Object Of Legal Relations Research Articles

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS IN THE PROCESS OF CAPITALIZATION OF FOREST RESOURCES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE)

In the paper the social, environmental and resource (i.e. raw materials or financial) interests of use of forest resources in accordance with their multifunctional potential are identified based on the hypothesis that the definition of forest resources in the forest legislation of Ukraine as an object of legal relations, the modern mechanism of forest relations does not reflect adequate economic value, and the functioning market cannot balance supply and demand for forest products environmental protection, as well as the mechanism of extraction and distribution of forest rents. It is noted that the resource interest of use of forest resources (i.e. raw materials or financial) can be both public and private. The public and private interests of use of forest resources in the process of their capitalization on the example of Ukraine, which may be mutually exclusive, are analyzed. It is substantiated that management decisions on forest resources should reconcile public (state) and private interests, in particular, through project analysis. In order to successfully capitalization of forest resources, which is also true for other types of natural resources, taking into account the full range of environmental interests of their use, rather than exclusively resource (raw materials or financial), the use of “environmental” and “resource” instruments are proposed (the name of instruments indicates the object of regulatory influence - the function or value of a natural resource in the public imagination). Features of “environmental” and “resource” instruments for capitalization of forest resources are analyzed. The structures that form the instruments are researched. It is noted that an important factor in the powers and responsibilities of such structures is also the form of ownership, which determines, in particular, the economic aspect of their functions.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN ORGANIZING THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

The article describes the foreign experience of organizing the use of agricultural land. Agricultural land as an object of legal relations is a unique natural resource that is depleted when not properly used and requires high costs to restore their fertility. Therefore, legal support for the proper use of agricultural land is designed to take into account the existence of private and public interests in relation to such land, to ensure their balance. Legal provisions of agricultural land in the conditions of a moratorium on the application of certain norms of land legislation are provided. A comparative legal analysis of the tools used in Kazakhstan and abroad to ensure the proper use of agricultural land allows us to identify existing, but not used, legal mechanisms that ensure the preservation of the qualitative and quantitative state of these lands, and analyze the prospects for their introduction into domestic legislation. At the level of national legislation, the priority form of agricultural land management is defined - peasant or farm farming, the main requirement for its activities is compliance with environmental requirements when using land. Based on this, measures are being developed to support the agricultural producer and preserve the agricultural land behind him. Foreign experience shows that during the period of sustainable use of agricultural land, such legal instruments are very effective and allow us to determine the desire of farmers to provide an opportunity to conduct agriculture. It is achieved through state regulation of their use and turnover, aimed at redistribution to agricultural producers. Borrowed from the legal practice of foreign countries in ensuring the proper use of agricultural land. Of course, it is necessary to take into account the history of the development of land relations in rural areas, social features, and current economic conditions for the development of a legal system aimed at the effective use of agricultural land.Thus, foreign experience in regulating the use and turnover of agricultural land is largely taken into account in domestic legislation.

