Nutritional Intake Of Children Research Articles

Stimulation Of Children Growth As A Result Of Tsunami Impact South Sunda Pandeglang Banten

The cause of malnutrition is not only caused by lack of food intake but also because of infection. Another factor that is estimated to influence nutritional status is parenting. This study aims to find out the effect of mother class programs and child preschool toward mother's knowledge, parenting, children's nutritional intake, and children nutritional status. The hypothesis of this study is the intervention of the mother class program and pre-school plays better than the intervention of the mother class only or toward the mother's knowledge and nutritional status of the child. The chosen sample was children aged 2-6 years the inclusion and exclusion criterias. This study uses a quasi-experimental design. The sample was divided into 3 groups, mother group class, pre-school and mother and child play class. The results showed 73.3% of female research subjects, an average age of 55.84 months, 13.3% diarrhea, 2.2% ARI, 66.7%, coughs, 86.7% colds/flu, and 55.6% of children were permissively care. At the end of the treatment an in body weight increase, height of the child, the greatest nutritional status occurred in pre- school. At the end of the treatment the intake of nutrients in energy, protein, the fast is greatest fast is pre school group for the greatest intake of carbohydrates in the maternal class group. Health and nutrition education needs to be carried out on an ongoing basis to maintain the spirit of the mother to carry out health care for children and other families. It is necessary to find a form of playing patterns that can make a child enthusiasm for learning.

Sex differences in the associations of physical activity and macronutrient intake with child body composition: A cross-sectional study of 3- to 7-year-olds in Samoa.

Overweight/obesity is prevalent among children in the Pacific Islands, but its aetiology is poorly understood. Few studies have considered body composition in addition to body mass index-based measures. To describe body composition among Samoan children and determine sex-specific associations among dietary intake, physical activity, and body composition. Body composition (percent body fat [%BF], lean mass, and trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio) of n = 83 Samoan children (3-7 y) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Children completed 7 days of objective physical activity monitoring. Mothers reported child nutritional intake using a 115-item food frequency questionnaire. Stepwise generalized linear regression was used to determine independent associations of nutritional intake and physical activity with body composition. Samoan children had higher average %BF than reported among other ethnic groups but lower trunk-to-peripheral fat ratios. In sex-stratified analyses, quartile of carbohydrate intake was negatively associated with %BF (β = -2.02 SE = 0.58; P < .001) in girls only. Among boys, physical activity (quartile of accelerometer counts per minute) was negatively associated with %BF (β = -1.66 SE = 0.55; P < .01). Sex differences in the associations among nutritional intake, physical activity, and body composition may be important to consider as interventions are developed to address overweight/obesity among Samoan children.

Perbedaan Persepsi Citarasa, Asupan Energi dan Zat Gizi Makro Sebelum dan Sesudah Modifikasi Lauk Nabati di Panti Asuhan Al-Ikhwaniyah Tangerang Selatan

Vegetable side dishes are all food ingredients sourced from vegetable protein; the function of proteins as body building substances, because protein is a new tissue forming material. Nutritional intake in children who live in dormitories is lower than children who do not live in a dormitory, it is necessary to study the level of consumption of children who live in dormitories. The consumption of vegetable side dishes at the Al-Ikhwaniyah Orphanage in South Tangerang is very low because there are still many vegetable side dishes that are not consumed or leftover food on many vegetable side dishes. This study aims to see differences in perceptions of taste and acceptability of vegetable side dishes before and after being modified. The number of research respondents was 34 children of Al-Ikhwaniyah Orphanage who met the inclusion criteria. The results of the study were that there were differences in the perception of vegetable side dish taste with p = 0.000 taste aspect (p value &lt;0.05), Aroma aspect with p value = 0.000 (p value &lt;0.05) and color aspect with p value = 0.002 (p value &lt;0.05) , whereas for vegetable side tofu there are differences in the perception of vegetable side dishes taste with p = 0.000 taste aspect (p value &lt;0.05)), Aroma aspect with p = 0.000 (p value &lt;0.05) and color aspect with p value = 0.001 (value p &lt;0.05). There were differences in energy intake p = 0.000 (p value &lt;0.05), carbohydrate intake with p = 0.000 (p value &lt;0.05), protein intake with p value = 0.001 (p value &lt;0.05) and fat intake with p = 0, -17 (p value &lt;0.05). Modifying vegetable side dishes can significantly increase preference and can increase nutrient intake in children.

