Food Nutrient Research Articles

Effectiveness of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on Changes in Weight and Height among Under-five Children with Stunting

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a type of vegetable oil that can facilitate the food digestion and nutrients absorption processes. VCO contains plus minus 10percent unsaturated fatty acids and plus minus 90percent saturated fatty acids. Besides fat, VCO also contains micronutrients. Administering VCO to under-five children with stunting aims to improve metabolic function so as to increase immunity, optimize growth and development and quality of child health status. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on changes in body weight and height among under-five children with stunting. This was a Quasi-Experimental study with a Non Equivalent Control Group design. The samples involved 32 under-five children with stunting. The intervention by administering VCO at a dose of 1 X 5 ml before eating in the morning was conducted for 30 days. Data were analyzed using paired t-test. The results of the study found that administration of VCO was not proven to be effective in significantly increasing body weight (p equals 0.693) and height (p equals 0.548) among under-five children with stunting (p more than 0.05).

Mineral Composition and Consumer Acceptability of Amaranthus Leaf Powder Supplemented Ujeqe for Improved Nutrition Security.

Malnutrition, especially micronutrient deficiency, is a widespread health challenge that predominantly affects young children, young ladies who are within the productive age, refugees, and older adults who reside in rural communities and informal settlements in underdeveloped and developing countries. Malnutrition is caused by consuming either too little or too much of one or more food nutrients. Additionally, monotonous dietary lifestyle, especially the over-reliance on staple foods, is identified among the top factors limiting many individuals' intake of essential nutrients. Thus, enriching starchy and cereal-based staple foods including Ujeqe (steamed bread) with fruits and especially leafy vegetables is being suggested as a strategic medium for essential nutrient delivery to malnourished populations and especially the Ujeqe regular consumers. Amaranthus, called pigweed, has been rediscovered as a nutrient-dense multipurpose plant. The seed has been explored as a nutrient-enhancer in staple foods; however, the leaves are underutilized, especially in Ujeqe. This study aims to enhance the mineral content of Ujeqe. An integrated research approach was used where Amaranthus dubius was self-processed into leaf powder. Amaranthus leaf powder (ALP), and the ALP-supplemented wheat flour Ujeqe prototypes 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% were investigated for their mineral composition. Sensory evaluations of enriched Ujeqe were conducted using 60 panelists on a five-point hedonic scale. Findings show that the moisture contents of the raw materials and the supplemented prototypes were low, indicating a good shelf life of the food ingredient before being used for Ujeqe development. Carbohydrates of raw materials ranged from 41.6-74.3%, fat ranged from 1.58-4.47%, ash ranged from 2.37-17.97%, and protein ranged from 11.96-31.56%. Additionally, fat, protein, and ash content had significant differences at (p < 0.05). The moisture content of enhanced Ujeqe was equally low, connoting keeping quality of the sample. The increase concentration of ALP led to an enriched Ujeqe especially in the ash and protein content. Similarly, calcium, copper, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, and iron content were significantly influenced at (p < 0.05); 2% ALP-supplemented Ujeqe was the most acceptable prototype as the control sample, 6% was the least preferred prototype. Although ALP dubius can enrich staple foods including (Ujeqe), this study declared that higher addition of ALP dubius leads to low consumer acceptability rate of the Ujeqe, which is not statistically significant. Amaranthus is an economical source of fiber, which was not investigated in the study. Therefore, further studies can explore the fiber content of the ALP-supplemented Ujeqe.

Oxidative balance score and dietary phytochemical index can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in Iranian population

BackgroundNo previous study has assessed the association between oxidative balance score (OBS) and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with colorectal cancer (CRC) simultaneously. Therefore, this study investigated the association between OBS and DPI with the odds of CRC among the Iranian population.MethodsThis hospital-based age and sex-matched case–control study was conducted between September 2008 and January 2010 (142 controls and 71 cases were entered for analysis). New diagnosed CRC cases were selected from the Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran. Dietary intakes were determined by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Then, dietary indices were calculated by food items and nutrient intake. Logistic regression was utilized for assessing the tertiles of OBS and DPI.ResultsIn multivariate analysis, OBS was associated with a 77% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile than the first tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 0.23, confidence interval (CI): 0.07–0.72, Ptrend = 0.017). Also, we found a 64% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile of DPI compared to the first tertile (OR = 0.36, CI: 0.15–0.86, Ptrend = 0.015).ConclusionsA diet rich in phytochemicals and anti-oxidants, including fruits and vegetables (citrus fruits, colored berries, and dark-green leafy vegetables) and whole grains, may reduce the CRC odds.

