Transactional Objects Research Articles

The Position of The Underlying Asset System in Musyarakah Mutanaqisah (MMq) Contract in Islamic Banking

This research aims to analyze the substance of related jurisprudence underlying asset in islamic economic law, analyzing the position of the system underlying asset in the financing agreement musharakah mutanaqisah (mmq) in the perspective of islamic economic law, and analyzing the application of the system underlying assets in the agreement musharakah mutanaqisah on sharia banking. This type of research is an empirical research type. Data is qualified as primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews and secondary data was obtained through literature study. The data collected was then processed using a qualitative analysis approach. The research results show that: 1) Underlying Asset position is based on the substance of fiqh as the basis for cooperation in an MMq contract, 2) Position Underlying Asset in the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah Agreement it can be categorized as the basis for cooperation in an MMq contract. In Islamic economic law, regarding the issue of musyarakah objects or MMQ objects being used as collateral, Islam prohibits goods used as transaction objects from becoming collateral/guarantee for the implementation of a mutual agreement, when the rental object has not beentangible when the contract is made, 3) The application of collateral in sharia banking is absolutely unavoidable. Requests for guarantees by banks from recipients of financing facilities are not only intended to ensure the return of the capital borrowed, but to ensure that recipients of financing facilities actually carry out everything that has been agreed upon in the contract, including Underlying Assets as a basis in the issuance of MMq contracts.

The inclusion of improved forest management in strategic forest planning and its impact on timber harvests, carbon and biodiversity conservation

In forestry, although the so-called nature-based climate solutions have usually been focused on the calculation of carbon captured in new afforestation projects, it should be noted that the increase in carbon associated with improvements in their management (Improved Forest Management) can also be computed. This type of carbon is not usually integrated into strategic forest planning models, nor has its possible degree of conflict with other regulation ecosystemic services, like biodiversity conservation, been verified. In this research, those two issues have been approached by calculating a baseline in an emblematic forest with an extensive forestry history. For this purpose, we have designed two scenarios, i.e., one linked to its current management (Business As Usual, BAU) and another justified by the inclusion of Improved Forest Management (IFM). The results reveal a notable conflict between the carbon captured and the values of the indicators used to measure biodiversity. In order to reach a compromise between both scenarios, a multi-criteria model has been proposed that could be more attractive than the above ones. In addition, the carbon profit credits in the first ten years have been computed under the IFM scenario; the latter could be, a priori, an object of transaction in a voluntary carbon market. In conclusion, our model generates feasible solutions that allow the integration of IFM into strategic planning. Besides, those solutions show interesting tradeoffs between carbon and biodiversity. This discord must be distinguished by the current state of the forest and its expected growth, as well as their influence on the values associated with provision ecosystem services, such as the present net value associated with timber harvests.

Обмежені речові права на земельні ділянки сільськогосподарського призначення: стан і перспективи

The article is dedicated to the realization of limited property rights to agricultural land plots. The author thoroughly examines the regulatory and legal framework of this issue and its doctrinal elaboration. The problematic aspects related to the realization of limited property rights are highlighted. It is noted that the current legislation lacks a clear definition of “limited property rights,” but such a concept may emerge during the update of civil legislation. The scientific literature presents a moderate view on the legal nature of limited property rights, necessitating a summary of different perspectives. The author’s proactive proposals for amending the current legislation are a significant step towards eliminating the existing gaps and ensuring legal certainty in the regulation of the relevant relations. The author also establishes that in today’s environment, the variability of property rights in terms of their content comes to the fore, which calls into question the absolute nature of these rights. This circumstance necessitates a study of an actual contract or a dispositive transaction, given that they (these rights) may be the objects of such contracts or transactions, and this requires the development of a universal contractual basis for the establishment of property rights. It is proposed that within the framework of recodification of civil legislation and considering the peculiarities of the national legal system and the specifics of national legislation, it is possible to consider the introduction of such a structure since this will ensure an inevitable unification of national legislation with EU legislation. In this study, the author used legal analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural, and comparative legal and formal logical methods to analyse the relevant legislation and doctrine and propose amendments to civil legislation. Keywords: freedom of will of the parties to the employment contract; change of employment contract, employee, employer, labor relations, work, labor contract, parties of labor contract, transfer, transfer, change of essential working conditions, right to work.

