Nutritional Content Research Articles

Isolation, characterization of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and validation of the potential probiotic efficacy on growth, immunity, and gut microbiota in hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂).

Probiotics are increasingly considered as an alternative to antibiotics in developing environmentally sustainable aquaculture practices. Hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀×Acipenser schrenckii ♂), a globally popular species valued for its nutritional content and caviar, has limited research on host-associated probiotics. In this study, we isolated and identified Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from healthy hybrid sturgeon and assessed their impact on growth, immunity, gut microbiota, and transcriptome following an 8-week feeding trial. The isolated strains demonstrated strong production of protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulase, along with broad-spectrum pathogen inhibition, including Aeromonas veronii, Aeromonas sobria, and Yersinia ruckeri. Supplementation with B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens significantly improved growth performance and increased survival rates against A. veronii infection. Mechanistically, probiotics altered gut microbiota composition, enhancing digestive functions. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that probiotic supplementation boosted immune response and protein digestion and absorption. These findings suggest that B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens are promising probiotic candidates for the hybrid sturgeon industry, offering effective protection against A. veronii infection.

Optimization of pretreatment and convective drying temperature for better nutritional and bioactive contents of orange fleshed sweet potatoes flour

Optimization of pretreatment and convective drying temperature for better nutritional and bioactive contents of orange fleshed sweet potatoes flour

Utilization of Brown Rice as Fortification of Putu Mayang

In this day and age, it is very difficult to find food that is rich in nutrients and nutritious, one of the foods that is rich in nutrients can be a typical Betawi food, namely putu mayang cake. If innovated with brown rice, putu mayang cake will be more nutritious and have a lot of nutrients. As well as the nutrition and nutritional content of brown rice, putu mayang cake will look more nutritious and rich in nutrients. Experimental research on the manufacture of putu mayang involves the division of research subjects or objects into control groups and treatment groups, where the treatment group is subjected to certain treatments while the control group is not. This research aims to uncover the Utilization of Brown Rice as a Fortification of Putu Mayang. This study uses an experimental design with a variation of the addition of brown rice as an addition to fortification in the manufacture of putu mayang. This variation was carried out to determine the effect of the addition of brown rice on the fortification of putu mayang cake making. The data from the organoleptic test results include aspects of taste, color, and texture aroma with the use of brown rice flour. The power test of the level of favorability or hedonic test was carried out on the panelists, which amounted to 30 people. Based on the results of consumer acceptance, consumers accept a variety of wheat flour mixtures with different levels, this is due to the large nutritional content possessed by brown rice flour, but the taste of Putu Mayang is not so disturbed, it's just that the texture is a little hard because the more brown rice flour content is included, the less coarse the texture will be.

Impact of geographical variation on nutritional and antioxidant properties of Basella alba L. from Sri Lanka

BackgroundBasella alba L. (Malabar spinach) is a widely consumed leafy vegetable, well known for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. These properties arise from the availability of essential nutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential, which may vary depending on environmental factors induced by the geographical location. In this study our aim is to investigate the correlation between the geographical location and proximate composition, phytochemical content, and antioxidant activity of B. alba harvested from fifteen locations in Sri Lanka.ResultsAccording to the statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey test, the results of proximate analysis confirmed that samples from different locations showed statistically significant variance in nutritional content. Furthermore, phytochemical content and antioxidant potential varied showing a significant difference between locations in total chlorophyll (27.53 to 6.69 µg/g dry weight), carotene (4.54 to 1.15 µg/g dry weight), total flavonoid content (10.54 to 3.94 mg/g dry weight in Quercetin equivalents), total phenolic content (8.33 to 0.46 mg/g dry weight in gallic acid equivalents), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (38.03–11.4% inhibition), and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (1.23 to 3.76 mg/g dry weight in ascorbic acid equivalents) (p < 0.05). The Pearson correlation showed a strong positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis indicates the role of antioxidant activity and chlorophyll content in location differentiation, forming distinct clusters. Cluster analysis categorized samples into four groups, linking biochemical traits to agro-climatic zones. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed a close relationship between some locations due to their high antioxidant and phytochemical accumulation.ConclusionThis study exhibits the importance of geographical location on the phytochemical profile and antioxidant properties of B. alba. These findings can be used to refine optimal cultivation sites for B. alba to enhance the efficacy of its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential.

