Obese Females Research Articles

The characterization and comorbidities of heterozygous Bardet-Biedl syndrome carriers.

Introduction: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with clinical features of retinal dystrophy, obesity, postaxial polydactyly, renal anomalies, learning disabilities, hypogonadism, and genitourinary abnormalities. Nevertheless, previous studies on the phenotypic traits of BBS heterozygous carriers have generated inconclusive results. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of BBS heterozygosity on carriers when compared to non-carriers within the Taiwanese population. Materials and Methods: This study follows a hospital-based case-control design. We employed the Taiwan Biobank version 2 (TWBv2) array to identify three specific loci associated with BBS (rs773862084, rs567573386, and rs199910690). In total, 716 patients were included in the case group, and they were compared to a control group of 2,864 patients who lacked BBS alleles. The control group was selected through gender and age matching at a ratio of 1:4. The association between BBS-related loci and comorbidity was assessed using logistic regression models. Results: We found that BBS heterozygous carriers exhibited a significant association with elevated BMI levels, especially the variant rs199910690 in MKS1 (p=0.0037). The prevalence of comorbidities in the carriers' group was not higher than that in the non-carriers' group. Besides, the average values of the biochemistry data showed no significant differences, except for creatinine level. Furthermore, we conducted a BMI-based analysis to identify specific risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our findings revealed that individuals carrying the CA/AA genotype of the BBS2 rs773862084 variant or the CT/TT genotype of the MKS1 rs199910690 variant showed a reduced risk of developing CKD, irrespective of their BMI levels. When stratified by BMI level, obese males with the MKS1 rs199910690 variant and obese females with the BBS2 rs773862084 variant exhibited a negative association with CKD development. Conclusion: We found that aside from the association with overweight and obesity, heterozygous BBS mutations did not appear to increase the predisposition of individuals to comorbidities and metabolic diseases. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic susceptibility associated with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), further research is warranted.

Морфологические особенности эндометрия у пациенток с ожирением и ранними репродуктивными потерями

Aim. To clarify and summarize current data on the relationship between morphological features of gravid transformation of the endometrium and early reproductive losses in women with obesity. Key points. The growing prevalence of obesity worldwide is of serious concern not only due to numerous metabolic complications associated with excess visceral adipose tissue, but also due to reproductive dysfunction in women. Obesity is considered a key factor that increases several times the likelihood of pregnancy complications such as spontaneous abortion, non-viable pregnancy, stillbirth, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preeclampsia. The development of adverse events in the context of maternal obesity may be based on the interaction of biological processes associated with pregnancy and chronic inflammation caused by obesity. However, the causal relationship between BMI and spontaneous abortion is not fully understood, possibly due to the multifactorial effects of excess body weight on pregnancy progression. In addition, BMI as an isolated variable may not reflect other important health risk factors such as nutrition, physical activity, and insulin resistance. Conclusion. Female obesity is associated with worse natural and assisted conception outcomes, including an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Low-grade inflammation affecting arterial remodeling, placentation, and uterine immune cell composition and activity in maternal obesity contributes to a high incidence of pregnancy complications. The development of a unified morphological panel that takes into account the main indicators of endometrial transformation processes with an assessment of its receptor profile and diagnostically significant immunological factors will allow verification of endometrial pathology at the molecular level and justification of pathogenetic therapy in the risk group of early reproductive losses in women with obesity. Keywords: gravid endometrium, obesity, reproductive function, reproductive losses, miscarriage.

A cross-sectional study on the relationship between nutrient/food intake and gut microbiota in frailty among older community residents: The Kyotango study.

