Obese Menopausal Women Research Articles

Comparison of leptin and estrone levels between normal body mass index and obese menopausal women.

Postmenopausal women often experience hormonal changes and shifts in fat composition, affecting weight gain and obesity. Understanding the link between hormones, especially estrogen and leptin, is key to managing weight and lowering disease risk in menopausal women. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of leptin and estrone in menopausal women with normal weight and obesity. A cross-sectional study was conducted on menopausal women, either normal body mass index (BMI) or obese, at H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. Blood samples were collected to measure leptin and estrone levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The differences in leptin levels between groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test, while the correlation between BMI and leptin was examined using the Pearson correlation test. The disparity in estrone levels in both groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the correlations between variables were assessed using the Spearman or Pearson correlation tests as appropriate. The mean leptin levels in normal BMI and obesity groups were 17.73±4.96 and 25.46±12.95 ng/mL, respectively, and were statistically different (p=0.006). The mean estrone levels in menopausal women with normal BMI and obesity were 943.23±391.79 and 851.38±282.23 ng/mol, respectively and were not statistically different (p=0.564). A significant positive correlation was found between BMI and leptin level (r=0.59; p<0.001), while BMI and estrone were not significantly correlated (r=0.083; p=0.559). In conclusion, leptin level was significantly different between BMI groups and had a strong positive correlation with BMI. This finding could be an important insight in body weight management and disease risk prevention in menopausal women.

Serum Ghrelin Level in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Postmenopausal Women in Relation to Body Mass Index

Background: People living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are more vulnerable to various forms of both short- and long-term complications, which often lead to their premature death. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of serum level of ghrelin in diabetic postmenopausal, nondiabetic obese menopausal, and control healthy women. Materials and Methods: This case–control study included 90 participants (30 diabetic postmenopausal women, 30 nondiabetic obese menopausal women with body mass index (BMI) equal or &gt;30, and 30 control healthy participants). Full history for referred individuals was taken and height and body weight were measured. BMI &lt;18.5 was considered underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 was a normal, between 25 and 29.9 was overweight, and more than 30 was obese. Results: Age ranged between 45 and 80 years old. Serum ghrelin had highly significant difference in obese comparison to both diabetes and control groups, and there is a significant difference between obese and diabetes with higher concentration in obese than diabetic group. Mean fasting blood glucose (FBG) showed a highly significant difference between obese, diabetes, and control groups with higher concentration in both obese and diabetes participants, and specifically, there is a significant difference between diabetes and obese groups with higher concentration in diabetic than obese group. BMI showed a significant difference and higher level in obese in comparison to other two groups. The serum ghrelin had a moderate significant correlation with FBG in obese but insignificant correlation with both diabetes and control groups. FBG shows no significant correlation with BMI in all three groups. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between fasting glucose and ghrelin level in type 2 diabetic patients and positive correlation in obesity. The study also shows that hyperglycemia due to disturbance in glucose metabolism may result in suppression of ghrelin level in type 2 DM.

The Effect of Aerobic Training and Ginger Extract on Lipid Profiles, Body Composition and Liver Enzymes in Obese Menopausal Women

Objective: The beneficial effects of exercise and ginger extract have been reported to improve obesity-related indicators. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and ginger extract on lipid profiles, body composition and selected liver enzymes in obese menopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental trial, 48 obese menopause women (age; 53-58 yr) were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, ginger extract, aerobic training and aerobic training -ginger extract. Aerobic training was performed 3 sessions a week, 60 minutes, with 50-70% maximum heart rate and for 24 weeks. The subjects consumed ginger extract three times a day in 500 mg capsule for 24 weeks. For analyzing the data, twoway ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test was used with SPSS–23 and the significance level was P-value≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed that 12 and 24 weeks of training, ginger and ginger - training significantly decreased ALT and AST in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Also, 12- and 24- weeks’ ginger- training resulted to improve of body composition and lipid profile in obese menopausal women (P-value= 0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings, regular aerobic training and ginger supplementation have a beneficial effect on body composition and improvement of some liver enzymes and lipid profiles in obese menopausal women. These changes were higher in the Ginger-training group after six months of intervention.

Physiological profile regulation during weight gain and loss by ovariectomized females: importance of SIRT1 and SIRT4.