Территориальные комплексы недвижимости и новое законодательство об общей долевой собственности

The article analyses the meaning of the new norms of the Russian Civil Code on common shared ownership of common property of owners of real estate (buildings, structures and land plots) included in territorial complexes. It concludes that the norms of § 2 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Code cannot be considered as a legal basis for the emergence of shared ownership of common property in territorial real estate complexes. The norms of the Civil Code serve as the basis for the emergence of common shared ownership only for owners of premises and parking spaces in buildings and structures. For other real estate complexes consisting of buildings, structures, land plots, either a special law is required, which in this case acts as the basis for the emergence of shared ownership, or a joint expression of the will of all property owners — a transaction. At the same time, Art. 259.1 of the Civil Code opens up the possibility of carrying out such transactions, defines the conditions under which they can be concluded, and the characteristics of the object of such transactions — the common property of the owners of immovable things. The author criticises the conditions provided by law for the emergence of shared ownership of common property — the definition of the boundaries of the common territory and the physical or technological connection of the complex’s objects — and believes that such a condition should be the presence of common property. The proposal for the development of legislation is to establish a unified legal regulation of relations in any territorial real estate complexes, abandoning special laws on certain types of such complexes.

Implementasi Akad Musyarakah Mutanaqisah di BNU’26 Syariah Magelang

One of the obstacles in the Musyarakah Mutanaqisah contract is that two contracts must be carried out, namely cooperation (Syirkah) and rent (Ijarah). In implementing musyarakah mutanaqishah, two types of transactions are involved in one agreement. Therefore, capital goods are not only the object of transactions in musyarakah mutanaqishah but also function as objects in ijarah transactions for business development and as objects in buying and selling transactions to protect ownership of capital goods. This research aims to determine how the implementation of the musyarakah mutanaqisah contract at Bank BNU'26 Syariah Magelang is implemented. Mutanaqisah musyarakah contract is an agreement or arrangement between two or more people that is derivative and in the form of an agreement. This study uses qualitative methods with two approaches, namely interviews and observations. The results of this study confirm that BNU'26 Syariah, implementing the mutanaqisah musyarakah contract to customers, is there is cooperation between the bank and the customer in an effort based on mutual agreement. The contract can be agreed upon if the customer agrees to the requirements that Bank BNU'26 Syariah Magelang has determined.

Practical Marketing System as a Solution to Limited Labor and Post-Harvest Processing Areas for Rice

The majority of rice farmers in Denpasar City chose a practical marketing system, this system implements rice sales based on estimated production results. Farmers generally sell their produce when the rice is approaching harvest time. The buyer determines the purchase price for rice by estimating the number of transaction objects after carefully observing and viewing the rice to be harvested. With this system, farmers no longer need to think about the availability of labor to harvest, transport the harvest home, dry the grain until it reaches a certain level of dryness. The novelty of this research is conducting in-depth research on the practice of buying and selling rice using a practical marketing system in Denpasar City. This research will also examine in depth the practical marketing system from two sides, namely from the perspective of farmers and buyers. The results of this research reveal that the practice of buying and selling rice using a practical marketing system in Denpasar City involves farmers as sellers and buyers who are usually called penebas. The reason why farmers choose a practical marketing system is that this system is considered more profitable for farmers with all the limitations of farming in urban areas, where farmers only need to care for the rice they plant until it is ready to harvest.

Basics of implementation of the standards of international agreements in the sphere of international trade by Ukraine