Determinants of Childhood Anemia in India

We analyzed a sample of 112714 children from the 2015–2016 Indian National Fertility and Health Survey with available data on hemoglobin. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to establish associations between parent anemia, household characteristics and nutritional intake of children. Linear regression analysis was also conducted to see the link between the household characteristic and childhood nutritional intake on one hand and hemoglobin levels on the other hand. A number of socio-demographic factors, namely maternal age, type of residence and maternal education, as well as wealth index, among others correlate with incidence of childhood anemia. For instance, whereas 52.9% of children in the richest households were anemic, 63.2% of children in the poorest household were anemic (p < 0.001). Mean Vitamin A intake in the last six months was 0.63 (0.626–0.634) which was 0.18% of the recommended intake. Mean iron intake, from sources other than breast milk, in the last 24 hours was 0.29 (0.286–0.294) and 2.42% of the recommended daily intake. Fifty-nine percent (58.5%) of the children surveyed were anemic (Hb level: 9.75 g/dL [9.59–9.91]). Children with anemia were more prone to being iron deficient (odds ratio [OR]: 0.981 (0.961–1.001), Vitamin A deficient (OR: 0.813 (0.794–0.833)), and have lower maternal hemoglobin level (OR: 1.992 (1.957–2.027)). Combining nutritional supplementation and food-fortification programmes with reduction in maternal anemia and family poverty may yield optimal improvement of childhood anemia in India.

Association between parents' work hours and nutrient inadequacy in Japanese schoolchildren on weekdays and weekends.

Evidence is sparse concerning whether the nutrient intake in schoolchildren differs according to parents' work hours. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parents' work hours and nutrient inadequacy among Japanese primary schoolchildren using dietary reference intakes on days with and without a school lunch. Participants included 10- to 11-y-old children in grade 5 from 19 public primary schools in four prefectures of east Japan. Data for 699 children were analyzed. Participants completed 24-h dietary records with photographs of their meals for 4 d consecutively, which included of 2 d of weekdays and 2 d of weekends. Their mothers' and fathers' work hours were obtained from questionnaires that were completed by the participants' guardians. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios for whether participants had poor nutrient intake, with adjustment for confounders. Children whose mothers worked ≥40 h/wk had significantly higher rates of nutrient shortages for vitamins A, E, K, and B6, pantothenic acid, potassium, magnesium, and iron (P = 0.007, 0.003, 0.007, 0.023, 0.021, 0.045, 0.004, and 0.009, respectively) than those in the 0 h/wk group. These differences were not significant based on fathers' working hours, with the exception of vitamin A (≥40 versus 0-39 h/wk, P = 0.032). Additionally, nutrient shortages for children were more pronounced on weekdays than on weekends. This evidence revealed the necessity to improve nutrition intake in children whose mothers work more than statutory working hours, which would enable children to have adequate nutrient intake, especially on weekdays.

Hubungan Lingkar Kepala Dengan Prestasi Belajar Pada Anak SD N 1 Tambongwetan Kalikotes

Brain growth is one of the things that changes, if nutritional intake is reduced, some parts of the brain development will be disrupted. The result of malnutrition will result in obstruction of the body and brain development, where head circumference is used as a parameter to determine it. In the growth parameters, there are several body parts that are measured including body weight, height, head circumference and chest circumference, if there is one that is less than normal it can affect learning achievement. The purpose of this study was to find out "the relationship between head circumference and learning achievement in SD N 1 Tambongwetan children".&#x0D; This study used an analytic survey method with a cross sectional design. The research population comprised all grade 1 and 2 students at SD N 1 Tambongwetan as many as 46 students. Sampling using total sampling. Data analysis using Kendall Tau. The results of data analysis showed ???? = 0.337 with a P value = 0.016; P value &lt;0.05.&#x0D; The conclusion of the results of this study is that there is a relationship between head circumference and learning achievement in SD N 1 Tambongwetan children. Suggestion to parents should always pay attention to their children's nutritional intake because adequate nutrition can affect the growth of body size including head circumference.

An Ethnographic Study on Feeding Bugis Children Aged 0–23 Months in Palopo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore Bugis culture related to feeding practice in children age 0–23 months. The study used a qualitative research method with an ethnographic study approach. Observations and focused group discussions were conducted on 22 caregivers, while in-depth interviews were conducted with a customary leader, two cadres, and a village mindwife. Data analysis applied a thematic analysis with an ethnonursing approach. This study resulted in three themes: giving sweet food, choosing a qualified person to give the first bribe, and delayed feeding of animal-sourced food (ASF) before the age of one year. These results affirm that culture is one of the most influential aspects of feeding children. The culture embraced by parents and society can affect the nutritional intake of children, especially during the first 1000 days of life.