In strategies to extend a healthy lifespan, early detection and prevention of frailty are critical. The purpose of this study was to analyze the current state and clinical risk factors of frailty among community-dwelling older to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of the individuals, correlation between frailty and nutrient intake, dietary diversity, and dietary patterns, and to elucidate the correlation between frailty-related dietary factors and the gut microbiota. The study included 786 participants aged ≥65 years from the Kyotango Multipurpose Cohort Study who had available data on their gut microbiota. Frailty was quantitatively assessed by selecting 32 items from the previously reported frailty index, with those scoring ≥0.21 classified as frailty (n = 119) and those with scores <0.21 as non-frailty (n = 667), followed by group comparisons. The frailty group had significantly higher values and rates than the non-frailty group for the following items: age, obesity (in females only), diabetes, hypertension, history of cancer treatment, polypharmacy, disturbed sleep quality, low physical activity, serum insulin levels, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. The frailty group had significantly lower levels of nutrients, including plant proteins, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), vitamins B and C, folic acid, and total, soluble, and insoluble dietary fiber. When analyzed by food groups of dietary fiber, the frailty group had significantly lower intakes of soy products and non-green-yellow vegetables, specifically. The Japanese Diet Index score (rJDI12) was significantly lower in the frailty group, with significant deficiencies in soy products and mushrooms included in the rJDI12. Cluster analysis of the Spearman correlation values between nutrient intake related to frailty and the gut microbiota abundance revealed a positive correlation between the cluster containing dietary fiber and the abundance of the phylum Bacillota, including the [Eubacterium]_eligens_group. In conclusion, our findings clarify the current state of frailty among older community residents and suggest the importance of a diverse range of plant-based foods, including soy products and non-green yellow vegetables, through correlation analysis with nutrients and food groups, and partially reveal the involvement of the gut microbiota.

The association between weight-adjusted-waist index and muscle strength in adults: a population-based study.

The relationship between the weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) and grip strength, a crucial marker in assessing sarcopenia, lacks clarity. We aimed to explore the relationship between WWI and muscle strength across genders. The cross-sectional study involved adults with complete data on WWI and grip strength from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. WWI was derived by dividing waist circumference by the square root of weight. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and smooth curve fitting techniques were used to examine the independent association and potential non-linear relationship between WWI and grip strength. A two-piecewise linear regression model was utilized to determine the threshold effect. Additionally, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were conducted. The study encompassed 9,365 participants, including 4,661 males and 4,704 females. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between WWI and grip strength among males (β = -11.49, 95% CI: -12.38, -10.60, p < 0.001) as well as females (β = -2.53, 95% CI: -2.98, -2.08, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that the negative correlation of WWI with grip strength remained consistent across various age groups and levels of obesity for both males and females. An increase in WWI correlates with reduced muscle strength in both males and females. WWI was negatively associated not only with muscle mass but also with muscle strength. WWI may serve as an assessment tool for sarcopenia, but further large-scale studies are needed to clarify causality.

To Study the Fetomaternal Outcomes of Pregnancy with Obesity- Retrospective Case-Control Study

Background: Increasing incidence has been seen among women of reproductive age with every one out of five women being affected by obesity. Obesity poses unfavorable outcomes for both mother and child causing ten percent of gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia, neonatal deaths. Objective: To find the association of obesity in pregnancy with maternal and perinatal outcomes. Primary Objective: To investigate the association between maternal obesity during pregnancy and various fetomaternal outcomes. Primary Outcome: The occurrence of cesarean section deliveries, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, macrosomia, low birth weight babies, and shoulder dystocia among pregnant women with obesity compared to non-obese pregnant women. The study will assess the relative risk and confidence intervals for all the described outcomes. Subject and Methods: This retrospective case-control study was performed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kulsoom Bai Valika Hospital, site area, Karachi from February to August 2021. A total of 220 patients were included, 110 patients with a BMI equal to or more than 30 kg/m2 were exposed group and 110 cases BMI less than 30 kg/m2 were in the non-exposed group. A detailed history and examination, baseline investigations were carried out. Performa was given to patients of each group, and outcomes were recorded. Results: The average age of the patients was 28.73±6.52 years. The rate of cesarean section and PIH was 3 times more likely in obese groups than non-obese groups [RR=2.74 95%CI: 1.69-3.31] and [RR=3.08 95%CI: 2.11-4.49] respectively. The rate of GDM and preeclampsia was also 2 times more likely in the obese group than the non-obese group [RR=1.48 95%CI: 1.07-2.05] and [RR=2; 95%CI: 1.05-3.79] respectively. The rate of low birth weight was not statistically significant between obese and non-obese groups (p=0.053). While rate of macrosomia 7 times and Shoulder Dystocia time 5 more likely in obese groups than non- obese groups [RR=6.85; 95%CI: 3.24-14.48] and [RR=4.80; 95%CI: 2.56-8.99] respectively. Conclusion: Conclusion Obesity is a challenge of the present era for obstetricians, which is reaching the status of epidemic worldwide. This study shows that obesity in pregnant females is directly proportional to poor fetomaternal outcomes, therefore pregnant obese females should be managed as a high-risk case.