Grounds for Involving a Legal Entity as a Civil Defendant in Criminal Cases

The current Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation makes it possible to involve a legal entity as a civil defendant only if, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it is liable for harm caused by a crime. This prevents the prosecution in all necessary cases, in particular for tax crimes. This is because in the criminal procedure, property damage caused by tax crimes is made up of taxes, fees, insurance premiums, which are not property damage in civil law due to various objects of legal relations. Therefore, they are not subject to compensation in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but are collected in accordance with the procedure RF Tax Code and RF APC. At the same time, legal entities being taxpayers who failed to pay taxes are obliged to compensate for the damage caused by a tax crime, constituting the unpaid amount of taxes, fees, insurance premiums. This is to be fulfilled not in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Due to the lack of legal grounds for involving a legal entity in criminal proceedings as a civil defendant, in practice, an individual is often involved in this case. It is against him criminal proceedings are being carried out, which subsequently leads to the cancellation of sentences in terms of imposing civil liability on an ineligible person instead of a taxpayer-organization. The paper substantiates the need to include in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation a new basis for involving a legal entity as a civil defendant, namely the existence of an obligation in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation to pay taxes, fees, insurance premiums. This will make it possible to exclude the recovery of property damage for tax crimes from employees of the organization in respect of whom criminal proceedings are being carried out, in the presence of a solvent legal entity-taxpayer.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF BALANCING RELATIONS OF THE GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The article covers topical aspects on the management of relations arising in connection with the performance by the operator of the gas transportation system of Ukraine of the balancing function when implementing the activities of transportation of natural gas by the gas transportation system. It is argued that economic activity of transportation of natural gas by the gas transportation system is regulated by Section 32 of the Economic Code of Ukraine (EC). The activity of transportation of natural gas is covered by the definition of cargo transportation (Article 360 of EC) because under the contract for natural gas transportation in the pipelines the transposition of industrial and technology production is carried out. Accordingly, relations arising out of the contract for natural gas transportation are covered not only by Civil Code of Ukraine (CC), Laws of Ukraine "On transportation", "On pipeline transportation", "On the natural gas market" and other legislative acts, but also by the norms of the EC, in particular, in terms of legal regulation of cargo transportation and contracts for cargo transportation. In general, the system of relations on the natural gas market can be presented as a body of contracts of different types concluded by the participants of the natural gas market. Rights and obligations of the participants of the natural gas market as parties to relevant contracts are defined directly by the Law "On the natural gas market", as well as by the Gas Transportation Systems Code (GTSC) and by the Model Contract for Natural Gas Transportation, approved by the decision of the National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission (NEURC), other subordinate legislation. In its essence, the GTSC is an act of co-regulation of economic activity of the natural gas market by two participants: by NEURC as a regulatory authority in energy and utility and by an economic entity — an operator of the gas transportation system. Accordingly, it is hierarchi cally subordinated to acts of the higher normative level (EC and CC), special laws that regulate relations in the sphere of natural gas transportation, and cannot contradict them. This requirement of hierarchy is manifested, among other things, in the fact that subordinate legislation cannot change mandatory norms of acts of higher legal force, including legal constructions of sale and purchase contract and service contract. In this regard, it is argued that balancing of the gas transportation system and settling of imbalances of customers of gas transportation services shall not be considered as an object of legal relations on the provision of services within the meaning of general norms of Section 63 of CC on services.

ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ КАК УЧАСТНИК ГРАЖДАНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ: ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПРАВА

Artificial Intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI) carriers are active participants in civil relations. Therefore, questions of legal nature of AI units, their ability to possess rights and bear responsibilities, exercise rights and perform responsibilities, questions of liability limits for improper exercise of rights and performance of responsibilities by AI units are most relevant. For law, the defining characteristic of any participant in civil relations is its role in the exercise of rights and the performance of duties. The digital actor must also be viewed from this perspective. One of the central debates in this area is the possibility of conferring legal capacity on digital actors. This position has found supporters and opponents both in domestic science and abroad. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the specifics of will, consciousness and other anthropomorphic qualities of AI carriers. Complex neural networks have similar anthropomorphic qualities, the nature of which is a digital algorithm. AI is capable of expressing its will in accordance with the interest, goals and motives set by software algorithms, i.e. it is technological in nature. Obviously, an AI must be endowed with legal capacity and be responsible for its actions, otherwise we cannot use the full potential of an AI as a technology (person), and the actions of such a participant in legal relations cannot be recognised as legally significant. According to its purpose and registration an AI medium can be endowed with different legal personality: to be an agent - a subject with a narrow special legal capacity within certain functions, to participate in civil relations as a full subject, or to act as an object of legal relations at all. This legal capacity is conditioned by the robot having a certain set of qualities, such as the level of self-awareness, autonomy, complexity of neural networks, and competences. It is necessary to create a classification of AI forms by legal personality, by competences, which are certified through state registration. Legal statuses of different types of AI should be defined, including a new specific legal status of limited digital legal capacity. It is necessary to consider the legal personality of AI in relation to its exercise of rights, principles of law and legal content. It is necessary to create for AI varieties a certain mechanism of responsibility conditioned by the legal status assigned to it at the state registration. With respect to AI carriers the nature of law execution changes - subjective expression of will disappears, the execution becomes objective, unbiased. AI software must incorporate a system of principles for the exercise of rights and the performance of duties. In this way, the AI will be certified to a specific scope of powers, be competence-oriented and have a specific legal capacity.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ В ГРАЖДАНСКОМ ПРАВЕ