Mechanisms of drought tolerance in Moringa: Strategies for mitigation and adaptation – Review

Moringa oleifera, often called the "miracle tree," is renowned for its resilience to harsh environmental conditions, particularly drought. This review explores the mechanisms by which Moringa tolerates drought stress, making it a vital crop in arid and semi-arid regions. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations attribute the tree's drought tolerance. Key mechanisms include an extensive root system that enhances water uptake, efficient water use through stomatal regulation, and the accumulation of Osmo protectants such as proline. Additionally, Moringa activates antioxidant enzymes that mitigate oxidative stress under drought conditions, safeguarding cellular integrity. Molecular responses play a significant role as well, with the upregulation of drought-responsive genes and stress-related proteins that enhance the tree’s ability to cope with water scarcity. These adaptive traits not only contribute to Moringa's survival but also improve its productivity under water-limited conditions. Beyond its environmental resilience, Moringa holds significant socioeconomic value. Its rich nutritional content, medicinal properties, and potential for income generation make it a critical crop for addressing food security and poverty, especially in developing regions. This review highlights the importance of promoting Moringa cultivation as a sustainable agricultural practice in drought-prone areas. In conclusion, understanding and leveraging Moringa's drought tolerance mechanisms can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. Expanding its cultivation could lead to more resilient agricultural systems, providing both environmental and socioeconomic benefits. Continued research is essential to optimize its use and ensure its widespread adoption in vulnerable regions.

Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Films Integrated with Wavy Structured Design for Wearable Bioelectronics.

The integration of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with flexible electronic technologies offers a promising strategy for monitoring detailed health information, owing to their inherent porosity, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable catalytic capabilities. However, their application in wearable and real-time health monitoring remains largely unexplored, primarily due to the mechanical mismatch between the traditionally fragile HOFs particles and the softness of human skin. Herein, this study demonstrates an epidermal biosensor that maintains reliable sensing capability even under extreme deformation and complex environmental conditions by integrating HOFs films with wavy bioelectrodes. This wearable biosensor demonstrates ultrasensitive detection capabilities, with a limit of detection of 49.64nM, and accurately measures nutritional content in sweat while conforming to curved skin surfaces. The sensor's performance is comparable to those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). More strikingly, scratched HOFs films can be regenerated through a simple solvent rinsing process, enabling their reuse in the fabrication of new biosensors and offering a significant advantage over conventional sensing materials. This work has the potential to inspire the development of more flexible electronic devices, leveraging the structural adaptability and diversity of HOFs for personalized healthcare applications and real-time health monitoring.

Adaptability and Bromatological Characterization of Grass Varieties (Cichorium Sp, Plantago Menor, Pennisetum Clandestenium)

Objective: The present research aimed to characterize the bromatological composition of three grass varieties in the flowering stage. Theoretical Framework: The text emphasizes the crucial importance of forage quality in milk production, especially in tropical zones. It highlights that forage quality, determined by its digestibility and nutritional content, varies according to factors such as climate, soil, and management practices. Additionally, the text underscores the need to adjust cow feeding according to their production stage and individual nutritional requirements, considering factors such as body weight, body condition, and forage intake. Method: A non-parametric exploratory investigation was conducted, analyzing three treatments using the statistical software INFOSTAT. MANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis H test were applied for multivariate analysis, using the Wilks, Pillai, Lauley, Hotelling, and Roy statistical software through a DCA. Results and Discussion: With the values obtained from the Tukey mean test (p&gt;0.05) of the evaluated grasses, kikuyo had protein values of 2.63, crude fiber of 2.24, and fat of 0.30, showing a significant difference. Chicory had a higher range in moisture with 90.45, and its values were 2.01 for protein, 1.41 for crude fiber, 0.30 for fat, and 1.76 for ash. Finally, plantain had values of 1.86 for crude fiber, 2.15 for protein, 87.80 for moisture, 0.24 for fat, and 1.52 for ash. Implications of the research: The implications of this research are highly relevant to the livestock sector, especially in tropical zones. By demonstrating the importance of forage quality in milk production and how factors such as climate, soil, and management practices influence this quality, it opens up a wide range of possibilities to improve the efficiency and sustainability of production systems. Originality/Value: The originality and value of this research lie in its practical and applied approach to a specific reality. While the relationship between forage quality and animal production is a widely studied topic, this research provides a particular perspective by focusing on the specific conditions of tropical zones and providing practical recommendations for dairy producers.