Documented associations between selected trace metals, obesity, and reproductive hormones in females: Need for future research

Documented associations between selected trace metals, obesity, and reproductive hormones in females: Need for future research

Female Infertility and Obesity across the United States&amp;#8212;A Geographic Cross-Sectional Analysis

Female Infertility and Obesity across the United States&amp;#8212;A Geographic Cross-Sectional Analysis

Increasing Strokes in Young people: A Disability &amp; Economic Concern?

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability and has a potentially enormous emotional and socio-economic impact on patients, their families, and health system worldwide. Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability, as it reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors aged 65 and older. The incidence of in-hospital mortality is around 10-15%. Recovery from stroke takes weeks, months or even years or some may live with lifelong disabilities, while few recover completely. AIIM New- Delhi reported that 6 (2%) of stroke cases admitted in 2022 to Neurology department, were aged less than 20 years, and another quarter of total 300 patients were in the age group of 21-45years. Their recent study also indicates that the proportion of hypertension cases (65%) among first ever stroke patients. Stroke was mainly a problem of elderly persons for long, but in the recent years is hitting younger people, even teenagers, coupled with increasing longevity is causing more challenges for public health due to lifelong disability apart from deaths. Storke is an emergent brain, retina, and spinal cord disorder, caused by the occlusion of blood vessels (ischemic stroke) and rupture of blood vessels (a haemorrhagic stroke). Traditional risk factors include Hypertension (HT), diabetes, cardiac arrythmias, obesity, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle, contributing for more than 50% of cases. Of late non-traditional risk factors - Instant gratification culture, heightened stress and disrupted sleep, substance abuse, Chronic stress from ambitious careers and constant connectivity neck jerks or sudden twists while driving, gymming or in hair cutting salons, set the stage for strokes in the younger workforce. Stroke recovery process involves making changes in the physical, social, and emotional aspects of life. While only 1% survive 20 years after stroke, majority 80% of people survive 2 years, 61% survive 3 years and so on as 5% survive 16 years. Nearly 85% of the strokes in India can be prevented by the control of traditional risk factors. A recent Indian study (2019-21) indicates the prevalence of diabetes is at 11.4%, while 35.5% suffer from hypertension, abdominal obesity at 40% across the population and female abdominal obesity is 50%. Half of the HT sufferers are not even aware of their condition, especially among many low socio-economic adults. Unfortunately, it has no warning signs or symptoms. Therefore, regular monitoring of BP, frequently and managing is the most important intervention that can change the situation; therefore, such facilities must be made accessible not only in health facilities but other public places. 1.2. Materials and Methods: This article is based on 5 cases of Strokes author was overseeing over a year from February 2023 &amp; January 2024, 3 cases were first ever stroke and two recurrence cases (one each second and third time in last 3 years. All aresurviving, one with highly restricted movements needing assistance, two with minor disabilities (10-25% paresis of affected limbs), 1 near complete recovery and another in active recovery phase.