The latest international trade is characterized by serious, radical changes - the creation of a global information space, where the main products of production are information and knowledge, and information technologies penetrate almost every sphere of economic activity. International treaties become the main source of legal regulation of relations arising in the field of international trade.
 It has been established that the future development of Ukraine's economy directly depends not only on determining the directions of transformation of legal relations in the field of international trade, but also on how Ukraine directly implements the provisions of current international treaties in the field of international trade, in particular in such an important field as intellectual property - international agreements are the determining factors of the competitiveness of the country's economy, the most valuable capital that determines the strategy and tactics of our country's development, the most important driver of innovation.
 It was found out that today, the states have come to the realization that without solving issues related to the international regulation of relations in the field of intellectual property, without concluding international agreements in this field, it will be impossible to promote any object of intellectual property in the world. It is substantiated that all the specified international treaties regulating intellectual property as an object of trade transactions, to which Ukraine has joined, form an interconnected system of international trade relations. The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) occupies a special role among the system of these international agreements. The implementation of the TRIPS Agreement in Ukraine progressed in parallel with radical changes in the ways of using intellectual property in trade and the growing use of the international intellectual property system. Currently, Ukraine is at the final stage of institutional reform in the field of intellectual property - the State Organization «Ukrainian National Office for Intellectual Property and Innovations» (UANIPIO) has been established; its powers, scope and directions of its activity are established; the right to represent Ukraine in international and regional organizations, etc.
 Ukraine is an active participant in international trade processes and the corresponding main international legal acts in this area, which increases the interest of our state in optimizing and improving the standards, norms and provisions that regulate it. Judicial practice has confirmed that international treaties are an integral part of national legislation.

Regulating Virtual Land Sales in Indonesia's Metaverse


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 This study explores the legal challenges and implications of virtual land sales through the metaverse in the context of Indonesia's digital era 5.0, focusing on consumer protection and the prevention of digital crimes. The primary aim is to analyze the legal framework governing these transactions and assess their conformity with the principles of valid contracts under Indonesian civil law. Employing a normative research methodology, the study evaluates existing regulations and legal literature to understand the current legal landscape. The findings reveal a lack of specific legislation in Indonesia regarding virtual land transactions in the metaverse, categorizing them under general electronic transactions governed by the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. Despite this, these transactions generally meet the legal requirements of a valid contract in Indonesian civil law, such as mutual consent, competency, a specific object, and a lawful cause. However, the study underscores the need for specific regulations to provide legal clarity and enhanced protection for parties involved in virtual land sales, considering the unique and virtual nature of the transaction objects. The research concludes with a call for international collaboration to contribute to the development of a balanced and contemporary global legal framework for metaverse transactions.
 Highlights:
 
 Absence of Specific Legislation: Current Indonesian laws do not specifically address virtual land sales in the metaverse, creating legal ambiguity.
 Electronic Transaction Classification: Virtual land sales are generally governed by Indonesia's Electronic Information and Transactions Law, aligning them with other electronic transactions.
 Need for Enhanced Legal Protection: Given the unique nature of virtual transactions, there is a significant need for specific regulations to ensure legal clarity and protect the rights of parties involved.
 
 Keywords: Metaverse, Virtual Land Sales, Indonesian Law, Electronic Transactions, Legal Framework
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Significant transaction criteria: issues of legislative definition

The article examines the issues of legal regulation of significant transactions of a joint­stock company based on an analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine that regulates the issues of significant transactions of a joint-stock company and the practice of its application. The possibility of distinguishing three basic characteristics of a significant transaction of a joint-stock company is substantiated: 1) it is a transaction carried out by a joint-stock company; 2) it must meet certain criteria established in the Law of Ukraine «On Joint­Stock Companies» and/or the local regulations of such a company; 3) the decision on its conclusion is made by the authorized management body of the joint-stock company. The latter characteristic is also a special condition for the execution of this transaction.
 It is established that the value criterion is fundamental for determining the classification of a transaction as significant for a joint-stock company. It is disclosed through the percentage ratio of the market value of the transaction object to the value of the company's assets according to the latest annual financial statements. It is argued that the use of the «market value» category has several advantages. At the same time, it is noted that for certain cases, determining the market value of the transaction object may be impossible. This proves the need to develop an alternative legislative approach for these specific situations.
 Based on the analysis of the statutes of joint­stock companies, an additional criterion for classifying transactions as significant, which is often encountered in practice, is determined depending on the nature of such a transaction. The constituent documents establish a list of transactions, most often contracts, which are recognized as significant for a specific company.
 The author examined the judicial practice related to significant transactions of a joint-stock company. It is argued that it is advisable to apply heightened requirements for concluding transactions related to the disposal of the company's property only when it concerns alienation of property, and not any other form of disposition of it.
 It is proposed to allow joint-stock companies to independently decide on the establishment of additional criteria for significant transactions in their charters, regardless of the method of disposition of the property, which is the subject of such a transaction.

