Childhood Obesity Rates Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of obesity in children with Diamond-Blackfan anemia

To investigate the distribution of body mass index (BMI) and risk factors for obesity in children with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA). The children with DBA who attended National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, from January 2003 to December 2020 were enrolled as subjects. The related clinical data and treatment regimens were recorded. The height and weight data measured within 1 week before or after follow-up time points were collected to calculate BMI. The risk factors for obesity were determined by multivariate regression analysis in children with DBA. A total of 129 children with DBA were enrolled, among whom there were 80 boys (62.0%) and 49 girls (38.0%), with a median age of 49 months (range 3-189 months). The prevalence rate of obesity was 14.7% (19/129). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the absence of ribosomal protein gene mutation was closely associated with obesity in children with DBA (adjusted OR=3.63, 95%CI: 1.16-11.38, adjusted P=0.027). In children with glucocorticoid-dependent DBA, obesity was not associated with age of initiation of glucocorticoid therapy, duration of glucocorticoid therapy, and maintenance dose of glucocorticoids (P>0.05). There is a high prevalence rate of obesity in children with DBA, and the absence of ribosomal protein gene mutation is closely associated with obesity in children with DBA.

Relationship between Childhood Obesity and Pupils’ Participation in School Physical Activities in Lower Primary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

Obesity is a condition of abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the adipose tissue to the extent that health may be impaired. Globally it is estimated that approximately 155 million children are obese. Studies have also revealed that childhood obesity has become a serious health epidemic, where more than a third of children aged 2-19 years are obese. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between childhood obesity on pupils’ level of participation in school physical activities. The study objectives were to establish the prevalence of childhood obesity among pupils in lower primary schools and its influence on pupils’ participation in physical activities among grade three pupils in Kasarani Sub County, Nairobi County. The study was guided by the Looking Glass Self Theory that was developed by Charles Horton Cooley. A mixed-method study design was employed. The target population was headteachers, teachers and grade three pupils in Kasarani Sub-County. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were employed to select the sample schools and pupils, respectively. Interview schedules, anthropometric datasheets and questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were analysed by both qualitative and quantitative procedures. The findings showed that the prevalence rate of childhood obesity was 11.6 %. The findings also indicated that childhood obesity had no statistical significance on the level of participation in physical activities

Association of body anthropometry and obstructive sleep apnea in children: Variations observed in Hispanic children.

Obesity is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. Childhood obesity rates vary amongst different ethnic groups. Here the interaction of Hispanic ethnicity and obesity on OSA risk was evaluated. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of consecutive children undergoing polysomnography and anthropometry using bioelectrical impedance from 2017 to 2020. Demographics obtained from the medical chart. Children who had also undergone cardiometabolic testing were identified and the relationship of cardiometabolic markers with OSA and anthropometry was assessed. Data from 1217 children revealed Hispanic children were more likely to have moderate-severe OSA (36.0%) compared to Non-Hispanic children (26.5%), p<0.001. Hispanic children had greater Body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile and percent body fat, p<0.0001. In children that underwent cardiometabolic testing, Hispanic children had significantly greater serum alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) levels. Following adjustment of age and sex, Hispanic ethnicity was not found to moderate the association of anthropometry with OSA, anthropometry with cardiometabolic markers, and OSA with cardiometabolic markers. OSA was more likely in Hispanic children; this relationship was likely driven by obesity status rather than ethnicity. Among children undergoing cardiometabolic testing, Hispanic children were observed to have greater ALT concentrations however ethnicity did not impact the association of anthropometry and ALT or other cardiometabolic markers.

Development and Effect of Child Obesity Management Program by Applied Nudge.