Bariatric-induced microbiome changes alter MASLD development in association with changes in the innate immune system.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) affects nearly 25% of the population and is the leading cause for liver-related mortality. Bariatric surgery is a well-known treatment for MASLD and obesity. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms by which bariatric surgery can alter MASLD can lead to new avenues of therapy and research. Previous studies have identified the microbiome's role in bariatric surgery and in inflammatory immune cell populations. The host innate immune system modulates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, and thus the progression of MASLD. The precise role of immune cell types in the pathogenesis of MASLD remains an active area of investigation. The aim of this study was to understand the interplay between microbiota composition post-bariatric surgery and the immune system in MASLD. Eighteen morbidly obese females undergoing sleeve gastrectomy were followed pre-and post-surgery. Stool from four patients, showing resolved MASLD post-surgery with sustained weight loss, was transplanted into antibiotic treated mice. Mice received pre-or post-surgery stool and were fed a standard or high-fat diet. Bodyweight, food intake, and physiological parameters were tracked weekly. Metabolic parameters were measured post-study termination. The human study revealed that bariatric surgery led to significant weight loss (p > 0.05), decreased inflammatory markers, and improved glucose levels six months post-surgery. Patients with weight loss of 20% or more showed distinct changes in blood metabolites and gut microbiome composition, notably an increase in Bacteroides. The mouse model confirmed surgery-induced microbiome changes to be a major factor in the reduction of markers and attenuation of MASLD progression. Mice receiving post-surgery fecal transplants had significantly less weight gain and liver steatosis compared to pre-surgery recipients. There was also a significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines interferon gamma, interleukin 2, interleukin 15, and mig. This was accompanied by alterations in liver immunophenotype, including an increase in natural killer T cells and reduction of Kupfer cells in the post-surgery transplant group. Our findings suggest surgery induced microbial changes significantly reduce inflammatory markers and fatty liver progression. The results indicate a potential causal link between the microbiome and the host immune system, possibly mediated through modulation of liver NKT and Kupffer cells.

Influence of Body Mass Index on the Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Young Females during Menstrual Cycle

Background: Fluctuating levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative damage are observed during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Recent studies suggest an involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in the development of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). As obesity increases the risk of PCOS, the present study aims to compare these biomarkers among young females across different Body Mass Index (BMI) groups. Objectives: To determine variations in the concentrations of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) as biomarkers of oxidative stress, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) as a biomarker of inflammation, and compare among normal and obese young females during the phases of menstrual cycle. Methods:The study included 37 females (20 normal and 17 obese) aged 18 – 22 years. Serum analysis for hs-CRP, MDA, and TAC were performed. Paired and Independent sample T-tests were appropriately used comparing the parameters between early follicular (EFP) and mid-luteal phase (MLP) among the normal and obese subjects. Results: Significant differences were seen in the concentrations of hs-CRP, MDA, and TAC during EFP and MLP of the menstrual cycle among the normal and obese females. An elevated concentration of hs-CRP and MDA, and reduced TAC were observed in the obese compared to normal throughout the menstrual cycle. More than 82.5% of obese subjects having the hs-CRP above normal is alarming, increasing their risk of future CVD and PCOS. Conclusion: Our findings warrant clinical evaluation with prevention strategies for our obese young females. Also, the findings recommend future elaborate research including various biological parameters connected to inflammation and oxidative stress, resolving the etiology of hormonal disorders causing reproductive issues like PCOS in women.