Obesity in menopausal women occurs because of the systemic effects of loss of ovarian function, resulting in increased body weight and oxidative stress. Caloric restriction (CR) is essential for weight loss, since it provides benefits associated with metabolic normalization resulting from the action of sirtuins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological effects of weight cycling in ovariectomized females. Females aged 2 mo (n = 8/group) were submitted to simulated surgery, ovariectomy (OVX group), and ovariectomy with weight fluctuation (WF group). In the WF group, weight cycling was performed two times, using 21 days of ad libitum commercial feed and 21 days of caloric restriction with 40% of the feed consumed by the OVX group. After 17 wk, the animals were evaluated experimentally. Weight fluctuations reduced triacylglycerol and the adipose tissue index of the WF animals, while increasing the expression of antioxidant proteins. In addition to causing fluctuations in the physiological parameters, the weight cycling led to increases of adipocyte number and serum fatty acids. These effects were reflected in increased expression of the sirtuin (SIRT) 1 and SIRT4 proteins, as well as protein complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, especially in the liver and adipose tissues. The weight-cycling results suggested that mitochondrial and nuclear sirtuins were active in cellular signaling for the control of lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and redox status. Weight cycling was able to restore the health characteristics of lean animals.

Whole-Body Cryotherapy Is an Effective Method of Reducing Abdominal Obesity in Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome.

Abdominal obesity predominates in menopausal women (MW) and contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is associated with increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver disease. The effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on body composition and the blood concentration of irisin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive proteins (CRP) in MW with MetS and in healthy women (HW), were assessed. The study included 19 women with MetS (61.53 ± 3.99 y, BMI 30.09 ± 4.98 kg/m2) and 18 HW (60.28 ± 3.63 y, BMI 25.50 ± 2.37 kg/m2) who were subjected to 20 WBC treatments at −130 °C for 3 min daily. In both groups, body mass (BM), BMI, abdominal circumference, triceps skinfold, total fat mass and percentage of leg fat significantly decreased after 20 WBC sessions. Additionally, the percentage of total, trunk and android fat in the MetS group were significantly decreased after 20 WBC applications. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) significantly decreased in both groups, and in the HW group, hip circumference and abdominal skinfold also significantly decreased after 10 WBC and 20 WBC treatments. In both groups, the concentration of plasma irisin significantly increased after 1 WBC and 10 WBC exposures, while the concentration of IL-6 significantly increased only in MetS group after 10 WBC and 20 WBC, and were significantly higher than in HW. CRP concentrations were significantly higher in the MetS group than in HW before 1 WBC, after 1 WBC and 10 WBC sessions, but not after 20. In the MetS group, there were significant negative correlations between the change in irisin level and the changes in WC and BM, and between the level of irisin and the change in percentage of total fat, and significant negative correlations between the change in IL-6 level and changes in WC, waist-to-hip ratio and WHtR. Whole-body cryotherapy, assuming the application of 20 treatments in the series, reduces abdominal obesity in menopausal women indirectly through the secretion of irisin and IL-6, and can be used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Our conclusion is limited to menopausal women with low–moderate physical activity for whom its level as well as diet were not changed during the treatment.

Obesity and osteoporotic fractures

Obesity correlates with a higher risk of fractures in some sites as vertebras, upper arm, and legs. This is a narrative mini-review focused on several key points that link obesity with osteoporosis. Waist circumference may a better predictor of fractures than body mass index (BMI) in obese females. Even obese menopausal women have an extra source of estrogens in fat tissue this actually is not enough to offer a complete protection against osteoporotic fractures. Low levels of testosterone in males induce a higher risk of fall dependent or independent of sarcopenia (which is more evident in elderly). High BMI is correlated with vitamin D deficiency. Obesity is a contributor to muscle damage and decline due to fat accumulation and inefficient fuel utilisation by the muscle, namely sarcopenic obesity, regardless the age. Associated type 2 diabetes mellitus involves bone damage and fracture risk due to glycated proteins of the matrix, the changes of adipokines, increased cortical porosity, high risk of fall because of blood pressure and glycaemia anomalies, visual disturbances, renal and peripheral nerves diabetes-associated conditions etc. The fracture risk is also augmented via fat derived cytokines and chronic inflammation. Even it seems logical that the weight correction though bariatric surgery reduces the fracture risk in obesity, actually data from longitudinal studies pointed that, despite the procedure is life saving, it does not actually protect against osteoporosis which is regarded as a potential long-term complication. A high fracture burden in obesity should increase the level of awareness for practitioners of different medical areas due to multiple levels of complications and to the epidemiological impact of obesity.