Background: Child obesity rates are increasing worldwide. In Korea, the proportion of overweight students has steadily increased from 21.8% in 2015 to 25.8% in 2019. Childhood obesity causes mental problems, such as depression and social phobia, due to mental stress, feelings of inferiority, and low self-esteem. Methods: This experimental study aimed to verify the effect of the child obesity management program on body changes (height, weight, obesity degree, body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage), eating habits, exercise habits, obesity knowledge, and social support. This child obesity management program applies the nudge technique based on an ecological model and induces autonomous weight management through environmental control. Results: As results of this study, the child obesity management program using the nudge technique developed in this study improved the height (t = −5.19, p < 0.001), obesity degree (z = −3.28, p = 0.001), BMI (z = −3.22, p = 0.001), exercise habits (t = −2.09, p = 0.040), and obesity knowledge of obese children (z = −2.99, p = 0.003). Conclusions: This multidimensional intervention improved obesity by inducing and sustaining behavioral changes in obese children. Therefore, applying the nudge techniques and multidimensional intervention methods based on ecological model are proposed to increase the effectiveness of the health promotion programs.

Prenatal interventions and the development of childhood obesity.

Excess maternal adiposity during pregnancy has lasting effects on child outcomes including increased risk of overweight/obesity, which drives disease development. Prenatal interventions are a potential avenue to curb childhood obesity rates, but little is known on their long-term influence on offspring adiposity. Review the evidence for lasting effects of prenatal interventions on child adiposity. Three databases were searched for follow-up studies of completed prenatal RCTs that involved a diet, exercise, or combined (diet and exercise) intervention, and assessed offspring adiposity-related outcomes beyond birth. A total of 18 follow-up studies describing 4277 offspring were included. Anthropometrics were collected in all studies while body composition was measured in 15 of the studies. Diet or exercise interventions did not have a consistent significant effect on child adiposity. Three combined interventions resulted in lower levels of child adiposity at 3, 6, and 12 months. No strong association was found between prenatal diet, exercise, or combined interventions and child adiposity. Data are limited due to 63.6% overall retention rate for the follow-up studies and heterogeneity of intervention approach and child adiposity measures. Findings suggest combined interventions initiated early in pregnancy may decrease offspring adiposity in the first year of life.

Childhood obesity and racism: 2022 views and observations

As obesity continues to pose an immense challenge to mitigate effectively, efforts to untangle its determinants continue, especially those that may exacerbate or impact childhood obesity, and its predictable and well-established multiple often irreversible negative health impacts. Studied for many years in various spheres, the role played by socially derived inequalities, and their long term health effects on youth have not been well studied in this regard, however. This mini review discusses what appears to be a possible insidious and contributing factor impacting various forms of service, resource disparities, and situational opportunities that may explain in part the prevailing and unequal childhood obesity rates between minorities and the mainstream child in the United States. Extracted from current literature, it is concluded that this is a topic of high potential and clinical relevance, and one worthy of intense study, more acceptance and recognition, plus dedicated sustainable collaborative policy goals and supportive efforts.

Wellness on Wheels: Integrating Childhood Obesity Prevention Strategies in an Outdoor Nutrition Education Program in a Community Facing Food Insecurity and High Rates of Childhood Obesity

Upon completion, participant will be able to describe the steps for a school-based MyPlate nutrition education program that includes recipe demonstration, food access, and promotion of child-family home meal preparation.

Results Of A Home-based, Promotora-led Pilot Physical Activity Intervention With Latino Preschoolers And Their Mothers