The effect of sleeve gastrectomy on physiological functions and some vital indicators in obese patients in Najaf

Abstract Background: Obesity usually results from excessive nutrition, which causes a defect in the functions of the immune system as a result of the accumulation of fat, as excess fat in the body is associated with changes in the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets, and is associated with changes in the function of the thyroid gland, where obesity affects the permeability of vessels It is also related to many metabolic disorders, including iron balance disorders, so many surgical techniques have been developed to treat obesity, including the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, which is one of the common procedures for treating obesity and has gained great popularity due to its great impact on weight. This study aimed to know the complications and some side effects (positive and negative) of one of the surgeries used in the treatment of obesity, represented by sleeve gastrectomy Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from patients with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy who underwent the operation at Al-Batool Al-Ahly Hospital and Al-Ghadeer Center in Al-Najaf Governorate from September 2022 to March 2023. (43) Patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy were selected (18) males and (25) Females aged between (60-18) years and with a body mass index greater than 35 kg / m2, (19) obese people (8) males and (11) females were taken as a control group, matching patients with age Results: The results showed a decrease in Ferritin protein levels and an increase in TSH levels in the patient group compared to the control group without statistical differences. As for blood indicators, the study showed that there were no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) in the following indicators Hgb, HCT , MCV, and MCH, showed an increase in PLTs, MCHC, RBCs, MPV, and a decrease in WBC, Neutro, and Lymph in the patient group compared to the control group. As for the effect of gender on the criteria in the patient group, the results showed a significant decrease in both ferritin and each of Hgb. RBCs, HCT, MCV, MCH and MPV, and a significant increase in the level of TSH in females compared to males, and the results indicated that there were some changes in the studied parameters of sleeve gastrectomy patients divided according to the period after the operation. Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference between ferritin protein levels in the control group and the patients group, the protein levels decreased after gastric sleeve gastrectomy, and its levels were affected by sex and body mass index, and the sleeve gastrectomy was of high quality, clear effects with regard to some blood physiological parameters, especially a decrease in the number of white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, which may indicate a decrease in low-grade inflammation resulting from obesity in the sleeved patients.

Utilization of Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty in the Management of Compression Fractures: National Trends and Predictors of Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty.

The purpose of this study is to examine the utilization of kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty procedures in the management of compression fractures. With the growing elderly population and the associated increase in rates of osteoporosis, vertebral compression fractures have become a daily encounter for spine surgeons. However, there remains a lack of consensus on the optimal management of this patient population. A retrospective analysis of 91 million longitudinally followed patients from 2016 to 2019 was performed using the PearlDiver Patient Claims Database. Patients with compression fractures were identified using International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision codes, and a subset of patients who received kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty were identified using Common Procedural Terminology codes. Baseline demographic and clinical data between groups were acquired. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty. A total of 348,457 patients with compression fractures were identified with 9.2% of patients receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty as their initial treatment. Of these patients, 43.5% underwent additional kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty 30 days after initial intervention. Patients receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty were significantly older (72.2 vs. 67.9, p < 0.05), female, obese, had active smoking status and had higher Elixhauser Comorbidity Index scores. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that female sex, smoking status, and obesity were the 3 strongest predictors of receiving kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty (odds ratio, 1.27, 1.24, and 1.14, respectively). The annual rate of kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty did not change significantly (range, 8%-11%). The majority of vertebral compression fractures are managed nonoperatively. However, certain patient factors such as smoking status, obesity, female sex, older age, osteoporosis, and greater comorbidities are predictors of undergoing kyphoplasty/vertebroplasty.

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension With Transcribriform Plate Intranasal Meningocele Without Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Case Report

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a rare disorder of unclear pathogenesis occurring commonly in obese women of childbearing age and characterized by increased intracranial pressure in the absence of intracranial space-occupying lesion or cerebrospinal fluid outflow obstruction. We report a rare case of a middle-aged obese female with intractable headache referred to the department of radiology for neuroimaging on account of suspected dural sinus thrombosis and brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which revealed signs of IIH with asymptomatic transcribriform plate intranasal meningocele with a view to underscore the quiddity of IIH in middleaged obese females and also emphasize the need for radiologists to diligently review previous patient’s images where available for possible finding that could contribute to a suspected diagnosis.

Exploring U.S. Hispanic origin groups diagnosed with uterine cancer - Are there disparities?

