Object Interaction Research Articles

Research on a spatial–temporal characterisation of blink-triggered eye control interactions

Eye-controlled human–computer interface (ECHCI) system is gradually becoming the focus of audience attention, owing to its humanistic, natural, and intuitive characteristics, which provide services for a wider range of user groups. We conducted a study on the ECHCI with “gaze locking + blink trigger” as the interaction method in the temporal dimension and the spatial dimension respectively and explored the optimisation of blink trigger actions. First, the optimal lock time of the interactive object (IO) was 650 ms, and a subjective evaluation experiment confirmed that the user’s subjective feeling was consistent with the results of the ergonomic experiment. Second, the direction and distance of the visual drift of the blink action were investigated by increasing the locking range of multiple IOs. The results showed that the main direction of the line-of-sight drift for the blinking action was the upper-right corner. Furthermore, it was experimentally demonstrated that the line-of-sight drifted by a certain distance during blinking and that the system had the highest success rate when the locking range corresponded to a viewing angle of 21.074°. This study provides theoretical support for the application of multi-movement combinations in blink ECHCI, which enhances the user experience of blink triggering.

Trigger motion and interface optimization of an eye-controlled human-computer interaction system based on voluntary eye blinks

ABSTRACT Eye-controlled human-computer interaction (ECHCI) attracts attention for its human-centered, natural and direct operation characteristics. The most common ECHCI trigger motion is “gazing,” which causes Midas Touch problems, lowering usability and operation experience. This paper innovatively proposed using motion combinations based on blinking as the trigger of interactive objects (IOs). Trigger motions and IO design parameters were explored on the platform consisting of Tobii eye-tracker and computer vision kits. In the motion experiment, it was concluded 2-blinks could bring a low task load and high success rate of 95%. In the IO size experiment, the larger the IO diameter, the shorter the users’ response time and the higher users’ interaction success rate, and 55.5 mm was the optimal setting. Based on this, it was found a larger spacing could bring higher operation efficiency, and 33.3 mm was taken as the recommended value. Based on the conclusion above, an eye-controlled multimedia player prototype was built for usability evaluation, which showed an equally high efficiency compared to mouse-controlled HCI. The findings in this paper overcame Midas Touch issues and avoided the interference of unavoidable involuntary blinking, which brought a significant increase in system robustness and has a wide range of potential applications.

A Geometry-Based Stochastic Model for Truck Communication Channels in Freeway Scenarios

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication systems are fundamental in many intelligent transportation applications, e.g., traffic load control, driverless vehicle, and collision avoidance. Hence, developing appropriate V2V communication systems and standardization require realistic V2V propagation channel models. However, most existing V2V channel modeling studies focus on car-to-car channels; only a few investigate truck-to-car (T2C) or truck-to-truck (T2T) channels. In this paper, a hybrid geometry-based stochastic model (GBSM) is proposed for T2X (T2C or T2T) channels in freeway environments. Next, we parameterize this GBSM from the extensive channel measurements. We extract the multipath components (MPCs) by using a joint maximum likelihood estimation (RiMAX) and then determine the cluster types based on their evolution patterns. We classify the determined clusters into line-of-sight, single-bounce reflections from static interaction objects (IOs), single-bounce reflections from mobile IOs, multiple-bounce reflections, and density multipath components (DMCs). Particularly, we model multiple-bounce reflections as double clusters following the COST 273/COST2100 method. This paper presents the complete parameterization of the channel model. We validate this model by comparing the delay spread and the angular spreads of arrival/departure obtained from the proposed model with the measurement data.

Visual ization of multi-dimensional data applied to the problems of interac tion of objects of the business-ecosystem

The study is devoted to the development of information and methodological support in relation to expert assessment of the interaction and mutual influence of objects of the business ecosystem taking into account their spatial location. As a computational toolkit the work uses adapted methods of clustering and visualization in the form of constructing a set of Voronoi and elastic maps. The purpose of the study is to identify hidden patterns in multidimensional data in relation to the studied complex processes. The article was prepared within the framework of the Grant of the RFBR and the Government of the Krasnoyarsk Territory No. 20-410-242916 / 20 r_mk Krasnoyarsk.

Individual Differences in Aesthetic Preferences for Multi-Sensorial Stimulation.