Trust-DETM: Distributed Energy Trading Model Based on Trusted Execution Environment

The traditional centralized power trading model suffers from high maintenance costs, low processing efficiency and unsynchronized information, and it cannot adapt to the high-frequency and small-dollar distributed energy trading scenario. To address the above issues, we propose Trust-DETM, a model for the implementation of distributed energy trading based on a trusted execution environment. First, we introduce a reputation metric mechanism and propose a transaction matching algorithm based on the reputation metric to achieve the accurate matching of transaction objects. Secondly, as the distributed energy trading model lacks an effective trust mechanism, we propose a commitment scheme based on smart contracts and a trusted execution environment to solve the trust problem between producers and consumers. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the efficiency of Trust-DETM. Through comparative experiments, we find that Trust-DETM achieves trade matching and trusted execution in a lower simultaneous running time than comparable distributed trading models.

THE PILLARS AND CONDITIONS OF A CONTRACT IN MUAMALAT TRANSACTIONS

Abstract: Buying and selling transactions are natural occurrences that cannot be avoided by every human being because individuals rely on each other for their survival. For example, a meat seller needs a spice seller to enhance the flavor of their cooking, a lecturer needs patients to develop their knowledge, and so on. However, these transactions are inevitably subject to certain conditions and pillars of the contract, which can determine whether the transaction complies with Islamic law or, conversely, contradicts it. The findings of this study reveal that the pillars are divided into four categories, each with its inherent conditions. The first pillar is the presence of two contracting parties with the conditions of legal capacity and multiple parties. The second pillar is the form of the contract with the conditions of clear understanding, matching offer and acceptance, reflecting the sincerity of the parties involved, and taking place in a single gathering. The third pillar is the subject matter of the contract with the conditions that the transaction object must exist at the time of the transaction, be fully owned by its owner, be capable of transfer, have a clear description, and be pure. The fourth pillar is the purpose of the contract with the condition that it must comply with Islamic law.

Optimal operation of multi-agent electricity-heat-hydrogen sharing in integrated energy system based on Nash bargaining

The P2P transaction mode has significant potential in improving energy utilization, increasing economic efficiency, and promoting low carbon operation of the system. With the development of integrated energy system, the coupling between multi-energy systems is continuously strengthened, and the study of multi-energy P2P transactions is of great significance. Considering the characteristic that natural gas can blend with hydrogen, this paper proposes a multi-agent electricity-heat-hydrogen trading model by taking hydrogen produced on the load side as a P2P transaction object. Based on Nash bargaining theory, the multi-energy transactions model is equivalent to a cooperative game model. Then, the Nash bargaining model is transformed into two continuous subproblems of minimizing operating cost and maximizing transaction payment. The optimal cost of each agent operating independently is used as the negotiation rupture point, and the alternating direction multiplier method is used for sequential solution to obtain the multi-energy trading power and trading price, respectively. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by using the distribution network IEEE 33-bus and natural gas 11 node systems. The results show that the revenue of subject 1 is increased by 11.9%, and the operating costs of the other subjects are reduced by 3.4%, 2.7% and 3.1%, respectively. The overall carbon tax cost of the system is reduced by 1 196.59 CNY, which can effectively reduce the carbon emission of the system.

Правовой режим оборота информации

The study examines the problematic issues of making transactions with a unique object, which is information. We consider the definition of information through the analysis of normative legal acts and its significance in the modern period of time. Today, such a transaction object can have a special impact on various fields of activity, for example, such as agriculture, the development of the IT industry, the transition of the state to domestic digital formats, and much more. The provision of information for a fee is of particular importance in connection with the total linking of all spheres of citizens’ lives to debit and credit cards. Such information, when it is distributed or lost by credit organizations, carries quite problematic processes for civil society, because on its basis it is easy enough to analyze and calculate not only the location of a person, his interests and even the sphere of activity and hobbies. The weak protection of personal data makes it possible to develop new technologies of psychological impact on citizens and already with their help transfer victims’ funds accumulated in personal accounts to third-party organizations and other people’s property. Distorted and unsupported information that can be covered by mass media that already have the name and reputation of responsible and honest information companies can create a negative opinion among both a certain category of citizens and the world community. Such actions with the distortion of acquired information can even affect the political and economic situation around the world. So, information, its acquisition, dissemination, distortion, reusable use and protection in the 21st century is the most formidable, influential and one of the leading segments for activities in any direction of human development, including in the commercial sphere.

