flexibility, scalability, and modularity, which were explained in this research, this proposed approach can be enriched to include heterogeneous materials modeling, whether linear or nonlinear, crack propagation in dynamics, in addition to Complex 3D industrial problems.

Computer Science Education in ChatGPT Era: Experiences from an Experiment in a Programming Course for Novice Programmers

The use of large language models with chatbots like ChatGPT has become increasingly popular among students, especially in Computer Science education. However, significant debates exist in the education community on the role of ChatGPT in learning. Therefore, it is critical to understand the potential impact of ChatGPT on the learning, engagement, and overall success of students in classrooms. In this empirical study, we report on a controlled experiment with 182 participants in a first-year undergraduate course on object-oriented programming. Our differential study divided students into two groups, one using ChatGPT and the other not using it for practical programming assignments. The study results showed that the students’ performance is not influenced by ChatGPT usage (no statistical significance between groups with a p-value of 0.730), nor are the grading results of practical assignments (p-value 0.760) and midterm exams (p-value 0.856). Our findings from the controlled experiment suggest that it is safe for novice programmers to use ChatGPT if specific measures and adjustments are adopted in the education process.

Automated Grading and Feedback Tools for Programming Education: A Systematic Review

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language paradigm, degree of automation, and evaluation techniques. Most papers assess the correctness of assignments in object-oriented languages. Typically, these tools use a dynamic technique, primarily unit testing, to provide grades and feedback to the students or static analysis techniques to compare a submission with a reference solution or with a set of correct student submissions. However, these techniques’ feedback is often limited to whether the unit tests have passed or failed, the expected and actual output, or how they differ from the reference solution. Furthermore, few tools assess the maintainability, readability, or documentation of the source code, with most using static analysis techniques, such as code quality metrics, in conjunction with grading correctness. Additionally, we found that most tools offered fully automated assessment to allow for near-instantaneous feedback and multiple resubmissions, which can increase student satisfaction and provide them with more opportunities to succeed. In terms of techniques used to evaluate the tools’ performance, most papers primarily use student surveys or compare the automatic assessment tools to grades or feedback provided by human graders. However, because the evaluation dataset is frequently unavailable, it is more difficult to reproduce results and compare tools to a collection of common assignments.

Development of Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Learning in Polytechnic

This research is to investigate the design, validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the Project Based Learning Model in the context of Object Oriented Programming Learning at Polytechnic. This study is categorised as research and development (R&D), employing a learning methodology that is derived from the ADDIE paradigm (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation, and Evaluation). Methods of data collection including the utilisation of observation and questionnaires. The data analysis methodologies employed include validity analysis, reliability analysis, practicality analysis, and effectiveness analysis. The study yielded the following results: (1) the Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming Learning encompasses the design of a Learning Model, the identification of Course Learning Outcomes (CPMK), the determination of Learning Outcome Indicators, the selection of Learning Materials, the development of Semester Learning Plans (RPS), the creation of Learning Modules, the formulation of Student Task Plans (RTM), and the establishment of Learning Outcome Assessment Rubrics. (2) The Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming Learning has a validity of 0.84, meeting the criteria for being highly valid. (3) The practicality of implementing the Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming Learning is rated at 3.38, falling under the very practical category. Additionally, the lecturer's responses to this learning model are also highly practical, with a rating of 3.44. (4) The effectiveness of the Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming Learning is rated as high based on student learning test results. Furthermore, students' responses to this learning model are highly effective, with a rating of 3.31. Hence, it can be inferred that the Project Based Learning Model in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) Learning fulfils the requirements of being legitimate, practical, and efficacious for usage at the Polytechnic.

Development of Android- Based Learning Media in Object-Oriented Programming Subjects in Vocational High School Case Study: SMKN 1 Ranah Ampek Hulu Tapan

The object-oriented programming learning process at SMKN 1 Ranah Ampek Hulu Tapan is not optimal, this is due to several problems, namely the availability of learning media only in the form of printed books that students borrow from the school library. This causes students to lack understanding of the learning material and are less motivated to study and causes students' grades to be low according to the data obtained that the students' KKM completeness score is only 64.28%. The aim of this research is to develop valid and practical object-oriented programming learning media. The research method used is development research (R&D) with the ADDIE model which consists of 5 stages, namely analysis, development, design, implementation, and evaluate at each stage. This research involved 28 class XI RPL students who took part in object-oriented programming lessons. Results This research is in the form of Android-based learning software that can be used as a complement to the learning process, especially object-oriented programming subjects. This product has been grade tested its validity by several material experts and learning media experts and an average validity value of 87.79% was obtained. And the practicality test results from users, namely teachers and students, obtained an average practicality value of 85.89%.

Vectorized Numerical Algorithms to Solve Internal Problems of Computational Fluid Dynamics

The opportunities provided by new information technologies, object-oriented programming tools, and modern operating systems for solving boundary value problems in CFD described by partial differential equations are discussed. An approach to organizing vectorized calculations and implementing finite-difference methods for solving boundary value problems in CFD is considered. Vectorization in CFD problems, eliminating nested loops, is ensured through the appropriate data organization and the use of vectorized operations with arrays. The implementation of numerical algorithms with vectorized mesh structures, including access to internal and boundary mesh cells, is discussed. Specific examples are reported and the implementation of the developed computational algorithms is discussed. Despite the fact that the capabilities of the developed algorithms are illustrated by solving benchmark CFD problems, they enable a relatively simple generalization to more complex problems described by three-dimensional equations.

Implementation Of Object-Oriented Programming With Pyqt: Development Of Calculation Application

This practical report discusses the implementation of object-oriented programming using PyQt in developing calculation applications. The discussion includes application development steps, object structure, and responsive user interface integration. The development method used incorporates object-oriented programming concepts to increase modularity and maintainability of the code. The resulting calculation application is able to provide an interactive and efficient user experience. It is hoped that the results of this practicum can be a reference for students of object-oriented programming and application development using PyQt

L[formula omitted]OP-ART: A linear-time adaptive random testing algorithm for object-oriented programs

Object-oriented (OO) programming offers useful and desirable characteristics in the resulting code. These OO characteristics, however, demand an effective testing method. Adaptive random testing (ART) serves as an effective testing technique where test cases are distributed uniformly according to a proper metric for difference (distance) between test cases. Recently proposed object and method invocation sequence similarity (OMISS) distance metric was incorporated into a new ART algorithm (OMISS-ART) for testing OO software. Unfortunately, OMISS-ART’s high effectiveness in finding faults comes at significantly higher computational overheads. To alleviate the problem, we present in this paper a linear-time ART algorithm called L′OP-ART (Linear-time Object-oriented Program testing by ART) based on a lightweight OMISS metric. L′OP-ART designs specific data structures that store information about executed test cases, thus, the differences between candidates and executed test cases can be obtained with reduced overheads. Empirical studies show that L′OP-ART detects failures more effectively than random testing (RT), and has comparable fault-detection effectiveness to other ART algorithms for OO testing (according to the F-measure, or the expected number of test case executions required to find a failure). Furthermore, the test case generation overhead of L′OP-ART is low, close to that of RT.