ObjectiveTo evaluate patterns and trends of uterine cancer among Hispanic subgroups. MethodsThe United States Cancer Statistics (USCS), National Cancer Database (NCDB), and World Population Review were used to obtain data on incidence, demographic characteristics, and cancer histology. Joinpoint regression program was used for statistical analysis. ResultsBased on 2001–2017 USCS data, the overall incidence of uterine cancer was 27.46 vs. 23.29/100,000 in Hispanics vs. non-Hispanic Whites. There was an over 2-fold higher annual increase in the incidence in Hispanics (1.94%; p < 0.001) vs. Whites (0.85%; p < 0.001), particularly in local stage disease. There was an increase in grade 1 endometrioid carcinoma (1.48%; p < 0.001 vs. −0.52%; p = 0.1) and aggressive histologic subtypes (4.04% p = 0.000 vs. 2.53% p = 0.000) in Hispanics vs. Whites.Using the NCDB (2004–2015), we analyzed 17,351 Hispanics by subgroup (Mexican, South/Central American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Dominican). Over the 12 years, there was an increase in the proportion of uterine cancer diagnoses in all Hispanics (5.2% to 11.0%; p < 0.0001). Dominican patients experienced the largest increase in diagnosis (2.6% to 14.9%; p < 0.0001), the highest proportion of advanced disease at 28.0% (p < 0.0001), and the highest incidence of non-endometrioid histologies at 37.1% (p < 0.0001).World Population Review 2023 revealed the highest female obesity rates in Puerto Rico (51.4%), the Dominican Republic (34.1%), and Mexico (32.8%). ConclusionUterine cancer incidence is increased in Hispanics, with the largest increase in Dominican women with more advanced stages and high-risk histologic subtypes. The impact of obesity on cancer risk, especially in Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Mexicans, warrants further investigation.

A dairy-based, protein-rich breakfast enhances satiety and cognitive concentration before lunch in overweight to obese young females: A randomized controlled crossover study

The purpose of this study was to investigate if consumption of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast (PRO) leads to a lower subsequent ad libitum energy intake at lunch and the rest of the day compared with ingestion of an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast (CHO) or no breakfast (CON). The study was designed as a randomized controlled 3-period crossover study. Thirty young (18-30 yr) females with overweight to obesity (body mass index >25 kg/m2) in random order completed 3 separate experimental days where they consumed either a PRO, CHO, or CON breakfast test meal followed by an ad libitum lunch meal 3 h after breakfast. Participants were allocated to a sequence group by their inclusion number. The PRO and CHO breakfasts were matched in dietary fiber and fat content. Energy intake at lunch was calculated and dietary records were obtained for the rest of the day to calculate the total daily energy intake and macronutrient intake. Ratings of appetite sensations between meals and palatability of the test meals were assessed using visual analog scale sheets in intervals ranging from 10 to 30 min. In addition, blood samples were obtained at multiple time points separated by 10 to 60 min intervals between breakfast and lunch and were analyzed for appetite-regulating gut hormones, insulin, and glucose. Finally, performance in a cognitive concentration test was tested 150 min after breakfast. Compared with CHO and CON, the area under the curves for satiety, fullness, and satisfaction in the 3 h after breakfast were significantly higher after PRO, whereas the areas under the curve for hunger, desire to eat, and prospective eating were significantly lower after PRO. The appetite-regulating gut hormones cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and ghrelin in the hours after breakfast, energy intake during the ad libitum lunch meal, and the total daily energy intake did not differ significantly between PRO, CHO, and CON. However, the cognitive concentration test score was 3.5 percentage points higher for PRO, but not CHO, versus CON. A dairy-based high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast increased satiety sensation in the hours after breakfast but did not reduce total daily energy intake compared with an isocaloric low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast or omitting breakfast. However, performance in a cognitive concentration test before lunch was enhanced after the high-protein, low-carbohydrate breakfast, but not the low-protein, high-carbohydrate breakfast, compared with omitting breakfast.