Introduction: the article is devoted to the peculiarities of the methodology in the study of security issues in civil law. The security of the individual, society and the state is ensured by the norms of both public and private branches of law and civil law is no exception here. In this regard, the study of the civil law mechanism for ensuring security is of particular importance for the domestic civil law. However, such research should have a methodological basis that reflects the specifics of the subject. Purpose: to develop a methodological basis for the study of security through the prism of a civil law mechanism for its provision, including the formulation of problems for the main directions of future research. Methods: a set of general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systems approach, method of scientific modeling, etc.), combined with private scientific and private law methods (formal legal, comparative legal, intersectoral) were applied. Results: security can be investigated within the framework of civil law means of ensuring it in the following areas: 1) security as an intangible benefit and an object of civil law protection; 2) security as an element of the object of legal relations arising from the conclusion of civil law contracts; 3) property security and civil legal means of ensuring it. Conclusions: the study made it possible to identify the main directions of security research in the science of civil law due to the peculiarities of the methodology. In the course of the research, the authors posed a number of scientific problems, the solution of which is possible in the course of further civil studies.

DIGITALIZATION IN THE TRENDS OF LEGAL REGULATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The purpose of the research presented in this article is to study the prospects for the development of legal institutionalization of digital technologies in the context of public policy. This involves solving such research tasks as analyzing international requirements and trends in the legal regulation of digital processes and law enforcement, identifying problems and prospects of legal regulation in the context of digitalization, as well as describing trends in the development of law enforcement practice in the context of digitalization. The study made it possible to note a number of conclusions. The author notes that international requirements and trends in the legal regulation of digital processes and law enforcement create standards for the introduction of information technologies in public administration and the economy. Improving the competitiveness of domestic jurisdictions is one of the areas that reflect the effectiveness of measures to introduce digital technologies applied at the national level. Identification of problems and perspectives of legal regulation in the conditions of digitization has allowed the author to note that in the current circumstances, it is evident the further development of the recognition of digital technologies and actions as legal facts, identification of subjects, bases and procedure for the implementation of subjective rights and legal obligations in the information environment. It is emphasized that in the future it is necessary to solve questions about intellectual property, the legal status of artificial intelligence as an object of legal relations. As trends in the development of law enforcement practice in the context of digitalization, it is noted that we should expect the continuation of measures to digitalize legal proceedings, which require organizational decisions, including identification of the parties to the process, certification of credentials, obtaining certified judicial acts remotely. In the sphere of activity of Executive authorities, the introduction of electronic methods of exercising power for the provision of state and municipal services, as well as the implementation of state and municipal functions, continues.

On the need to change the approach to the concept of “information” in legislation and judicial practice

The author of the article discusses the meaning of information as an object of legal relations. In connection with the decisive importance of the role of “information” in all spheres of the modern society, the protection of the considered social good is a priority task of the state. However, despite the importance of information, in Russian law there is no systematic and consistent legislative regulation of information relations. Legislative contradictions, the lack of a unified terminology and a scientific approach do not contribute to the effective legal protection of the considered good and the formation of a uniform judicial practice. The author’s understanding of the term “information” as an object of legal relations has been developed on the basis of a system analysis of legislation and law enforcement practices, and its main features have been considered. The author substantiates the conclusion that information is the object of civil legal relations. In connection with this, it is proposed to return to Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as an indication of information as an object of civil rights and the subject of unauthorized access to computer information is analyzed (Article 272 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The subject of the crime under Article 272 of the Criminal Code is information, access to which is directly limited by law, as well as information in relation to which the holder’s requirement of restrictions on its use (access) is clearly expressed and declared to an indefinite number of persons. The question of classifying the information of the second category as a protected criminal law must be determined by a judge in each specific case. It is concluded that the basis of the legal protection of information is a direct indication of the law or the establishment by the owner of publicly available information of a procedure for handling it. The general availability of computer information implies the possibility of its unhindered use (copying, distribution), and not obstruction, destruction or modification. Criteria are proposed for a court to rule on the provision of legal protection to information that is not directly classified as restricted by the law and methods of unauthorized access to computer information is analyzed. In order to eliminate legal uncertainty, a new understanding of the term “legally protected computer information” is recommended.