Uji Fitokimia Oryza sativa L. Wojalaka dari 4 Kabupaten di Pulau Sumba

As a major cereal crop in Indonesia, rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays a crucial role in supporting the food needs of the Indonesian population. There is one unique variety that is still not widely known for its benefits, such as the rice that produces black rice, which is known to have a much higher nutritional content compared to regular white rice. In the East Nusa Tenggara region, this variety is better known as Wojalaka. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the active flavonoid content of black rice from four different districts on Sumba Island. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine which district's variety has the highest flavonoid content, so that it can be widely known and consumed as a healthy food option. The results showed that the Wojalaka variety with the highest flavonoid content is from East Sumba district. This is because, in terms of biophysics, the area is more supportive in increasing flavonoid content as one of the secondary metabolites.

Assessing Closed Hydroponic Subsystems for Batavia Lettuce Growth Under Different Planting Densities

ABSTRACTHydroponic systems have the potential to be sustainable and alternative methods for food production that confer advantages of high production and better control of growth. However, only a few studies have focused on leafy vegetable growth in different subsystems and environmental variables. The main objective of this study is to comprehensively analyze growth rates, sensory attributes, and nutrient uptake in lettuce across these different hydroponic subsystems—deep water culture (DWC), nutrient film technique (NFT), media bed (MB), and sandponic (SP)—evaluated at narrow (20 × 25) and larger (24 × 25 cm) planting spacings. Notably, DWC and NFT subsystems demonstrated superior performance in terms of yield and plant growth parameters, across both planting spacings. Particularly, DWC lettuces exhibited higher levels of Chlorophyll B (29.1 ± 0.8 mg/100 g) and carotene content (32.4 ± 1.2 mg/100 g) in the narrow spacing, underlining their potential for heightened photosynthetic efficiency and nutritional content. Moreover, DWC lettuces were favored in taste tests (52.4%). The NFT subsystem also demonstrated promising outcomes, exhibiting effective utilization of planting spacing across different planting densities. The highest lettuce productivity per unit of land was observed at 7.43 kg in narrower spacing, whereas it was 2.8 kg in larger spacing in the NFT system. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of DWC and NFT subsystems, confirming their potential for enhancing hydroponic lettuce production. Moreover, the use of substrates promotes the uptake of macroelements in hydroponics.

Nutritional Evaluation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Nano-formulated Selenium-Moringa Peregrine Seed Extract as a Promising Suppressor of TGF-β1/P38/NF-kβ Signaling Pathway in HgCl2 Intoxicated-Mice.

Moringa peregrina, renowned for its extensive health benefits, continues to reveal its therapeutic potential through ongoing research. The synthesis of Moringa peregrina extract-selenium nanoparticles (MPE-SeNPs) has emerged as a promising approach in developing versatile therapeutic agents. To evaluate the protective effects of MPE-SeNPs against oxidative damage and inflammation caused by HgCl2 exposure in mice. The study involved extracting and characterizing the dried powdered seeds of Moringa peregrina to determine their nutritional and bioactive contents. MPE-SeNPs were synthesized using plant extracts and characterized through TEM, UV-Vis, and FT-IR techniques to assess their chelating and superoxide radical scavenging activities. The LD50 of MPE-SeNPs was determined, and doses of 1/50 and 1/20 of the LD50 were administered to HgCl₂-exposed mice to evaluate lung protective effects. Biochemical analyses measured plasma lipid profiles and lung antioxidant status, while gene expression of TGF-β1, P38, and NF-kβ in lung tissue was analyzed. Histopathological examinations of lung tissues were conducted to observe structural changes and fibrosis, providing a comprehensive assessment of the protective efficacy of MPE-SeNPs against oxidative damage and inflammation. The raw Moringa peregrine seeds contain approximately 27.81% fat, 32.10% protein, 13.11% fiber, 4.11% ash and 22.93% carbohydrate content. The phenolic and flavonoid content in debittered seeds is approximately 76.42 mg of GAE/g DE), and 15.55 mg of QE/g DE, respectively. However, MPE and MPESeNPs exhibited chelating activity with 54 and 80.64% after 60 min. Additionally, at a concentration of 120 μg/mL, the superoxide radical scavenging activity was 71% for MPE and 93% for MPE-SeNPs after 5 minutes of incubation. The IC50 values recorded for MPE and MPE-SeNPs were 80.38 and 48.01 μg/mL, respectively. MPE-SeNPs had an average size of approximately 130.63 nm. UV-Vis spectrum peaks and FTIR identified functional groups associated with phenolics and flavonoids. LD50 of MPE-SeNPs was estimated to be 773 mg/kg body weight. Oral administration of MPE and MPE-SeNPs led to improvements in plasma lipid profile as well as lung antioxidant status. Moreover, downregulation of lung TGF-β1, P38, and NF-kβ gene expression in HgCl2-intoxicated mice when treated with MPE-SeNPs. In addition, MPE-SeNPs improve lung tissue by enhancing antioxidant enzymes, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and scavenging free radicals. The study reveals that Moringa peregrina extract combined with selenium nanoparticles (MPESeNPs) offers significant protection against oxidative damage induced by HgCl₂ exposure. The enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of MPE-SeNPs, particularly at a dose of 38.65 mg/kg body weight, demonstrate their potential as a powerful natural therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. These findings underscore the promise of MPE-SeNPs in improving lung health by mitigating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and promoting tissue repair, paving the way for innovative treatments in respiratory medicine.