The aim of the current project was to investigate aesthetics in multi-sensorial stimulation and to explore individual differences in the process. We measured the aesthetics of interactive objects (IOs) which are three-dimensional objects with electronic components that exhibit an autonomous behaviour when handled, e.g., vibrating, playing a sound, or lighting-up. The Q-sorting procedure of Q-methodology was applied. Data were analysed by following the Qmulti protocol. The results suggested that overall participants preferred IOs that (i) vibrate, (ii) have rough surface texture, and (iii) are round. No particular preference emerged about the size of the IOs. When making an aesthetic judgment, participants paid more attention to the behaviour variable of the IOs than the size, contour or surface texture. In addition, three clusters of participants were identified, suggesting that individual differences existed in the aesthetics of IOs. Without proper consideration of potential individual differences, aesthetic scholars may face the risk of having significant effects masked by individual differences. Only by paying attention to this issue can more meaningful findings be generated to contribute to the field of aesthetics.

Multi-frequency channel characterization for massive MIMO communications in lobby environment

In this paper, a massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel measurement campaign with two setups is conducted in an indoor lobby environment. In the first setup, two types of 256-element virtual uniform rectangular arrays (URAs), i.e., the 4×64 virtual URA and the 64×4 virtual URA are used. The carrier frequency is 11 GHz; in the second setup, measurements are performed at 4, 6, 11, 13, 15, 18 GHz at two different user locations. The channel characterization is presented by investigating the typical channel parameters, including average power delay profile (APDP), K factor, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and coherence bandwidth. Moreover, the channel characteristics in angular domain are investigated by applying the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. The extracted multipath components (MPCs) are preliminarily clustered by visual inspection, and related to the interacting objects (IOs) in physical environment. Multipath structures at multiple frequency bands are examined. Direction spread of departure is estimated to evaluate the directional dispersion at the base station (BS) side. The results in this paper can help to reveal the propagation mechanisms in massive MIMO channels, and provide a foundation for the design and application of the practical massive MIMO system.

Abstracts from the 6th Visual Science of Art Conference (VSAC)

Beauty plays an important role in everyday life. When we shop, for example, our preferences often rely on aesthetic evaluations. This decision-making process is rooted in our brain and is often based on the stimulation of multiple senses at once. To investigate how each of our senses contributes to the overall aesthetic experience Soranzo et al. (2018) studied the aesthetics of the Interactive Objects (IOs); which are objects supplied with electronics that react when handled; e.g. by vibrating, sounding or lightning-up. It emerged that people prefer objects exhibiting a “behaviour” over quiescent objects. Furthermore, interesting different aesthetics “mindsets” emerged: Some people based their aesthetic judgments on the IOs’ behaviour only and other also considered a combination of IOs’ texture and shape. These individual differences are important as the aesthetic response is a subjective and a whimsical experience. To further explore the individual differences in multiple stimulations, in this project we used the Q-methodology (Stephenson, 1953) together with behavioural methods. The results suggest that people can be clustered into different groups based on their aesthetic mindset. These clustered preference groups have shed more light on individual differences in aesthetics, which paves the foundation for future research.

On the perceptual aesthetics of interactive objects.

This study examined the aesthetics of interactive objects (IOs), which are three-dimensional physical artefacts that exhibit autonomous behaviour when handled. The aim of the research was threefold: first, to investigate whether aesthetic preference for distinctive objects’ structures emerges in compound stimulation; second, to explore whether there exists aesthetic preference for distinctive objects’ behaviours; and, finally, to test whether there exists aesthetic preference for specific combinations of objects’ structures and behaviours. The following variables were systematically manipulated: (a) IOs’ contour (rounded vs angular), (b) IOs’ size (small vs large), (c) IOs’ surface texture (rough vs smooth), and (d) IOs’ behaviour (lighting, sounding, vibrating, and quiescent). Results show that behaviour was the dominant factor: it influenced aesthetics more than any other characteristic; vibrating IOs were preferred over lighting and sounding IOs, supporting the importance of haptic processing in aesthetics. Results did not confirm the size and smoothness effects previously reported in vision and touch, respectively, which suggests that the aesthetic preference that emerges in isolated conditions may be different in compound stimulation. Results corroborate the smooth curvature effect. We suggest that behavior may be an aesthetic primitive.