Правовідносини у сфері ліцензування як об’єкт адміністративно-правової охорони

Розглянуто актуальні питання правових відносини у сфері ліцензування як об'єкта адміністративно-правової охорони. Вказано, що дослідження ліцензування через призму функцій державного управління дає можливість сформулювати поняття ліцензування як форми реалізації виконавчої влади щодо здійснення правового попереднього та поточного контролю за дотриманням ліцензійних вимог і умов, обліку ліцензованих об'єктів шляхом винесення органом, що ліцензує, адміністративно-правових актів у межах нормативно врегульованої процедури. Комплексно досліджено проблеми адміністративно-правових відносин, що виникають у галузі ліцензування. На основі аналізу наукової літератури визначено поняття адміністративно-правових відносин у галузі ліцензування, під якими слід розуміти врегульовані адміністративно-правовими нормами суспільні відносини, сторони яких є носіями взаємних прав і обов'язків, встановлених і гарантованих в адміністративно-правових нормах законодавства про ліцензування. Також описано характерні особливості адміністративно-правових відносин у галузі ліцензування. Наголошено, що до структури адміністративно-правових відносин у галузі ліцензування входять суб'єкти, об'єкти правовідносин і їх нормативний зміст. Розглянуто питання класифікації суб'єктів адміністративних правовідносин щодо ліцензування. Наведено три групи суб'єктів адміністративних правовідносин: наділені публічно-владними повноваженнями; не наділені публічно-владними повноваженнями; експерти. Акцентується увага на важливості формування системи суб'єктів адміністративного процесу у галузі ліцензування. Досвід правозастосовчої діяльності свідчить про те, що взаємодія суб'єктів ліцензійних правовідносин не забезпечує ефективного вирішення завдань за умов соціально орієнтованої економіки.

About the structure of legal arrivals in Ukraine

The article analyzes the peculiarities of legal relations in the sphere of agribusiness on the basis of research on agrarian relations, economic activity (entrepreneurship) and agro-industrial complex. A comprehensive analysis of relations in the field of business in the agricultural sector is given. Their object and subject composition is established, which is narrower than in agrarian-legal relations. It is emphasized that the object of legal relations in the field of agribusiness, the essence of which is expressed through action - different in content and character, is pluralistic in nature, which causes its multilevel and complexity. The subjects of legal relations in the said sphere are agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms (farms, agricultural cooperatives, agricultural joint-stock companies, agricultural limited liability companies, agricultural private enterprises, etc.), as well as those providing agricultural production and production. products (enterprises in the field of information, logistical and logistical support. The same aspect explores the relationship between agribusiness and agro-industrial complex, which are not inherently identical concepts. The basis for their isolation is the orientation of business entities: in the agro-industrial complex - production and marketing, and in agribusiness - marketing.

Agricultural Soil and Agricultural Land – Problems and Challenges from the View of Legal Regulation

Abstract At present, the issue of agricultural land protection resonates in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Individual approaches to the subject are in line with the relevant field, but the basis should always be grounded in the current legislation. The paper is a technical description focused on identification of the basic terms, relations, problems, goals and challenges and possible legal or legislative solutions of the physical protection of the agricultural soil and the legal protection of the agricultural land as an object of legal relations in the Slovak Republic. Achievement the goals and their legal realisation is possible only if certain legal obstacles are resolved on the national level and level of European Union. This paper represents a basic analysis, which can possibly serve as a support for an attempt to resolve the defined problems by the legislative means.