CORRELATION BETWEEN ESTRADIOL SERUM LEVELS WITH XEROSTOMIA INVENTORY SCORE ON MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Objective: Menopause is a condition of permanent cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months. This occurs due to the loss of follicular ovarian activity so that estrogen levels decrease in the body. Menopause can occur at various ages, where the average age of menopause is 51-55 y. Menopause can affect oral tissues as well as other organ systems and cause xerostomia. Some of the symptoms of xerostomia include burning feelings, taste abnormalities, dysarthria, dysphagia, dysgeusia, and halitosis.&#x0D; Methods: This study uses a case series design to assess the correlation between estradiol levels and the incidence of xerostomia in menopausal women. The incidence of xerostomia using the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) Score. This research was conducted in several places, namely H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan and the hospital network of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sumatra Utara. The study population was all postmenopausal women at the H. Adam Malik General Hospital in Medan and the Obgyn FK USU network hospital that met the study inclusion-exclusion criteria. This research was conducted in February with a minimum sample of 38 people.&#x0D; Results: In this study, 38 samples were obtained. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the most age groups were in the range of 56-60 y, the duration of menopause in the 5-10 y group, and the highest Body Mass Index (BMI) was obesity. The mean value of estradiol in menopausal women was 23.61±8.37 pg/ml; the mean value of XI score in menopausal women was 24.29±9.44. The correlation of estradiol levels and XI scores in menopausal women is a strong negative correlation that is-0.651 (p value&lt;0.05). Correlation value of XI score and obesity in menopausal women is a low positive correlation with r = 0.342 (p value&lt;0.05) while the value of correlation XI score with menopausal women who are not obese is a strong positive correlation with r = 0.793 (p value&lt;0, 05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Changes in the oral cavity are caused by aging and hypoestrogenism. The mean age of postmenopausal women was 56.98±4.35, with a mean BMI of 28.24±4.41. Estradiol levels in menopausal women are lower than women of reproductive age in each phase of the menstrual cycle. Significant reduction in estrogen production during menopause causes a decrease in salivary flow, leading to hyposalivation and symptoms of xerostomia.

Effects of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Exercise in Water With and Without the Use of Wild Mountain Cumin on Renal Function Factors and Blood Mineral Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women

Aims: Obesity is one of the greatest health challenges in the world and can lead to kidney disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with and without Bunium persicum (Boiss.) consumption on kidney function and the number of trace elements in the blood sample in obese menopausal women. Methods &amp; Materials: In this experimental study, 29 obese menopausal women were randomly divided into 3 groups: exercise, supplement, and exercise+supplement with the mean body mass index of 28.3±3.2, 30.4±4.14, and 31.67±4.93 kg/m2, respectively. Eight weeks of exercise was performed in three 45-min sessions per week at 65-75% of the maximum heart rate. The supplement group received two meals of B. persicum for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, creatinine, urea, uric acid, iron, zinc, sodium, and magnesium were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS at the significance level of P≤0.05. Findings: The results showed that none of the renal function factors in the groups changed significantly. Intra-group changes in zinc significantly increased in the exercise and exercise + supplementation groups (P=0.041 and P=0.010, respectively). Intra-group changes in iron showed a significant decrease and increase in the exercise and supplement groups, respectively (P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). The inter-group variation of the iron was also significant (P=0.001). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercises in water alone and in combination with B. persicum consumption did not affect renal function in obese and menopausal women, while aerobic exercise in water and B. persicum consumption alone led to some changes in trace elements.

Structural equation model analysis for the evaluation of factors associated with overweight and obesity in menopausal women in RaNCD cohort study.

Weight gain and increased body fat mass are among the common complications of menopause. In addition to hormonal changes, behavioral and environmental factors aggravate transition through this phase. This study uses a structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate factors associated with overweight and obesity in menopausal women. This is a cross-sectional study of 4,471 women (pre/perimenopausal 3,150, menopausal 1,321) from baseline data of the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study in the west region of Iran in 2018. Obesity and overweight were the outcome variables. SEM was used to examine the relationships, using IBM SPSS, AMOS version 23. The mean body fat percentage and visceral fat area in menopausal women was significantly greater than among pre/perimenopause women. The direct association of higher socioeconomic status (SES) with a healthy dietary pattern was stronger among pre/perimenopausal women than among menopausal women (ß = 0.574 vs ß = 0.552). In both groups, less physical activity was associated with depression and musculoskeletal disorders, and this association was stronger in menopausal women (ß = -0.174 vs ß = -0.215; P > 0.05). Overweight and obesity were directly decreased (ß = -0.011, P > 0.05) and indirectly increased (ß = 0.013, P > 0.05) in pre/perimenopausal women by sleep duration, but they were directly and indirectly decreased in menopausal women. The direct and indirect effects of well-known risk factors associated with overweight and obesity were found to be different in pre/perimenopausal and menopausal groups. Some risk factors showed stronger effects among menopausal women compared with the pre/perimenopausal women. Physical activity and healthy dietary pattern had a mediator impact in the two study groups.