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Differences in Flavonoid Synthesis During Fruit Development of Capsicum frutescens pericarp

Capsicum frutescens is a valuable economic crop that is widely cultivated for its unique flavor and rich nutritional content. While some studies have shown differences in flavonoid content among different chili species, the mechanism by which changes in flavonoid composition lead to fruit color variations in C. frutescens remains underreported. We performed transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolome sequencing on three different growth stages of the C. frutescens fruit and analyzed the data to better understand the mechanism of color change. Based on previous research on the genes that regulate flavonoid compounds and the MBW complex, we have identified a total of 28 core genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis and 8 genes that may be related to flavonoid synthesis. Through extensive targeted metabolomic analysis, 581 differential metabolites were identified, including 43 flavonoids. Most anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavonoids were found to be more abundant during the immature fruit stage, which we presume is associated with the differential expression of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation. These findings provide a useful reference for understanding flavonoid synthesis and the accumulation of fruits in C. frutescens.

Benefits Of Omega-3 In Peruvian Anchoveta: A Review Of Its Impact On Health

Objectives: The objective of the research was to analyze the current state of knowledge about Omega-3 in the Peruvian anchovy to understand its positive effects on health and promote its adequate consumption. Theoretical framework: The Omega-3 fatty acid present in the Peruvian anchovy is widely known by the scientific community, but its information has not been disseminated enough to know its positive effects in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Method: The positive effects of Omega-3 fatty acid on health were explored from various perspectives, highlighting its anti-inflammatory action and potential in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Results and discussion: The anchovy, abundant in the Peruvian sea and economic for its availability of catch by the fishing fleet, offers an accessible alternative without compromising the nutritional content, especially relevant in regions with low economy where other sources of Omega-3 are unreachable. It is concluded that anchovy is an accessible source of Omega-3 with considerable nutritional and economic value. Consumption improves public health by preventing chronic and autoimmune diseases. Implications of research: Promote public health policies that include anchovy to maximize its benefits to society, especially in vulnerable populations by ensuring food security and access to low-cost animal protein. Originality/Value: It is essential to promote public health policies that include anchovy in accordance with the ecosystem approach applied to fisheries, food security and sustainable development goals. a rethinking of dietary recommendations is suggested, especially in vulnerable populations in Peru.

Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Rice Crackers Made from Local Raw Rice and Rinuak Fish (Psilopsis sp)

Rice crackers are snacks made from rice flour that have a crunchy texture, salty and savoury taste. Making rice crackers with local raw materials of brown rice and rinuak fish is expected to increase the quality of the food so that it can be a complementary food product. expected to be able to add to the quality of the food so that it can be a functional complementary food product. functional complementary food product. This study aims to determine the chemical properties and nutritional value of rice crackers made from red rice and rinuak fish. red rice and rinuak fish. This research was conducted using an exploratory method through laboratory experiments laboratory. The treatments used were the ratio of brown rice and rinuak fish and legumes. This treatment was carried out with 3 replications so that the results can be said to be valid. Research results. The results showed that each brown rice crackers with the addition of rinuak fish and nuts have the advantage of their respective nutritional content on the rice crackers obtained. The making of brown rice crackers with the addition of rinuak fish and nuts can increase the content of nutritional value, physiological effects on the body, and diversification of complementary food products. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 3: Zero HungerSDG 3: Good Health and Well-BeingSDG 8: Decent Work and Economic GrowthSDG 12: Responsible Consumption and ProductionSDG 15: Life on Land