Civil Law Regime of Genes as Objects of Civil Rights

At the present stage of the formation of the rule of law and developed civil society in the Russian Federation, the possibility of using and protecting genes, genomes and genomic technologies, mainly related to the sphere of private life, becomes particularly relevant. The world has already formed a scientific direction — gene editing. The practice of implementation of such developments is aimed at the implementation of genetic «improvement» of a person, his life and health. Society has existed for a long time in the era of genetic engineering. Currently, quite a large number of scientific studies are being conducted and many practical experiments are being implemented, both medical and socio-legal, aimed at involving genes and genetic structures in the framework of the legal field, in civil circulation.A particularly large number of questions and practical problems arise in determining the possibility of including genes and genomes as objects of legal relations and their definition as objects of civil rights.Debatable is the question of the turnover of genes, genomes, genetic structures and the possibility of making various civil transactions with them, the entry of subjects (participants) of genomic technologies in the binding and proprietary relationships with genes. The possibility of inclusion of genes and genomes in the objects of intellectual property rights and ensure their patent protection, the establishment of legal protective procedures is proved.There is an objective need to qualify and determine the legal nature of genes and genomes as objects of civil rights and the establishment of a special civil regime of genes, genomes and genetic structures. This special civil law regime of genes has a civil law nature. The author’s definition of a special civil-law regime of genes as objects of civil rights is proposed, the features and content of this regime are determined. The possibility of regulatory and legal regulation of genomic studies and the implementation of their results in medical practice is proved.

To the issue of the subjects of the legal relations for restoration of land as a constituent of the subject of land law

In the conditions of a significant deterioration of the quality of land in Ukraine, the intensification of pollution of land, the development of erosive processes, special attention needs theoretical issues in the field of relations of the restoration of land. Particular attention deserves the subjects of legal relations of the restoration of land. Legal problems of land restoration are extremely relevant in modern conditions. In the context of the above, it is expedient to distinguish the works of domestic scholars, however, some theoretical questions regarding the legal status of subjects of legal relations in the field of restoration of land need further research. Consequently, the legal status of the subject of land relations depends to a certain extent on the features of the object of legal relations. Thus, in the case of conservation of degraded and unproductive land plots, there is a cessation of their economic use for a certain period of time and their entraining or afforestation. Consequently, owners and land users lose the right to use the land for a certain period of time. Thus, legal entities in the sphere of land restoration should be considered as citizens and legal entities, which have certain rights and responsibilities for the restoration of land. Both the owners and the land users are obliged not only to increase the soil fertility and to preserve other useful properties of the land, but also to bring the land plot in its previous state in case of illegal alteration of the relief. In this case, it is a question of the disturbed lands that have undergone certain changes in the structure of the relief as a result of mining, geological exploration, construction and other work, lost their original quality status and productivity.

Ecological and legal regulation of geological survey, exploration and extraction of minerals during construction

Within the study, the authors of the present article analyzed the acts of both Russian and foreign legislation in the field of legal regulation of geological survey, exploration and mining in terms of construction. Specific legal regulation regarding mineral resources is standing apart due to growing demand of the world economy in such strategic types of mineral raw materials as rare and rare-earth metals or hydrocarbon reserves that are difficult to recover. The article describes the characteristics of certain provisions of the legislation of foreign countries that regulate relations in geological study, exploration and mining, including those within the construction process. The authors classified the forms of conferring rights for geological survey, exploration and mining of minerals, as well as the types of project documentation in the field of mining for the extraction of minerals during construction. Two models of legal regulation of geological survey and exploration (that are defined as eastern and western models) are studied. The authors revealed that minerals appear as the main object of legal relations or as belonging to a certain land plot (subsoil plot) in mining and urban planning legislation of different countries.

Theoretical and methodological foundations for formation of sustainable land management system

The article is devoted to the formation of a system of sustainable land management, economic reforms in Russia largely depend on the level of development of land relations and the use of land resources. This is due to the fact that the land, in addition to its traditional properties (means of production, territorial basis, natural body, etc.), has become the object of legal relations and real estate. That is why the particular relevance for today is the building of a certain system of land management, which has an impact on the development of the economy of the state as a whole. The article describes theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a management system.