Purpose: Latino children have higher rates of childhood obesity compared to preschool-aged children of other race/ethnicity groups. Community health workers (promotores) have been effective in improving health knowledge and behaviors in Latino adults. Few studies, however, have reported on the effectiveness of promotor-led interventions on physical activity (PA) changes in young Latino children and their parents. This study investigated the preliminary effectiveness of a 7-week, home-based, promotora-led pilot intervention with Latino preschool children and their families. Methods: One Spanish-speaking adult Latina trained as a promotora, recruited Latino families in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania via word-of-mouth and flyers. Families participated in a 7-week, theory-based PA program led by the promotora in their homes. Baseline and follow-up measures included child and parent objectively-measured PA (ActiGraph GT3X) and a parent survey. T-tests and Fisher’s Exact tests were completed in StataSE 17 to assess change in time spent in total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and parental support and self-efficacy. Results: The sample included 8 mothers (37.4 ± 1.42 years, 100% female) and 8 children (4 ± 0.27 years, 87.5% female). The mothers were 1st generation immigrants primarily from Mexico with low acculturation, 62.5% college education and 62.5% employed. Child total PA did not change significantly (baseline: 21.8 ± 2.2 min/hr, follow-up: 23.9 ± 1.4 min/hr, p = 0.90), nor did MVPA (baseline: 6.1 ± 1.06 min/hr, follow-up: 6.5 ± 0.77 min/hr, p = 0.65). Similarly, parent total PA and MVPA did not change significantly (total PA baseline: 25.4 ± 2.1 min/hr, follow-up: 26.6 ± 2.1 min/hr, p = 0.85; MVPA baseline: 1.6 ± 0.46 min/hr, follow-up: 1.4 ± 0.33 min/hr, p = 0.27). While not significant, a greater proportion of parents reported support for child PA and self-efficacy from baseline to follow-up. Conclusions: While there were no statistically significant PA changes following the 7-week pilot intervention, there was evidence of changes to the home social environment to promote healthy PA. Future research with larger, appropriately powered sample sizes are necessary to continue investigating the effectiveness of a promotora-led home-based intervention with Latino preschoolers and their families.

Measuring Obesogenicity and Assessing Its Impact on Child Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Ecological Study for England Neighbourhoods.

Both major influences on changing obesity levels (diet and physical activity) may be mediated by the environment, with environments that promote higher weight being denoted obesogenic. However, while many conceptual descriptions and definitions of obesogenic environments are available, relatively few attempts have been made to quantify obesogenic environments (obesogenicity). The current study is an ecological study (using area units as observations) which has as its main objective to propose a methodology for obtaining a numeric index of obesogenic neighbourhoods, and assess this methodology in an application to a major national dataset. One challenge in such a task is that obesogenicity is a latent aspect, proxied by observed environment features, such as poor access to healthy food and recreation, as well as socio-demographic neighbourhood characteristics. Another is that obesogenicity is potentially spatially clustered, and this feature should be included in the methodology. Two alternative forms of measurement model (i.e., models representing a latent quantity using observed indicators) are considered in developing the obesogenic environment index, and under both approaches we find that both food and activity indicators are pertinent to measuring obesogenic environments (though with varying relevance), and that obesogenic environments are spatially clustered. We then consider the role of the obesogenic environment index in explaining obesity and overweight rates for children at ages 10–11 in English neighbourhoods, along with area deprivation, population ethnicity, crime levels, and a measure of urban–rural status. We find the index of obesogenic environments to have a significant effect in elevating rates of child obesity and overweight. As a major conclusion, we establish that obesogenic environments can be measured using appropriate methods, and that they play a part in explaining variations in child weight indicators; in short, area context is relevant.

An improved algorithm to harmonize child overweight and obesity prevalence rates.

Prevalence rates of child overweight and obesity for a group of children vary depending on the BMI reference and cut-off used. Previously we developed an algorithm to convert prevalence rates based on one reference to those based on another. To improve the algorithm by combining information on overweight and obesity prevalence. The original algorithm assumed that prevalence according to two different cut-offs A and B differed by a constant amount on the z-score scale. However the results showed that the z-score difference tended to be greater in the upper tail of the distribution and was better represented by , where was a constant that varied by group. The improved algorithm uses paired prevalence rates of overweight and obesity to estimate for each group. Prevalence based on cut-off A is then transformed to a z-score, adjusted up or down according to and back-transformed, and this predicts prevalence based on cut-off B. The algorithm's performance was tested on 228 groups of children aged 6-17 years from 20 countries. The revised algorithm performed much better than the original. The standard deviation (SD) of residuals, the difference between observed and predicted prevalence, was 0.8% (n=2320 comparisons), while the SD of the difference between pairs of the original prevalence rates was 4.3%, meaning that the algorithm explained 96.7% of the baseline variance (88.2% with original algorithm). The improved algorithm appears to be effective at harmonizing prevalence rates of child overweight and obesity based on different references.