A Comprehensive Analysis for Global Food Security and Environmental Sustainability Using Edible Insects

This comprehensive analysis examines insects' potential as sustainable food and feed sources, focusing on various scholarly views and empirical studies. Edible insects offer a viable answer to global food security issues because of their high nutritional content, efficient feed conversion rates, and lesser environmental effects when compared to traditional cattle. Nutrient composition investigations show that insects are high in proteins, vitamins, and minerals, making them acceptable for human and animal diets. Consumer acceptability surveys show that western countries are becoming more open to entomophagy, yet cultural hurdles still exist. Life cycle assessments show that insect farming benefits the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and water footprints. Safety assessments confirm the possibility of introducing insects into food systems if strict requirements are followed to reduce microbial hazards. Economic analyses indicate that the sale of insects can improve livelihoods and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Despite the potential benefits, more study is required to solve regulatory, ethical, and consumer perception issues before completely integrating insects into global food systems. Research is needed to establish optimal farming methods, strengthen food safety, understand the health impacts of consumption, explore consumer acceptance, tackle ethical considerations, and investigate economic viability. This review emphasized the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches to promote entomophagy and harness its potential for a sustainable future.

The Influence of Nitrogen Rates on Yield and Some Quality Parameters of Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) Growing in Diyarbakır Districts of Türkiye

Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt), is a maize subspecies with rapidly increasing consumption in the world and in Türkiye both in terms of its nutritional content and various uses in fresh, frozen and canned form. Nitrogen plays a crucial role in promoting most of plants growth and productivity. Plant nutrient recommendations are important to maximise profit and productivity in sugar maize production. The influences of nitrogen (N) fertigation on yield and some quality parameters of sweet corn under South Eastern Anatolia Region (Diyarbakır) conditions of Türkiye were investigated in that trial. Fertigation applications were executed under regional conditions of Diyarbakır on the experimental land of GAPUTAEM (GAP International Agricultural Research and Training Center). “BATEM Tatlı” variety of sweet corn was utilized as the plant material. The trial was arranged as randomized complete block design with 4 replications and five different N applications (0-75-150-225-300 kg ha−1) were implemented to trial plots through a fertigation system. During the 2015 and 2016 growing season that the trial was carried out a total of 520 mm and 476 mm of irrigation water were applied, respectively. According to the study results N levels had a significant effect on fresh grain yield, crude protein (p

Lyophilized and Oven-Dried Manilkara zapota Extracts: Characterization and In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Analyses.

In this work, extracts from the pulp, peel, and seed of Manilkara zapota were obtained via lyophilization and oven drying. Bromatological analyses were performed to investigate variabilities in the nutritional content of fruits after nine post-harvest days. The phytochemical content of fruits was assessed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and their biological performance was studied using in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS) and in vivo toxicity models. Molecular docking was implemented to evaluate the interaction between polar compounds from chicozapote fruits with receptors involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial strains. Results revealed that water or soluble solids content did not vary after post-harvest. It was demonstrated that lyophilization or oven-drying approaches influenced the insoluble, total dietary fiber and digestible carbohydrates among samples. According to GC-FID analysis, it was observed that lyophilization and oven-drying methods also altered the content of myristic and pentadecanoic acids among the obtained extracts. It was noted that the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of extracts were weak due to their MIC (>1000 μg/mL) and IC50 (>2000 μg/mL) values. Still, the toxicity of extracts was poor against Artemia salina nauplii. In silico evaluation unveiled that polar compounds in M. zapota fruits possess a high binding affinity towards the DNA gyrase B of the cultured strains. This study expands the scientific evidence regarding the influence of distinct extraction methods on the nutritional and nutraceutical content of native fruits and the importance of considering additional approaches to enhance their bioactivities.