P196 - Feasibility of Visual Estimation Using Digital Template Photos to Assess Children's Dietary Intake in Childcare Settings

Background (Background, Rationale, Prior Research, and/or Theory): Within childcare settings, it is estimated children consume up to 75% of daily calories, making food consumed within childcare environments a key component of children's daily nutrition. To assess children's nutritional intake in childcare settings, direct observation by weighing each food item before and after consumption is considered the gold standard. However, this method can be disruptive in the classroom and resource-intensive. Therefore, a simple and accurate method to estimate children's dietary intake is needed. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using digital template photos to estimate children's dietary intake in childcare settings. Study Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention: Photos of preschool children's meals were taken before consumption, when any additional servings were provided, and after consumption. Weights and template photos of each meal component were taken separately, at decreasing portion sizes beginning with the serving size given during mealtime and ending at approximately one-quarter to one-eighth of the original serving size, such that if any more were eaten, it would be considered finished. Three trained undergraduate research assistant coders compared photos of actual mealtime plates with the digital template photos side by side on a split screen. Coders used the digital template photos to visually estimate the portion size of each meal component as it had been served and consumed. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Preliminary data from ongoing data collection consisting of 10 mealtimes composed of 35 food and beverage components in total were independently coded. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Across the 10 preliminary trials, ICC was 0.931 suggesting trained coders can reliably estimate food quantities using digital template photos. Conclusions and Implications: As a feasible and cost-effective method, digital template photos may create opportunities for assessing children's dietary intake in research and intervention projects where it has been otherwise prohibitive to do so. Funding: USDA.

PERBANDINGAN METODE k-NN DAN NEURAL NETWORK (Backpropagation) DALAM KLASIFIKASI GIZI ANAK

In the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1995 / Menkes / SK / XII / 2010 dated December 30, 2010 and the World Health Organization- National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS-WHO), it is clear how standardization child nutrition is a very urgent matter. Because to know the nutritional intake of children that must be met when the condition of the child in a state of malnutrition or if the child nutrition. In this case, the child nutrition will affect brain development; adequate nutrition will be able to add to the absorption of the brain which will give the maximum intelligence, which corresponds to the opening 45 that is to educate intelligence UDD Nations children, which will be the focus point of this research. Methods to be used are two methods of data mining classification that Neural Network and K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), which will be sought method best of both methods, in seeking highest accuracy. Keynotes: Child Nutrition, Neural Networks and K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN),

HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN ANAK USIA 3-5 TAHUN DI PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI (PAUD) MIDANUTTA’LIM DESA MAYANGAN KECAMATAN JOGOROTO KABUPATEN JOMBANG

Nutrition is one determinant the quality of human resources, because undernourished will might cause failure growth and development on child. On child a preschool are the group that need attention will the nutrition, as they are in the growth and development. More than 50 % of the children was suffering from a development. The purpose of research to know nutritional status of relations with children growth a preschool age 3 to 5 years in Midanutta’lim Mayangan Village Subdistrict Jogoroto District Jombang. Method : The research use analytic correlation design with cross sectional approached. Population is all children aged 3 to 5 years in PAUD Midanutta’lim Mayangan Village Subdistrict Jogoroto District Jombang with 70 children, the sample as many as 35 children. Technique sampling used purposive sampling, the independent variable is status nutrition and dependent variable is the development of baby a preschool age 3 to 5 years. An instrument use Z-scor and KPSP. Data mixed with editing, coding, scoring, tabulating, analysis data using the spearman rank. Result and discussion : Based on the research done got that the majority of respondents (74.3%) a nutritional status of good, most respondents (68.6%) undergo development children appropriate, test results spearman rank got that α count smaller than α table that 0,001 &lt; 0,05 which means H1 received and value correlation coefficient 0,557. The conclusion are powerful relationship between nutritional status of children growth preschool age 3 to 5 years . Based on the results of research is expected parents paying more attention to the nutritional intake in children especially at the age of a preschool because in this day and age that are the group vulnerable to nutrition problems will have an influence to the development of the baby.