Food advertisement and its influence on childhood obesity

Childhood obesity is a serious problem in United State. With several factors that influence the obesity rate, food advertisement on children contribute largely to the increasing obesity rate in children. Food companies broadcast their advertisement mostly for HFSS and fast-food during children’s peak viewing time by using different techniques to attract children’s attention. Food advertisement can shift children’s food preferences and build the brand loyalty. By restricting the exposure to food advertisement, children will decrease the amount of food they buy for snack and drink and consume less calories per day. The restriction should be done by statutory regulation instead of self-regulatory system because large companies are taking advantages of the certain criteria to keep advertising their unhealthy food product to children.

Association of food intake with sleep disorders in children and adolescents with obesity

Introductionthe great increase in childhood obesity rates is well documented in the scientific literature. However, the influence of diet on sleep quality in children and adolescents still needs further research in order to be better understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between diet and sleep characteristics and in children and adolescents with obesity. Methodsobservational analytical cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. Forty-three children and adolescents aged between 6 and 13 years diagnosed with obesity and treated at a public tertiary care institution participated in the study. The 6-day Food Intake Registry was used to evaluate the intake of energy and macronutrients. To investigate the risk of sleep disturbances and to know the routine and characteristics of sleeping habits, the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire was used. Resultsand discussion: Food intake showed association with Sleep Breathing Disorders (SBD) and Sleep Wake Transition Disorders (SWTD). The sum of all SDSC factors demonstrated the presence of pathological sleep in most patients (n = 25).

Can Food Addiction Predict Weight Trend among Middle School Student?

Background: Obesity's rapid growth has various negative implications, including decreasing possibilities to participate in educational and recreational activities, as well as rising economic burden on families and society Rapidly growing childhood and adolescent obesity rates, as well as the consequent increased burden of illness and disability, have major social and economic repercussions, contributing to rising health-care expenditures and impeding economic growth. Objective(s): The aim of this study is to detect if food addiction predict weight trend among middle school students. MethodologyThe descriptive correlational design has been considered a subtype of correlational research, with its primary purpose being to examine relationships between and among variables and it is referred to occasionally as simple correlational design.The study included a convenience sample of male and females middle school students who agreed to participate in this study. The study subjects were recruited from eight public middle schools. The sample size was determined using G*Power software based on an effect size of 0.25, alpha error probability of 0.05, a power of 0.95, five groups. Thus, the recommended sample size would be 304. Considering an attrition rate of 20%, additional 61 subjects would be required. As such, the recommended sample size would be 365. The final sample size is 380. Results: There is a statistically significant difference in food addiction between gender groups (p-value = 0.001). There is no statistically significant difference in food addiction among grade groups, socioeconomic class groups, and body mass index groups. Conclusion: Most of students were within normal weigh-to-height. More than a fifth are either overweight or have obesity class I and class II. The greater the food addiction, the greater the body mass index. The third graders have greater body mass index. Recommendations: There is a need for the community health nurses to establish collaboration with directorates of education to raise both school administrators and students about the value of healthy weight and deleterious consequences of overweight and obesity.

Neighbourhood socio-economic environment predicts adiposity and obesity risk in children under two.

Neighbourhood socio-economic environment (SEE) is associated with obesity in older children and adults, but little is known about this relationship in younger children. Breastfeeding is an important preventative of adiposity in childhood, but its relationship with neighbourhood SEE is unknown. We assessed differences in adiposity and obesity in children before age two by neighbourhood SEE, controlling for family socio-demographics and breastfeeding duration. Family socio-demographics, child body mass index z scores (BMIz), and breastfeeding duration were collected at periodic study visits from participants in PREVAIL (n= 245), a birth cohort in Cincinnati, OH. Addresses were assigned a Deprivation Index score, a validated measure of SEE, and dichotomized into highest SEE (least deprived quartile of scores) and not highest SEE (remaining quartiles). Longitudinal and Poisson models assessed differences in BMIz by SEE over the second year of life and obesity risk at age two, respectively (highest SEE, reference), while attenuation of obesity risk by breastfeeding duration was tested in mediation models. Residing outside of the highest SEE neighbourhoods was associated with an increased BMIz of 0.04 (95%CI 0.02, 0.06) per month of life and increased obesity risk at age two (aRR: 3.7, 95%CI 1.2, 16.2), controlling for family socio-demographics. Breastfeeding duration attenuated >9% of the obesity risk attributable to SEE (mediated RR: 3.4, 95%CI 1.1, 14.8). In the PREVAIL Cohort, residing outside of the highest SEE neighbourhoods predicted a significant increase in BMIz and obesity risk in children before age two, a relationship that was partially mediated by breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding support may play an important role in reducing obesity rates in children in lower SEE neighbourhoods.