뉴미디어 패러다임에 나타난 공간 특성과 뉴미디어 아트의 관계 연구

0 and 1, two digits are principle and formality of digital media. Those principle and formality dwell in new media paradigm. They are founded on emergence of new types of space. As describing the relationship originating from the concepts of digital media paradigm and space and discussing their characteristics, this paper presents the grounds for a theoretical argument for formation of new space. The concept of virtuality which mimics and represents the real, non-linearity which resembles human system of thinking and sensing, and interactivity connecting the communication theory of human and machine, their properties form the important basis for emergence of a new aspect of space. The concepts of digital media paradigm divide a type of space into two properties. The first is a inner modality. The second is outer modality. Dynamic space implicates inner modality that humans internally recognize the sense of space through their body and sensing organs. Space is not sensed but sensing. Space has an organic nature through object's interaction. Space has an outer nature that is physically variable. Finally, space has properties of modularity that changes structure of space. For empirical basis of an argument, new media art that has architectural form and those spatial characteristics were compared and analyzed. This conceptual discussion for space which the formality of digital media is applied will be an important foundation for create space design.

The Kantian framework of complementarity

A growing number of commentators have, in recent years, noted the important affinities in the views of Immanuel Kant and Niels Bohr. While these commentators are correct, the picture they present of the connections between Bohr and Kant is painted in broad strokes; it is open to the criticism that these affinities are merely superficial. In this essay, I provide a closer, structural, analysis of both Bohr's and Kant's views that makes these connections more explicit. In particular, I demonstrate the similarities between Bohr's argument, on the one hand, that neither the wave nor the particle description of atomic phenomena pick out an object in the ordinary sense of the word, and Kant's requirement, on the other hand, that both ‘mathematical’ (having to do with magnitude) and ‘dynamical’ (having to do with an object's interaction with other objects) principles must be applicable to appearances in order for us to determine them as objects of experience. I argue that Bohr's ‘complementarity interpretation’ of quantum mechanics, which views atomic objects as idealizations, and which licenses the repeal of the principle of causality for the domain of atomic physics, is perfectly compatible with, and indeed follows naturally from a broadly Kantian epistemological framework.

Optical Manipulation of Objects and Biological Cells in Microfluidic Devices

In this paper, we review optical techniques used for micro-manipulation of small particles and cells in microfluidic devices. These techniques are based on the object's interaction with focused laser light (consequential forces of scattering and gradient). Inorganic objects including polystyrene spheres and organic objects including biological cells were manipulated and switched in and between fluidic channels using these forces that can typically be generated by vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays, with only a few mW optical powers. T-, Y-, and multi-layered X fluidic channel devices were fabricated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer molding of channel structures over photolithographically defined patterns using a thick negative photoresist. We have also shown that this optical manipulation technique can be extended to smaller multiple objects by using an optically trapped particle as a handle, or an “optical handle”. Ultimately, optical manipulation of small particles and biological cells could have applications in biomedical devices for drug discovery, cytometry and cell biology research.

Describing open distributed systems: A foundation

Outlines a semantic model for open distributed systems which provides a foundation for a corresponding architecture description language. This semantic model is based on architecture models reported by Berry et al. (1995) and in ISO/IEC 10746 (ODP), with a number of refinements to support abstraction and composition. The model is specifically designed to describe open distributed systems independent of implementation details such as communication protocols and middleware systems. The modelling concepts in the semantic model are: object (a model of an entity), event (a unit of interaction between an object and its environment), event relationship (a specification of behaviour defining the relationships amongst a set of events), interface (an abstraction of an object's interaction with its environment) and binding (a context for interaction between objects). The binding concept is particularly important because it can describe any kind of interaction in an open distributed system, ranging from remote procedure calls and multicasting to more complex, enterprise interactions. Special attention is given to the problem of composition and abstraction of events and behaviour in the model. This is needed to reflect the reuse, evolution and interworking requirements of open distributed systems. Our approach allows for the effective modelling of asynchrony, concurrency and complex flows of information in open distributed systems.

Describing Open Distributed Systems: A Foundation

In this paper we outline a semantic model for open distributed systems which provides a foundation for a corresponding architecture description language. This semantic model is based on reported architecture models, with a number of refinements to support abstraction and composition. The. model is specifically designed to describe open distributed systems independently of implementation details such as communication protocols and middleware systems. The modelling concepts in the semantic model are: object (a model of an entity), event (a unit of interaction between an object and its environment), event relationship (a specification of behaviour defining the relationships amongst a set of events), interface (an abstraction of an object's interaction with its environment) and binding (a context for interaction between objects). The binding concept is particularly important because it can describe any kind of interaction in an open distributed system, ranging from remote procedure calls and multicast to more complex, enterprise interactions. Special attention is given to the problem of composition and abstraction of events and behaviour in the model. This is needed to reflect the reuse, evolution and interworking requirements of open distributed systems. Our approach allows for the effective modelling of asynchrony, concurrency and complex flows of information in open distributed systems.