Research- and Practice-Based Nutrition Education and Cooking Workshops in Pediatric Oncology: Protocol for Implementation and Development of Curriculum.

BackgroundProgresses in childhood cancer treatment, diagnosis, and management have resulted in childhood cancer survival rates of over 80%. However, this therapeutic success comes with a heavy price: two-thirds of childhood cancer survivors will be affected by further complications, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Adequate nutrition during cancer treatment is essential to ensure the child’s optimal development, improve tolerance to treatments, and can contribute to lower the risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases. Side effects of cancer treatments can negatively impact children’s nutritional intake and eating behaviors. Involving the families of childhood cancer patients in educational workshops could be a promising avenue to promote healthy eating during and after cancer treatment.ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to develop, validate, and implement a family-based nutrition education and cooking workshop curriculum in a pediatric oncology setting that addresses the nutritional issues encountered during treatments while promoting the adoption of healthy eating habits for the prevention of long-term cardiometabolic effects.MethodsThe workshops were developed and validated following an 8-step iterative process, including a review of the literature and consultations with a steering committee. An evaluation tool was also developed. A nonrandomized study protocol was elaborated to implement the workshops and measure their impact. The themes of the 6 research- and practice-based lessons are as follows: meal fortification during cancer treatment, changes in taste during cancer therapy and their impact on children, adapting diet to eating-related side effects of treatments, nutritional support during cancer treatment, Mediterranean diet and health, and planning quick and economic meals. The validation process included consultations with the institution’s clinical nutrition professionals. Self-administered post questionnaires were developed according to the content of each workshop to measure short-term outcomes, namely, participants’ perception of knowledge acquisition, behavioral intention, and satisfaction. Medium-term outcomes that will be evaluated are participants’ anthropometric profile, quality of the diet, and circulating biomarkers of metabolic health.ResultsThe project was funded in 2016 and enrollment will be completed in 2021. Data analysis is currently under way and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2019.ConclusionsThis research- and practice-based nutrition education and cooking demonstration curriculum could be a valuable complement to a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for the prevention of long-term cardiometabolic complications in childhood cancer.

Biopsychosocial Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five: A Path Analysis Evidence from the Border Area West Kalimantan

Background: Stunting is a form of nutritional deficiency associated with delayed of children growth and development. Stunting is a lack of linear development due to long-term malnutrition. This study aimed to examine factors associated with stunting in children under-five in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A sample of 200 children under five consisting of 100 stunting children and 100 normal children was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were birth length, maternal education, family income, maternal nutritional intake, maternal middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC), child nutritional intake, and the number of children. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of stunting directly increased with child nutritional intake less than recommended nutritional allowance (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.36; p<0.001), birth length <48 cm (b= 2.13; 95% CI= 0.95 to 3.31; p<0.001), and low current maternal education (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.21 to 2.72; p<0.001). The risk of stunting was indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation. Conclusion: The risk of stunting directly increases with child nutritional intakes than recommended nutritional allowance, birth length <48 cm, and low current maternal education. The risk of stunting is indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, the number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrient intake during gestation. Keywords : stunting, biopsikososial factors, gestation Correspondence : Eny Indriyani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: zubair.alhafizh@yahoo.com. Mobile:+6282158338438. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(2): 146-155 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.02.07

Effect of Family Hope Program on Maternal Health Behavior and Children Under Five Nutritional Status in Poor Families, Jombang, East Java

Background: Family Hope Program, or internationally referred to as Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), is a government poverty allevation initiative by provision of conditional cash money that induces healthy behavior so as to achieve strong generation. This study sought to examine the effect of Family Hope Program on maternal health behavior and children under five nutritional status in poor families, Jombang, East Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with retrospective cohort design. This study was conducted in Jombang District, East Java, from November to December 2017. A total sample of 210 mothers and their children under five were selected for this study by fixed exposure sampling. The dependent variables were maternal health behavior and child nutritional status. The independent variables were birthweight, history of illness, maternal education, family income, family support, government Family Hope Program, and access to health service. The data were collected by maternal and child book record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The likelihood of good nutritional status of children under five increased with good nutritional intake (b= 1.9; 95% CI= 1.1 to 2.8; p <0.001), normal birthweight (b= 2.5; 95% CI= 0.9 to 4.1; p= 0.002), rare frequency of illness (b= 1.3; 95% CI= 0.5 to 2.1; p= 0.001), and strong family support (b= 1.5; 95% CI= 0.6 to 2.3; p<0.001). The likelihood of maternal healthy behavior increased with Family Hope Program (b= 4.1; 95% CI= 3.1 to 5.0; p <0.001) and higher maternal education (b= 1.9; 95% CI= 0.9 to 2.8; p<0.001). Good nutritional intake increased with maternal healthy behavior (b= 0.4; 95% CI= - 0.04 to 0.85; p = 0.074) and strong family support (b= 0.6; 95% CI = 0.2 to 1.1; p= 0.004). Conclusion: The likelihood of good nutritional status of children under five increases with good nutritional intake, normal birthweight, no history of illness over the past three months, and strong family support. Family Hope Program induces maternal health behavior, increases child nutritional intake, and eventually improves child nutritional status. Keywords: child nutritional status, maternal health behavior, Family Hope Program Correspondence: Sintya Rosalina. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: sintya.rosalina@gmail.com. Mobile 085732761747. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2018), 3(1): 33-43 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2018.03.01.04