Anti-obesity effects of mulberry leaf extracts on female high-fat diet-induced obesity: Modulation of white adipose tissue, gut microbiota, and metabolic markers

Mulberry leaves (MLs) are reported to have beneficial effects in modulating obesity in male models. However, the impact of different types of mulberry leaf extracts (MLEs) on female models, specifically their influence on adipocytes, gut microbiota, and related metabolic markers, remains poorly understood. In this study, we observed a strong correlation between the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and adipocyte modulation effects of water extracted MLEs. HB-W (water-extracted baiyuwang) and HY-W (water-extracted Yueshen) demonstrated remarkable inhibition effects on adipocytes in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes model. Moreover, MLEs effectively reduced the levels of triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and total cholesterol (T-CHO) in adipocytes in vitro. In vivo experiments conducted on female mice with high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity revealed the anti-obesity effects of HB-W and HY-W, leading to a significant decrease in weight gain rates and notable influence on the ratios of adipose tissue, particularly white adipose tissue (WAT). Gene expression analysis demonstrated the up-regulation of WAT-related genes (Pla2g2a and Plac8) by HB-W, while HY-W supplementation showed beneficial effects on the regulation of blood sugar-related genes. Furthermore, both HB-W and HY-W exhibited modulatory effects on obesity-related gut microbiota (Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents. Importantly, they also mitigated abnormalities in liver function and uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1) expression. Overall, our findings underscore the anti-obesity effects of MLEs in female rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Classification of Obesity among South African Female Adolescents: Comparative Analysis of Logistic Regression and Random Forest Algorithms.

This study evaluates the performance of logistic regression (LR) and random forest (RF) algorithms to model obesity among female adolescents in South Africa. Data was analysed on 375 females aged 15-17 from the South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011/2012. The primary outcome was obesity, defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. A total of 31 explanatory variables were included, ranging from socio-economic, demographic, family history, dietary and health behaviour. RF and LR models were run using imbalanced data as well as after oversampling, undersampling, and hybrid sampling of the data. Using the imbalanced data, the RF model performed better with higher precision, recall, F1 score, and balanced accuracy. Balanced accuracy was highest with the hybrid data (0.618 for RF and 0.668 for LR). Using the hybrid balanced data, the RF model performed better (F1-score = 0.940 for RF vs. 0.798 for LR). The model with the highest overall performance metrics was the RF model both before balancing the data and after applying hybrid balancing. Future work would benefit from using larger datasets on adolescent female obesity to assess the robustness of the models.

Association between dietary antioxidant and fatty acids and low muscle mass in obese and non-obese community-dwelling older adults: An NHANES analysis.

Sarcopenia increases disability, hospital stays, readmissions, and mortality in older adults. Antioxidative nutrients and fatty acids consumption may help maintain muscle mass by reducing oxidative stress. This study aims to assess the association between antioxidant and fatty acid intake and low muscle mass in community-dwelling older people. This retrospective analysis used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Participants ≥ 60 years with information on muscle mass measured by Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was assessed. Associations between antioxidants and fatty acids intake, and low muscle mass were evaluated using logistic regressions. 3648 (1748 men and 1900 women) were included. The prevalence of low muscle mass was 41% and 26% among men and women ≥ 75 years, and 45.2% and 28.4% among obese men and women. In obese males, a natural-log-unit increase of vitamin A (aOR = 0.806, 95% CI: 0.652-0.996), vitamin C (aOR = 0.878, 95% CI: 0.779-0.990), selenium intake (aOR = 0.716, 95% CI: 0.517-0.993), and higher saturated fatty acids (aOR = 0.956, 95% CI: 0.915-0.998) and monounsaturated fatty acids (aOR = 0.959, 95% CI: 0.925-0.994) intake were associated with decreased odds for low muscle mass. Among obese females, a natural-log-unit increase of vitamin E (P = .036), vitamin B12 (P = .014), total folate (P = .015), zinc (P = .005), and selenium intake (P = .018) were associated with increased odds of low muscle mass, whereas higher saturated fatty acids (P < .001), monounsaturated fatty acids (P = .001), and polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (P = .006) were associated with decreased odds for low muscle mass. Antioxidants (vitamin A, C, E, B6, B12, total folate, zinc, magnesium, selenium) intake does not consistently relate to low muscle mass across age and sex. Higher intake of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are independently associated with reduced likelihood of low muscle mass in both obese older men and women.

Effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on fetal outcome

Fetaldevelopment and growth in uterus is most critical. Most commonly used indicator is birth weight for determining well-being of infant. Body mass index (BMI) of mother before pregnancy, pregnancy weight gain, and other factors related to behavior, socio-cultural as well as genetics influence the birth weight. To study effect of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on fetal outcomeHospital-based follow-up study was carried out among 189 antenatal women. Gestational age, weight, height, BMI and fetal growth were recorded. Regular sonography was carried out to rule out fetal congenital abnormalities and fetal well-being. Daily fetal movement count, fetal heart rate monitoring was carried out daily. Estimation of the “total pregnancy weight gain” was done by subtracting last measured weight before delivery from weight recorded at first visit in first trimester. Birth weight of the neonate was recorded within 24 hours of delivery. BMI before pregnanacy was normal in Majority (75.1%). Underweight women earlier to conception had either normal Gestational weight gain (GWG) or less than normal GWG. Their babies also had significantly low average birth weight compared to either normal weight females or overweight and obese before conception. Overweight and obese females before conception had higher incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) and cesarean section. Normal weight females before conception had higher incidence of Pregnancy induced hypertension.Being underweight before conception is a risk factor for low birth weight babies whereas being overweight and obese before pregnancy is a risk factor for GDM.

Sex-specific increases in myostatin and SMAD3 contribute to obesity-related insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle and primary human myotubes.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of obesity and biological sex on myostatin expression in humans and to examine the direct effects of myostatin, SMAD2, and SMAD3 on insulin signaling in primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMCs). For cohort 1, 15 lean [body mass index (BMI): 22.1 ± 0.5 kg/m2; n = 8 males; n = 7 females] and 14 obese (BMI: 40.6 ± 1.4 kg/m2; n = 7 males; n = 7 females) individuals underwent skeletal muscle biopsies and an oral glucose tolerance test. For cohort 2, 14 young lean (BMI: 22.4 ± 1.9 kg/m2; n = 6 males; n = 8 females) and 14 obese (BMI: 39.3 ± 7.9 kg/m2; n = 6 males; n = 8 females) individuals underwent muscle biopsies for primary HSkMC experiments. Plasma mature myostatin (P = 0.041), skeletal muscle precursor myostatin (P = 0.048), and skeletal muscle SMAD3 (P = 0.029) were elevated in obese females compared to lean females, and plasma mature myostatin (r = 0.58, P = 0.029) and skeletal muscle SMAD3 (r = 0.56, P = 0.037) were associated with insulin resistance in females but not males. Twenty-four hours of myostatin treatment impaired insulin signaling in primary HSkMCs derived from females (P < 0.024) but not males. Overexpression of SMAD3, but not SMAD2, impaired insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation in HSkMCs derived from lean females (-27%, P = 0.040), whereas silencing SMAD3 improved insulin-stimulated AS160 phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (25%, P < 0.014) in HSkMCs derived from obese females. These results suggest for the first time that myostatin-induced impairments in skeletal muscle insulin signaling are sex specific and that increased body fat in females is associated with detrimental elevations in myostatin and SMAD3, which contribute to obesity-related insulin resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity is considered a main risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The present study utilizes in vivo and in vitro experiments in human skeletal muscle to demonstrate for the first time that females are inherently more susceptible to myostatin-induced insulin resistance, which is further enhanced with obesity due to increased myostatin and SMAD3 expression.