Блокчейн у системі охорони здоров’я: проблеми правового забезпечення

Блокчейн у системі охорони здоров’я: проблеми правового забезпечення

Export of agricultural products of Ukraine in the conditions of eurointegration: legal realities and prospects

The author researched the legal regulation of agricultural exports and analyzed national agrarian legislation and EU legislation in this area. The legal basis for regulating the export of agricultural products to the European market is a significant regulatory and legal base, consisting both of national agricultural legislation and of EU legislation. It is proposed to classify the agrarian legislation of Ukraine in this area into the general legislation and the special legislation. The author proposes to differentiate the special legislation on the subjects and on the objects of legal relations in the sphere of export of agricultural products. The author refers to the first group of legal acts that define the legal status of subjects of agrarian legal relations that can carry out activities in the export of agricultural products of Ukraine. The second group consists of those national legal acts aimed at regulating the production, processing and marketing of certain types of agricultural products: products of plant origin; products of animal origin; organic agricultural products. Legislation regulating the import of agricultural products to the EU countries is divided into: general (EU legislation regulating the EU common agricultural policy; special (EU regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and communications, which establish requirements for the production and processing of certain types of agricultural products). The author concluded that there is no comprehensive state agricultural policy in Ukraine in the area of access to international markets and promoting the export of agricultural products. It is proposed to adopt the draft Single Integrated Strategy and Action Plan for Agricultural and Rural Development for 2015–2020, which needs to be complemented by clear measures aimed at eliminating non-tariff restrictions on exports of agricultural products to EU countries.

Legal aspects of legislative regulation of information security and protection of information in data centers

In modern conditions, information is one of the most important business resources that need protection. Therefore, today, the issue of developing the information security management system and its implementation in organizations is conceptual. The paper reveals the problems of the information security in two main aspects at the level of legislative regulation and the information security in data centers. A number of features characterizing information as an object of legal relations have been determined. The international standards regulating the issues of information security, in particular the safety of data centers, are singled out. The paper touches upon the main requirements that modern data centers should meet. The authors identified the main types of risks when using an external data center, and suggested ways to minimize them.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ НАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The article discusses the issues of latent and direct nationalization (eminent domain) in the Ukrainian economy, foreign use of nationalization, e.g. in the United States of America (USA), the French Republic, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In particular, the active participation of jurors in the nationalization procedure in the United States, examples of effective use of nationalization in the French Republic, and the comprehensive law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on state property. Theoretical and empirical basis for this study were the scientific definitions of nationalization, submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine bills, current regulations, which indirectly indicate the forced transfer of ownership from a private entity to the state. The authorial definition of the concept of nationalization is offered, but in modern conditions of market economy and democratic political regime. Given the regulatory importance of nationalization (as well as privatization) for the economy, it is stated that before nationalization it is necessary to prepare a forecast of socio-economic consequences, and nationalization itself should be appropriate, adequate, effective, balanced, predictable, transparent and take into account public opinion, comply with the legal economic regime. The structure of legal relations on nationalization is considered: subjects, object, rights, and duties. The role of the employees and administration for positioning the business entity as an active participant and not a passive object of legal relations is considered. The possibility of applying other agreements during the nationalization of the business entity, except as a contract of sale, namely: rent and lifetime maintenance, are considered. Ways to improve the efficiency of resolving the issue of returning privatized enterprises to state ownership and the application of the institution of operational and economic sanctions in privatization agreements are proposed. The currently available ways to protect the rights and legitimate interests in the nationalization procedure are analyzed. E.g. it is proposed to extend the institution of property liability insurance to cases of expropriation, as currently nationalization and expropriation are classified by insurers as non-insured events.

The Concept and Features of Narcotic Drugs in the Legal Turnover as an Object of Legal Relations

The article describes the features of narcotic drugs as an object of the legal turnover. The criteria of the demarcation of narcotic drugs from other medicines have been analyzed. The suggested concept of narcotic drugs reflects all the necessary features. Also the brief classification of narcotic drugs is given.