Impact of elimination diets on nutrition and growth in children with multiple food allergies.

Growth and nutritional intake of children with cows' milk allergy and other food allergens has been thoroughly investigated in recent years across many different countries and age groups. An impaired growth in atopic children should not be attributed only to a high number of allergens and foods to be avoided, but to a general condition of 'sub-inflammation', which unfavorably affects the absorption and utilization of fuel and substrates. Atopic study participants may represent a good target for personalized nutrition and in this review we sought to outline many of the issues that should be taken into account when dietitians advise patients regarding food avoidance and expected effects on growth. The dietary management of food allergy requires appropriate dietary choices to maintain adequate growth, starting with special formulas in infancy. An emerging area of research is the fussy eating related to the exclusion of cow's milk and other foods during infancy and the long-term effects on eating habits and food preferences. Study participants with either mono or polyallergic diseases should ideally undergo the definition of their allergic and metabolic characteristics, to precisely adjust dietary interventions on an individual basis to support the genetic potential of growth and prevent unfavorable outcomes.

Eliminating cows' milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies.

Our study examined the growth and nutritional intake of children on milk and/or wheat, barley or rye elimination diets. This was a nested case-control study within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. It investigated 295 children born in the Tampere University Hospital area between 1997 and 2004 on a diet without cows' milk and/or wheat, barley or rye due to food allergies and 265 matched controls. Nutritional intake was recorded with three-day food records at the ages of one, two and three years. Serial growth measurements were recorded annually up to the age of five years. Despite consuming a balanced diet with sufficient energy and protein, the children on milk elimination diets grew slower than the control children (p = 0.009). Wheat, barley or rye elimination was not associated with growth. The intakes of protein and calcium were lower in children in the milk elimination group than the controls, at p < 0.05 for all. However, children on elimination diets consumed less saturated fats and sugar and more vitamin C and iron than the control children. Children on elimination diets faced an increased risk of growth deceleration and suboptimal intake of several micronutrients.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF OSTEOSYNTHESIS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC MANDIBULAR FRACTURES

This study was planned to evaluate both clinically and radiographically different plating systems for treatment of pediatric mandibular fractures. Patients and Methods: 36 children with mandibular fractures at different sites, their ages in between 5-12 years with a mean of age 8.5 years. All patients treated via an intraoral approach with open reduction and internal fixation, using miniplates, microplates, biodegradable plates. All patients were examined clinically by inspection and palpation both extra orally and intra orally. Radiographically by orthopantomograms. All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiographically immediately, at one week, two weeks, at one month, three and six months postoperatively. Results: the results of this study revealed primary wound healing was achieved uneventfully in 32 patients with no signs of infection. Proper occlusion without any discrepancy postoperatively, except only minor occlusal derangement in only two cases of group (3) corrected by placement of light guiding elastics. Radiographic examination revealed significant bone healing at the fracture line, nonunion didn’t occur in any patient of our study. Conclusion: Monomandibular osteosynthesis using miniplates, microplates, and biodegradable plates precludes dependence on the maxillomandibular fixation, ensure respiratory care, nutritional intake in children, provided adequate stability of the fracture segments, minimize the possibility of trauma to the teeth buds. In addition the biodegradable plates characterized by no need for removal of the plates later on.

Taste preference, food neophobia and nutritional intake in children consuming a cows' milk exclusion diet: a prospective study.