Strategies to identify causal common genetic variants and corresponding effector genes for paediatric obesity

Childhood obesity rates are on the rise, but there are currently no effective therapies available to slow or halt their progression. Although environmental and lifestyle factors have been implicated in its pathogenesis, childhood obesity is considered a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Intense genome-wide association study (GWAS) efforts through large-scale collaborations have enabled the discovery of genetic loci robustly associated with childhood obesity beyond the classic FTO locus. That said, GWAS itself does not pinpoint the actual underlying causal effector genes, but rather just yields association signals in the genome. This review aims to outline what has been elucidated thus far on the genetic aetiology of commong childhood obesity and to describe strategies to identify and validate both causal common genetic variants and their corresponding effector genes. Relevant cell types for molecular studies can be identified by gene set enrichment analysis and considering known biology of obesity-related physiological processes. Putatively causal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be identified by several methods including statistical fine mapping and 'assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing' (ATAC-seq). Variant to gene mapping can then nominate effector genes likely regulated by cis-regulatory elements harbouring putatively causal SNPs. A SNP's cis-regulatory activity can be functionally validated by several in vitro methods including luciferase assay and CRISPR approaches. These CRISPR approaches can also be used to investigate how dysregulatn of effector genes may confer obesity risk. Uncovering the causative genes related to GWAS signals and elucidating their functional contributions to paediatric obesity with these strategies will deepen our understanding of this disease and serve better treatment outcomes.

Examining the New Zealand school food environment: what needs to change?

Habitual dietary intakes and nutrition behaviours developed during childhood and adolescence pave the way for similar behaviours to manifest in adulthood. Childhood obesity rates have now reached a point where one in six children globally are classified as overweight or obese. Schools have the unique ability to reach almost all children during key developmental stages, making them an ideal setting for influencing children's nutrition behaviours. Evidence suggests the school food environment is not always conducive to healthy food choices and may be obesogenic. The aim of this narrative review is to explore factors that influence the healthy food and drink environment in and around schools in New Zealand. The review focused on evidence from New Zealand and Australia given the close resemblance in education systems and school food guidance. Using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework, the school food environment was categorised into the following domains: economic, political, physical and socio-cultural factors. Findings suggest that food policies are not utilised within schools, and guidelines to improve the school food environment are not well implemented. Canteen profit models, lack of staff support and resources, and higher availability of low-cost unhealthy foods are among barriers that hinder implementation. This review highlights recommendations from existing evidence, including canteen pricing strategies, restriction of unhealthy foods and using peer modelling in a time-scarce curriculum to improve the school food environment. Key areas for improvement, opportunities to enhance policy implementation and untapped avenues to improve the food and nutrition behaviours of children are highlighted.

Bibliometric analysis of research trends of physical activity intervention for autism spectrum disorders.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social impairment, restricted interests, and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. At present, its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. Various methods are used for clinical treatment and intervention, among which physical activity (PA) intervention also has an obvious effect. This study has used bibliometric methods and visual analysis methods to analyze 885 studies of PA intervention in ASD from 2003 to 2022 in the Web of Science (WoS) database in order to provide theoretical support for the follow-up research on the effect of PA with ASD. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the literature on PA interventions in ASD research showed a growing trend. The leading institution in this field is the University of Delaware, forming a core group of authors represented by authors such as Sean Healy and Carol Curtin et al. Second, the research focus of this research area mainly includes PA interventions for children and adolescents with ASD. PA can improve symptoms such as stereotyped behaviors and motor function in patients with ASD as well as can reduce childhood obesity rates and improve quality of life. Third, skill, youth, prevalence, and meta-analysis systematic reviews were found. It is the long-term concern and focus of researchers. In conclusion, the current research is only a short-term analysis, and it is not possible to verify the long-term effect; thus, future data analysis should evaluate and explore the long-term effects of PA interventions on ASD including cohort and longitudinal study types focused on the rehabilitation of patients with ASD. Moreover, testing the sustainability of benefits for children with ASD and constructing a multidimensional exercise integrated intervention model are the main directions for future research in this field.