WORKSHOP PEMANFAATAN AIR KELAPA HIJAU (cocus nucifera) SEBAGAI MEDIA IDENTIFIKASI ALTERNATIF TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR (TSIA) UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli

Bacterial growth media is a material consisting of a mixture of nutrients that are used by bacteria to grow and reproduce. Biochemical tests are carried out to see the characteristics of bacteria through biochemical reactions, which are usually carried out including TSIA (Triple sugar iron agar) media which is used to identify gram-negative rod bacteria to see their ability to ferment glucose, sucrose and lactose. Based on the potential nutritional content of green coconut water, green coconut water is rich in nutrients such as potassium, protein, carbohydrates in the form of suxora (disaccharides), glucose, fructose (monosaccharides) in green coconut water, which are monosaccharides that are more easily utilized for growth as prebiotics. This type of research is experimental research. Objective: laboratory scale where this research will look at the growth of bacteria using green coconut water (Cocus Nucifera) as an alternative medium to replace Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA) media. The results of the research show the growth of Escherichia coli bacterial colonies on the media. Conclusion: Green coconut water resulted in good bacterial growth. Based on the results of research on differences in the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria on TSIA (Triple Sugar Iron Agar) media and on alternative media of green coconut water (Cocus nucifera), it can be concluded that Green coconut water media can be used as an alternative medium for cultivating Escherichia coli bacteria as a substitute for TSIA.

Investigation of nutritional content and aflatoxin B1 in landraces and varieties of Ethiopian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Aflatoxins, a group of toxic compounds produced by certain Aspergillus species, pose significant health risks due to their strong carcinogenic properties. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is susceptible to aflatoxin contamination both pre- and post-harvest. This study aimed to investigate the nutritional content and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in various landraces and varieties of Ethiopian groundnut. Groundnut germplasm was collected from three key regions: Gamo zone, Haramaya University (Haramaya), and Werer Agricultural Research Center (Werer). Key parameters, including individual seed weight (ISW), kernel colonization by Aspergillus flavus, total carbohydrates, protein, total free amino acids, and AFB1 content, were analyzed. The results revealed significant variation (P < 0.05) among the landraces and varieties. The groundnut varieties from Haramaya exhibited significantly higher mean ISW. All five varieties from Haramaya showed zero percent kernel colonization by A. flavus, indicating certain level of resistance. Landraces from Gamo zone were found to be rich in total carbohydrates and total free amino acids. AFB1 levels, determined using indirect competitive ELISA, ranged from 1.84 ppb to 6.89 ppb. While four landraces from Gamo, two varieties from Haramaya, and five varieties from Werer met the European Union’s AFB1 safety threshold (2 ppb), the remaining germplasm exceeded this limit, posing health and trade concerns. No relationship was found between nutritional content and AFB1 levels; however, a significant correlation was observed between kernel colonization and AFB1 content, suggesting kernel colonization could serve as a cost-effective proxy for estimating AFB1 contamination in groundnuts.

Development of Pokkali Rice-Based Fruit Blended Probiotic Drink and Evaluation of Its Sensory Parameters and Nutritional Content

Development of Pokkali Rice-Based Fruit Blended Probiotic Drink and Evaluation of Its Sensory Parameters and Nutritional Content

Genome‐wide SNP Detection in the Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus, T. mediterraneus, T. picturatus) of Turkish Waters Using Illumina and Nanopore Sequencing

The horse mackerel, distributed in the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean waters, is economically valuable due to its high nutritional content and fishing capacity. Global market demand for this species has been increasing over the years. This rising demand causes fishing pressure, endangering the species' sustainability. Especially the horse mackerel species (Trachurus trachurus, Trachurus mediterraneus and Trachurus picturatus), which are found as mixed stocks in Turkish waters and under fishing pressure, should be considered as different stocks and evaluated with distinct management strategies. However, due to the difficulty of distinguishing these three Trachurus species based on morphological characteristics, conflicting reports have emerged, particularly regarding their distribution areas, and species identification is not always precise. In our study, we sequenced the genomes of these species using next-generation sequencing (Illumina) and third-generation sequencing technologies (Oxford Nanopore), and identified SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) differences to distinguish the species. We identified a total of 2311386 SNPs in the Trachurus trachurus genome, of which 1313612 were transitions and 997774 were transversions. 5099766 SNPs in the Trachurus picturatus genome, of which 2927066 transitions and 2172700 transversions. Similarly, 5007863 SNPs in the Trachurus mediterraneus genome, of which 2940560 transitions and 2067303 transversions. These SNP datasets provide a robust genetic marker toolkit for accurately distinguishing Trachurus species and evaluating genetic diversity within and between populations. The findings of this study contribute essential genetic resources for defining the stock structures of these species, informing sustainable fisheries management strategies, and guiding conservation initiatives. By addressing the challenges of species identification and genetic diversity assessment, this research lays the groundwork for mitigating the impact of overfishing and ensuring the sustainability of horse mackerel populations in Turkish and global waters.