Taste exposure in infancy is known to predict food preferences later in childhood. This is particularly relevant in children with cows' milk allergy who consume a substitute formula and/or a cows' milk exclusion (CME) diet early in life. This prospective study aimed to show whether there is a long-term effect of consuming a substitute formula and CME diet on taste preferences and dietary intake. Children were predominantly recruited from two large birth cohort studies in the UK. Two groups were recruited: an experimental group of children who had consumed a CME diet during infancy and a control group who had consumed an unrestricted diet during infancy. Parents completed a food neophobia questionnaire and an estimated prospective food diary. Children completed a taste preference test and their growth was assessed. One hundred and one children with a mean age of 11.5 years were recruited (28 CME and 73 controls). Children in the CME group had a significantly higher preference for bitter taste than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between the groups with respect to the intake of some micronutrients, including riboflavin, iodine, sodium and selenium. Food neophobia did not differ between groups. Some 28% of the CME group were overweight/obese compared to 15% of the control group; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Consuming a substitute formula and/or a CME diet in infancy has a long-term effect on the preference for bitter taste. Differences exist with respect to the intake of some micronutrients, but not macronutrients. There was a nonsignificant trend towards being overweight and obese in children in the CME group.

One-child policy and childhood obesity

This paper investigates the effect of only children on childhood obesity in China. We use implementation measures of family planning policies as instrumental variables in the estimations, and find that being raised in a one-child family significantly increases the weight, body mass index, and probability of being overweight or obese for children. By examining mothers' care-taking behaviors and their children's dietary habits and nutritional intake, we identify the following channels linking one-child families with childhood obesity. (a) In one-child families, parents prefer spending money to using their time to care for their children. (b) In one-child families, children eat more high-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein food. A time–money trade-off could be a plausible mechanism of the effects we document.

Nutritional/Growth Status in a Large Cohort of Medically Fragile Children Receiving Long-Term Enteral Nutrition Support.

The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional status and growth of medically fragile children receiving long-term enteral nutritional support (ENS). A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted at a tertiary-level pediatric hospital. Growth features and nutritional intake of children (n = 287) receiving ENS were evaluated. During a period of 5 years (2009-2013), study patients in the age group of 1 to 36 months had been referred for the explicit reason of tube weaning. Data were documented with the help of ARCHIMED (version 46.2) and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 21. Nutritional/growth status was determined by using World Health Organization growth standard tables. Anthropometric parameters of children were compared with World Health Organization standards, and the prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting was very high despite being exclusively or predominantly on ENS. Results revealed that the age of a child, inadequate amount of caloric supply/day, the diagnosis of small-for-gestational age, and the type of tube (nasogastric tube) were significantly associated with growth/nutritional status (P < 0.05). Duration of ENS in the percentage of the cohort's lifetime and the main diagnosis were not associated with nutritional/growth outcomes. In medically fragile children, ENS does not ensure adequate growth per se. ENS requires highly specialized and individually tailored management and in many cases regular adjustments. Long-term tube feeding plans often seem unable to ensure the required amount of nutritional support, which surely compromise the individual efficacy of ENS.

Anthropometric Status and Nutritional Intake in Children (6-9 Years) in Valencia (Spain): The ANIVA Study.

The aim of our study was to assess nutritional intake and anthropometric statuses in schoolchildren to subsequently determine nutritional adequacy with Spanish Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs). The ANIVA study, a descriptive cross-sectional study, was conducted in 710 schoolchildren (6–9 years) in 2013–2014 in Valencia (Spain). Children’s dietary intake was measured using 3-day food records, completed by parents. Anthropometric measures (weight and height) were measured according to international standards, and BMI-for-age was calculated and converted into z-scores by WHO-Anthro for age and sex. Nutrient adequacy was assessed using DRI based on estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake (AI). Pearson’s chi-square and Student’s t-test were employed. Of our study group (47.61% boys, 52.39% girls), 53.1% were normoweight and the weight of 46.9% was inadequate; of these, 38.6% had excess body weight (19.6% overweight and 19.0% obesity). We found intakes were lower for biotin, fiber, fluoride, vitamin D (p < 0.016), zinc, iodine, vitamin E, folic acid, calcium and iron (p < 0.017), and higher for lipids, proteins and cholesterol. Our results identify better nutritional adequacy to Spanish recommendations in overweight children. Our findings suggest that nutritional intervention and educational strategies are needed to promote healthy eating in these children and nutritional adequacies.