Association of Menopausal Symptoms with Overweight and Obesity among Rural Middle Aged Women in North India: A Population Based Study.

Background:Overweight and obesity are important determinant of increasing morbidity among all age groups, including menopausal women. The symptoms of menopause have a negative impact on the quality of life.Objectives:The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in menopausal women and also to find its association with menopausal symptoms and sociodemographic variables.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted among middle-aged women (40–60 years) from April 2018 to March 2019. The Menopausal Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of menopausal symptoms in 400 women, and data were collected for sociodemographic factors, menstrual history in the past month, and personal history.Results:About 35.5% of menopausal women were overweight/obese (26% overweight and 9.5% obese) with average body mass index of 23.9 ± 4.84 and mean age of 53.65 ± 5.11 years Joint and muscular discomfort (P = 0.001), hypertension (P = 0.014), literacy level (P = 0.009), and socioeconomic status (P = 0.01) were significantly associated with overweight/obesity. With reference to women with no/little somatic and urogenital complaints, the odds of developing obesity was more (adjusted odds) in patients with mild (odds ratio [OR] - 2.8), moderate (OR - 2.1), and severe (2.19) somatic complaints and also higher risk in patients with mild (OR-3.2), moderate (OR - 1.1), and severe (OR - 1.74) urogenital symptoms. The age of menopause was significantly more among overweight than normal-weight women (P = 0.033).Conclusion:Overweight and obesity associated with menopause require increased attention and a multidisciplinary approach to women's health to prevent morbidity in this population group.

The Systematic Review on Clinical Studies of Traditional Korean Medicine Treatment for Obesity in Menopausal Women

The Systematic Review on Clinical Studies of Traditional Korean Medicine Treatment for Obesity in Menopausal Women

Conjugated Estrogens and Bazedoxifene Improve β Cell Function in Obese Menopausal Women.

ContextStudies suggest that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) prevents type 2 diabetes (T2D). The combination of conjugated estrogens (CE) with the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene (BZA) is an MHT that improves obesity and T2D in preclinical models of menopausal metabolic syndrome. The effect of CE/BZA on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in obese postmenopausal women is unknown.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of CE/BZA on body composition, glucose homeostasis, and markers of inflammation in obese postmenopausal women.Research Design, Intervention, and ParticipantsRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial of 12 obese menopausal women assigned to 12-week treatment with CE 0.45 mg/BZA 20 mg (n = 7) or placebo (n = 5). At baseline and after 12 weeks, we assessed body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), glucose homeostasis (IV glucose tolerance test), and inflammation biomarkers.ResultsWomen treated with CE/BZA exhibited increased β cell function using homeostatic model assessment-B [median (interquartile range) CE/BZA vs placebo: 18.5 (−0.9 to 320.6) μU/mM vs −25.5 (−39.9 to −0.1) μU/mM; P = 0.045], and decreased basal glucose concentrations (Gb) [−5.2 (−9.2 to −1.7) mg/dL vs 2.7 (0.9 to 4.9) mg/dL; P = 0.029]. Insulin sensitivity was higher in the placebo arm [1.35 (1.12 to 1.82) (μU/mL) min−1 vs −0.24 (−1.50 to 0.19) (μU/mL) min−1; P = 0.029]. No changes between treatment groups were observed for the acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), the disposition index (DI), body composition, and inflammatory biomarkers.ConclusionsA 12-week treatment of obese postmenopausal women with CEs/BZA improves fasting β cell function and glucose concentrations without change in AIRg, HOMA-IR, DI, body composition, or markers of inflammation.