User interface modeling technique in the cloud environment

For designing a qualified user interface, there needs to be a graphic expert, requirement analyst, system designer, programmer, technical expertise, social activity scientist, and experts for each field. However, it is extremely difficult for these various experts to participate in such user interface design. This paper focused on design rules and modeling techniques of user interfaces that can support user availability. The visual cohesion of business events can be improved by modeling the prototype of the object-oriented user interface based on the object. The clustering method uses transaction objects and forms objects based on business event objects and task objects. We have studied it in detail so that a prototype of the user interface can be created. The significance and conclusions of this study are as follows. First, visual cohesion is improved by designing the object of functional, sequential, and communicative objects. Second, the object design rules of the user interface were created so that even an inexperienced designer could create a high-quality prototype. Third, it enhances the user's preference, ease, understanding, compliance rate, and quality of graphic layout by improving object-based visual cohesion. Fourth, functional, sequential, communicative, and procedural cohesion of business events is increased by the clustering of user interface objects. As a result, this paper is providing a modeling method of user interface technique in the cloud environment that could enhance the visual cohesion of user interface prototypes.

СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ЖИЛОГО ЗДАНИЯ СВЕРХ УСТАНОВЛЕННОЙ ЭТАЖНОСТИ ПРИ УСЛОВИИ СОЗДАНИЯ (ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ) ЗАСТРОЙЩИКОМ ОБЪЕКТОВ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ: ПРАВОВОЙ ОПЫТ БРАЗИЛИИ И РОССИИ

Introduction: the article studies Brazilian and Russian (regional) experience in the field of coopera‐tion between authorities, local governments, and developers of multi‐story residential buildings in the creation (financing) of social infrastructure facilities. Purpose: to analyze the Brazilian urban planning in‐strument ‘solo criado’ with a view to its possible application in Russian realities. Methods: formal logic, historical, comparative‐legal, systemic‐structural. Results: the basis of the solo criado or, otherwise, reimbursable grant of the right to construction is a conditional separation of the right to construction from the right to ownership of the land. Brazilian legislation establishes several land‐use coefficients for construction: minimum, basic, and maximum. The building capacity of a land parcel above its basic coef‐ficient is called additional and is classified as an intangible good, which can be an independent object of transactions. The funds collected from the grant of the right to build above the established basic coeffi‐cient of land use are spent for strictly defined purposes, including the creation (financing) of social infra‐structure facilities. In our opinion, the Brazilian town planning instrument solo criado can be partially in‐tegrated into the Russian legal space by establishing in urban planning regulations differentiated values regarding the maximum number of stories (maximum height) of a multi‐story residential building: basic and maximum. The construction of a multi‐story residential building exceeding the basic number of floors (maximum height) should be conditional on the developer’s undertaking to create (finance) social infrastructure facilities.

Impact of Forest Landscape on the Price of Development Plots in the Otwock Region, Poland

Building plots, understood as land properties intended for development, are an important object of commercial transactions. Their prices are determined by several factors, such as location, state of development, distance from important urban centres, and proximity to green areas. It is certain that, especially with regard to building plots intended for single-family housing, the proximity of natural areas, especially forest areas, is becoming increasingly important. The Otwock region, with a forest cover of more than 30%, has numerous undeveloped lands that are or could be development plots. This article concerns an analysis of transactions involving undeveloped development land of selected communes in the Otwock region. On the basis of an analysis of prices of real estate transactions from 2011 to 2016 from four municipalities of the Otwock region and a spatial visualisation of the plots, the relationship of price (m2) with physical characteristics (technical development, shape, area), distance from a large city (Warsaw), and distance from a railroad line stop and landscape values (landscape type, distance to the forest, number of landscape components) was determined. Statistical analyses used regression and correlation analysis. The preferences of 519 people interested in buying/selling real estate in the Otwock region were also investigated, and for this purpose, we cooperated with real estate offices and municipal offices. The results of the survey strongly indicate that forest landscapes increase the attractiveness of building plots, which in turn leads to higher prices on the market. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between the price of a property and its distance to the forest, the nature of the forest boundary, and the number of landscape elements. The forest landscape is one of the most important factors determining the attractiveness of a building plot. Proximity to a forest, especially forests under a form of protection, is an important value for prospective land plot buyers. The views of respondents varied considerably due to socio-demographic characteristics, mainly the age and education of respondents.