Burden of Childhood Malnutrition: A Roadmap of Global and European Policies Promoting Healthy Nutrition for Infants and Young Children.

Childhood malnutrition is a global epidemic with significant public health ramifications. The alarming increase in childhood obesity rates, in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic, pose major challenges. The present review aims to critically discuss policies and action plans promoting healthy nutrition among infants and children, globally. Since the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 and the joint consortium held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) that led to the “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding”, several policymakers and scientific societies have produced relevant reports. Today, the WHO and UNICEF remain the key players on the field, elaborating the guidelines shaped by international expert teams over time, but we still have a long way to go before assuring the health of our children.

How involved are parents in their child's early years setting's food decisions and practices?

As childhood obesity and poor nutrition rates in England continue to rise, parents and childcare practitioners have key partnership roles in ensuring young children have healthy balanced diets. Yet little is known about parents' understanding and involvement in their childcare settings' food decisions and practices, and how this might be strengthened. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of 59 parents with one or more children attending early years settings in England. Framework analysis was used to explore the interviews. Epstein's model of parental partnerships was adapted as a reflective lens for the findings, and their implication for early years' policy and practice. Parents reported a lack of two-way communication on food, and of opportunities for active, meaningful engagement around food and healthy eating outside of one-to-one discussions of their child's specific needs and requirements. Some parents reported a lack of trust in the food related information provided by their childcare setting. As young children spend more time in formal childcare, it is increasingly important that trusting collaborative relationships are built between parents and childcare practitioners to ensure that children have the best start in life. This study adds to the limited literature on parental involvement in early years settings. Findings suggest that more policy work and development is needed in the early years sector, particularly in ensuring clear and accessible guidelines on food in early years settings are readily available, and that practitioners and parents have more clarity about their mutual roles and responsibilities in this.

Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on HbA1C Level in Children with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background and Objectives: A third of the American adult population is currently pre-diabetic/morbidly obese and is, therefore, at an elevated risk for developing type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, such a condition does not spare children from also developing morbid obesity, where incidence rates of childhood obesity—coupled with type 2 diabetes—are markedly elevated. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is gradually becoming the novel benchmark in bariatric surgery for the treatment of morbid obesity and associated co-morbidities, also within pediatric cases. However, no comprehensive study has been conducted in children that emphasizes the effect of LSG on HbA1C levels within such a patient population suffering from type 2 diabetes. Aim: Since HbA1C is a major biomarker for type 2 diabetes progression, this study aimed to identify any dysregulated serum levels for this key molecular player (together with other parameters), for post-surgical monitoring of the beneficial metabolic effects of LSG surgery on type 2 diabetes amelioration/remission within pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 64 pediatric patients, ranging in age from 5 to 14 years old, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Multiple laboratory-based analyses datasets were also collected from individual study participants, including HbA1C and random blood sugar (RBS). All participating patients were designated for undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, as per standardized surgical protocols and each participant was followed-up for two years post-surgery. Laboratory investigations were re-performed in order to identify any major variations in clinical parameters. Results: HbA1c was significantly reduced among children, from 6.0 ± 0.8 (pre-LSG) to 5.4 ± 0.4 post-surgery, with a reduction rate of 10.9% (p = 0.001). Furthermore, RBS significantly decreased from 102.9 ± 34.0 (pre-LSG) to 87.1 ± 17.3 post- surgery, with a reduction rate of 15.4% (p = 0.036). Conclusions: This study provides further concrete evidence for the beneficial metabolic influence provided by LSG surgery on morbidly obese, childhood-aged patient populations, with effectiveness in reducing co-morbidity progress, in the form of type 2 diabetes, through the reduction in HbA1c levels within such patients post-surgery.