2035-P: Treatment with a Dual Amylin and Calcitonin Receptor Agonist Improves Metabolic Health in a Rat Model of Elderly Menopausal Women

Menopause is often characterized by detrimental metabolic changes, such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and bone loss, often requiring treatment. KBP is a Dual Amylin and Calcitonin Receptor Agonist with promising effects on body weight and glucose control in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the in vivo effect of KBP on the metabolic health in a model driven by unhealthy diet, age and menopause. Female Sprague Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months before initiation of the study. At 6 months of age the rats were randomized into 4 groups (n=12) and subjected to ovariectomy surgery and subcutaneous injections of KBP; (1) HFD-Sham, (2) HFD-OVX + 10 µg/kg once/day, (3) HFD-OVX 5 µg/kg twice/day, (4) HFD-OVX + 30 µg/day 17a-ethynylestradiol (EE2). Body weight, food intake, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), subcutaneous fat and visceral fat and CTX-II were assessed during the 6 month study. HFD-OVX rats showed a significant and continuous increase in body weight throughout the study (10-13% weight increase compared to HFD alone, p&amp;lt;0.01). In HFD-OVX rats, KBP, independent of dosing frequency, caused an immediate decrease in both food intake and body weight within days and while food intake gradually returned to vehicle level over the first eight weeks, the weight loss remained until termination (P &amp;lt; 0.001). KBP increased glucose tolerance of HFD-OVX rats, significantly more than EE2. Furthermore, treatment with KBP reduced the weight of visceral and subcutaneous fat tissues. The cartilage degradation biomarker, CTX-II, was suppressed by both KBP groups. The data presented here clearly indicate a positive effect of KBP on metabolic health, with respect to weight loss, increased glucose tolerance and reduced weight of adipose tissues, as well as joint health, and may therefore represent a possible treatment opportunity for obese menopausal women. Disclosure A. Katri: Employee; Self; Nordic Bioscience. M.A. Karsdal: Employee; Self; Nordic Bioscience. K. Henriksen: Employee; Self; Nordic Bioscience. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Novo Nordisk A/S. Stock/Shareholder; Self; Nordic Bioscience. Other Relationship; Self; Nordic Bioscience.

Atherogenic index of plasma for predicting atherosclerosis in high risk centrally obese menopausal women

Atherogenic index of plasma for predicting atherosclerosis in high risk centrally obese menopausal women

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres obesas menopáusicas y premenopáusicas de Lima Metropolitana

Objetivos. Establecer la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en mujeres obesas menopáusicas y premenopáusicas de 30 a 70 años de Lima Metropolitana. Métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, transversal en 95 pacientes obesas de 30 a 75 años de edad, de Lima Metropolitana, cuyo grado de obesidad se catalogó de acuerdo a los criterios del Organización Mundial de la Salud; 48 fueron menopáusicas (MENO) y un grupo control de 47 premenopáusicas (PREMENO). Se determinó las medidas antropométricas, presión arterial (PA) y, en una muestra de sangre en ayunas, glucosa (G), colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (Tg), colesterol HDL, insulina (I), y transaminasas; se calculó las fracciones VLDL, LDL, No-HDL (cNoHDL) e índice HOMA, los cálculos estadísticos mediante el programa SPSS v.23. Se consideró FRCV a la obesidad, dislipoproteinemia, hipertensión arterial (HTA), resistencia a la insulina (RI), transaminasas elevadas. Resultados. De las 95 mujeres, 45,3% tenía obesidad grado I, 28,4% grado II y 26,3% grado III. Las MENO tuvieron mayor edad, talla, PA, cNoHDL, I y HOMA que las PREMENO. Conclusiones. Las mujeres obesas menopáusicas tienen mayor riesgo cardiovascular que las mujeres premenopáusicas obesas.

Obesity in Menopausal Women

Obesity is one of the most important medical and social problems of modern society. This pathology is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. The review studies pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity during menopause, as well as the participation of sex hormones in fat tissue metabolism. A better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of weight gain during this period of a woman's life suggests that obesity is not inevitable and can be effectively countered by the implementation of the principles of healthy lifestyle, and if necessary, by medicated correction as well.

Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes the transformation of cholesterol to estrogen in mouse adipose tissue

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels increase estrogen biosynthesis in obese menopausal women. Ovariectomized mice and 3T3-L1 cells were used to explore estrogen biosynthesis in the decline of ovarian function. After ovariectomy, lipid deposition, and FSH and estrogen levels changed, and feed intake increased significantly. In mouse adipose tissue, FSH was found to have a role in accelerating lipid deposition via the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor pathway, and in inducing estrogen biosynthesis via the steroid hormone metabolism pathway. Furthermore, FSH bound to the FSH receptor promoted CREB phosphorylation, which was activated by cAMP-PKA. Moreover, pCREB could up-regulate PPARγ and SREBP2 mRNA levels, resulting in an increased transformation of cholesterol to estrogen. Overall, this study shows that FSH induces fat deposition and promotes the transformation of cholesterol to estrogen through CREB activation by cAMP-PKA in mouse adipose tissue. Our findings provide a new understanding of menopause treatment.