ANALISIS PRAKTEK AKAD SEWA KEBUN JERUK DI KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI DALAM PRESPEKTIF MAZDHAB SYAFI’I

Of the several prevailing systems, the majority used are leases, orange collectors rent oranges from farmers for a certain time, and as long as the rental period is still running and has not been completed, the farmers are not allowed to use their land and the status of the land benefits belongs to the lessee. This research method is a qualitative field research, with the Syafi'i School of jurisprudence and formal juridical approaches, and the data collection method is interviews with people in the Banyuwangi Regency area. The result of the research is that the practice of renting oranges in villages in the Banyuwangi Regency is legal because it is in accordance with the rules set by the Syafi'i School. Actually there is one condition ma'qud 'alaih that is not fulfilled, namely the object of the ijarah transaction is only intended for benefits or services, so it is not permissible to rent out goods in order to obtain benefits in the form of other goods or objects of benefit. However, according to Taqiyyudin As-Subki, at the end of his life, he allowed to rent a tree with the aim of obtaining its fruit.

Dynamic Data Transaction in Crowdsensing Based on Multi-Armed Bandits and Shapley Value

Crowdsensing gradually forms a big data market where workers are willing to trade reusable data with different data collectors. It is challenging for the data collector to choose the transaction party due to the changeable value of the data, while determining the transaction price is also a tough issue. In this paper, we research the dynamic data transaction in crowdsensing. The contribution of the new data to the collector is modeled as the Shapley value, with each worker as a player in the cooperative game. The data collector then judges the contribution of the worker and determines the transaction object. To maximum the profit in the transaction, the collector will dynamically adjust the offering price to workers. The contextual bandit model is utilized in the price decision, with each candidate price as an arm and the time-variant data value as the context. Based on the classic LinUCB learning policy, we learn the mapping of the observed data value and the reward, and estimate the optimal reward in current transaction. The simulation on the data demonstrates that the actual reward got by the collector is close to the maximum reward he can get, which verifies the effectiveness of our scheme.

Legal Protection for the Partnership Agreement Parties

Preparing the partnership agreement must comply with the rules for the parties to get guarantees and legal protection. The rules must meet the preliminary requirements, such as understanding the transaction object and background, compiling its outline, recognizing the partners, and formulating the agreement principles. The partnership agreement must also have a signature, as well as rights and obligations. This normative study aimed to analyze the partnership agreement rules as legal protection. The results showed that the partnership agreement rules contain all the parties need as legal certainty and protection.

Analysis Of Sharia Economic On Forex Trading Of Financial Broker Succes Traders

There are two issues studied in this thesis: (1) How to Trade Forex on a Financial Broker Succes Trader, (2) How to Analyze Sharia Economic Law on Forex Trading at a Financial Broker Succes Trader. This thesis aims to find out how to trade Forex on a Financial Broker Success Trader and the analysis of sharia economic law on Forex Trading at a Financial Broker Success Trader. This research is a type of field research with empirical normative research methods. From the results of this study, it was found that: (1) Forex Trading on a Financial Broker Success Trader has three aspects, namely; a forex trading contract made with the approval of both parties by filling in personal data before creating an FBS account, forex trading procedures on FBS from how to sell and buy, how to withdraw funds (profits and deposits) and how to freeze a temporary account for traders. Then regarding the object of forex trading transactions on FBS, namely by trading currency pairs of different types. (2) The analysis of sharia economic law on forex trading contracts on FBS is following the provisions of sharia economic law that forex trading is also called al-sharf, namely buying and selling foreign currencies and not trading in similar currencies at different prices but in different currencies at a different rate or value. Forex trading is the same as buying and selling in general, and there is nothing prohibited in Islamic economic law. The procedure for forex trading on FBS is also appropriate regarding how to sell, buy, and withdraw funds and does not include prohibitions in sharia economic law. Regarding the object of forex trading transactions on FBS, it follows the provisions of sharia economic law, namely not trading goods of the same value at different prices but foreign currencies (different types) with different prices.