Role of Sex Hormones in the Control of Vegetative and Metabolic Functions of Middle-Aged Women

Aims: In women's life, menopause is characterized by significant physiological changes often associated with an increase in body mass and obesity-associated sicknesses. Numerous researches described interdependencies of estrogen deficiency, aging, and resting energy expenditure (REE) downfall in the obesity correlated with the menopause. The aim of this study was to determining whether healthy, obese menopausal women underwent HRT treatment, showed changes in their REE, autonomic asset, and assessment of oxidative stress in comparison with obese pre- and post-menopausal women.Methodology: In this study, we measured the body composition, the REE, the oxidative stress, the diet assimilation, and the autonomic nervous system activity in three groups: pre-menopause women (n = 50), post-menopause women following hormone-replacement therapy (HRT; n = 50), and post-menopause women not following HRT (n = 50).Results: In the group with HRT a significant increase of the sympathetic activity and REE was described. Finally this group showed a notable increment of oxidative stress compared with the others, and utilizing BIA instrument, the free fat mass was increased respect to the fat mass of obese women.Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of the HRT-related physiological changes that influence body weight in menopause women. This results are important because have a practical implications for prevention and/or treatment of the obesity.

A Narrative Review of Obesity and Its Associated Complications in Iranian Women

Context: Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. This review aimed at providing an updated overview of obesity in Iranian women and its associated complications. Evidence Acquisition: In this narrative review study, related systematic reviews or meta-analysis studies of high ranking journals conducted from 2000 to 2016 were searched in the PubMed, Medline, and Scopus with the following keywords: “women OR female” AND “weight OR overweight OR obesity”, “risk factors OR complications”, “reproduction OR cancer OR cardiovascular disease OR diabetes OR gestational diabetes OR maternal obesity OR fertility OR pregnancy OR polycystic ovary syndrome” OR management. Results: In Iran, women have shown a constantly higher risk of obesity compared to men. After a 9- year follow-up, the age-standardized incidence rate (95% CI) of diabetes was 10.1 (7.24 - 13.9) in women. The increases in overweight and obesity in menopausal women have an important role in endometrial, colon, and breast cancer. Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer 2.4 to 4.5 folds compared to the normal weight women. Maternal obesity increases the risk of gestational hypertension 4.5 to 8.7 times compared to normal weight women. An increasing number of obese women becoming pregnant is associated with short- and long-term maternal and child outcomes. The prevalence of childhood obesity in children of obese women aged 3 to 5 years increases up to 25%; and these children have an almost 6- fold chance of being obese in young adulthood. Weight reduction of obese women is accompanied with lower incidence of obesity complications. The most effective interventions are multiple behavioral management activities. Conclusions: Considering the large population of young people in Iran and the lack of any effective preventive policy, the burden of obesity and its associated outcomes will be problematic in the near future.

Aspirin prevents bone loss with little mechanical improvement in high-fat-fed ovariectomized rats

Obesity and osteoporosis are often concurrently happened in the menopausal women. Obesity in menopausal women is not only related to a high risk of cardiovascular disease, but also results in a detrimental effect on bone health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aspirin, a popular anti-thrombosis drug, on bone quantity and quality in the high-fat-fed animal model. Adult female rats were subjected to either sham operations or ovariectomized operations. The ovariectomized rats were orally administered with deionized water or standardized high fat emulsion with or without aspirin. All rats were injected with calcein before killed for the purpose of double in vivo labeling. Biochemistry, histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography analysis, mechanical test, and component analysis were performed after 12 weeks. In vitro cell culture was also performed to observe the effect of aspirin in osteogenesis. We found that high fat remarkably impaired bone formation and bone biomechanics. Aspirin treatment significantly prevented bone loss by increasing bone formation. In vitro studies also validated the enhancement of osteogenic differentiation. However, aspirin presented no significant improvement in bone mechanical properties. Component analysis shown aspirin could significantly increase the content of mineral, but had limited effect on the content of collagen. In conclusion, aspirin is beneficial for the prevention of bone loss; meanwhile, it may cause an imbalance in the components of bone which may weaken the mechanical properties. The current study provided further evidence that aspirin might not be powerful for the prevention of fracture in osteoporotic patients.