The effect of rising food prices on nutrient intake among rural–urban migrants in China

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of rising food prices on food demand and nutrient intake among rural–urban migrants and whether such impact varies across income classes.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), this study adopts a quadratic almost ideal demand system (QUAIDS) for food demand elasticity and an indirect estimation method for nutrient elasticity to investigate the effects of rising food prices on food demand and nutrient intake among rural–urban migrants.FindingsThe estimated results indicate that an increase in the price of pork alone would lead to a larger reduction in most nutrients among rural–urban migrants than other single targeted food group, and a simultaneous rise in the price of all food groups would have a remarkably adverse effect on the nutritional status of rural–urban migrants in comparison to the nutritional effects of a rise in one targeted food group. In addition, the nutritional effects of food prices across income classes show that the nutritional status is particularly vulnerable to rising food prices among low-income rural–urban migrants.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on analyzing the impact of rising food prices on the nutritional status of rural–urban migrants, a topic that is very limited in the literature. This study provides a fresh look at the effect of volatile food prices on food demand and nutrient intake among rural–urban migrants. The results indicate that income growth would have a remarkable positive effect on nutrient intake for rural–urban migrants, especially for low-income rural–urban migrants. However, an increment in nutrients due to a growth in income would not be far from enough to cover the reduction in nutrients as a result of a simultaneous rise in price of all the studied food categories at the same rate.

The Nutrient Rich Food Price Index: a nutrition-relevant adaptation of the Laspeyres price index to track the cost of affordable nutrient density.

The Laspeyres price index is the ratio of the current cost of a market basket of commodities or food groups relative to base period prices. To develop a nutrition-relevant version of the Laspeyres price index, using market baskets based on tertiles of the nutrient rich food (NRF9.3) nutrient density metric. Nutrient composition data for 151 foods from the 2012 Mexico national health and nutrition survey (ENSANUT) were merged with food prices and price indices from the national institute of geography and statistics (INEGI). Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) was the measure of nutrient density. May 2012 was the base period. Nutrient rich food price index (NRFPI) values were calculated for each tertile of NRF nutrient density scores for each month between June 2011 and March 2022. The market basket of foods in the top tertile of NRF nutrient density scores cost more per 100 kcal and had higher NRFPI values compared to foods in the bottom tertile. Higher NRF9.3 scores were correlated with greater monthly inflation. The NRFPI for foods in the top tertile of NRF9.3 scores was marked by seasonal price spikes, and greater volatility compared to foods in the bottom tertile. The present adaptation of the Laspeyres Index used market baskets defined by nutrient density tertiles instead of commodity groups. This approach allows for easier tracking of the cost of nutrient dense foods and healthful diets across geographic regions and over time. Applied to Mexico food prices prior to and during the Covid-19 pandemic, the NRFPI was sensitive to time trends, seasonality, and price fluctuations. The new tool may be useful in monitoring the rising cost of healthy foods worldwide.

Interactions between tea polyphenols and nutrients in food.

Tea polyphenols (TPs) are important secondary metabolites in tea and are active in the food and drug industry because of their rich biological activities. In diet and food production, TPs are often in contact with other food nutrients, affecting their respective physicochemical properties and functional activity. Therefore, the interaction between TPs and food nutrients is a very important topic. In this review, we describe the interactions between TPs and food nutrients such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, highlight the forms of their interactions, and discuss the changes in structure, function, and activity resulting from their interactions.

A Systematic Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics Models in the Stomach and Small Intestine

The use of in silico models to improve our understanding of the fluid dynamics within the gastrointestinal tract has increased over the last few decades. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is an in silico technique that can be used to characterize and model the fluid mechanics driving the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. This systematic review outlines the current methodologies used to develop CFD models of the stomach and small intestine, and summarizes the flow and mixing patterns predicted from these models. A literature search was conducted on Scopus, and 15 stomach CFD studies and 15 small intestine CFD studies were included in this review after the literature selection and exclusion process. Two primary flow patterns; retropulsive flow and recirculation regions, were identified within the stomach CFD models. The flow patterns within the small intestine were depended on the type of motility pattern present. The shortcomings of the current models are discussed, and considerations for future gastric and intestinal flow modeling are provided.

Convection theory on thermally radiative peristaltic flow of Prandtl tilted magneto nanofluid in an asymmetric channel with effects of partial slip and viscous dissipation

A theoretical investigation has been conducted to analyze the peristaltic motion of an asymmetric channel carrying magneto-Prandtl nanofluid under the influence of double-diffusive convection, which includes both thermal and concentration gradients. Moreover, the effects of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, and partial slip have also been taken into consideration. The mathematical expressions for mixed convection and viscous dissipation have been derived and the influential dynamic parameters have been depicted as geographical flow patterns with a focus on double-diffusive convection and partial slip. NDSolve in Mathematica, the computational technique, has been used to obtain the results. The outcomes for the classic Newtonian fluid have been taken as a special parameter of the study. The findings of this investigations can be beneficial in improving gastrointestinal movements and pumping in various engineering devices. Such analysis also provides a provision to flow of physiological fluids within vessels and arteries for transportation of food nutrients, blood circulation, carrying oxygen, waste excretion, heat, and other nutrients in the human body.

Food Security, Nutritional Supply, and Nutrient Sources in Rural Burkina Faso.

Rural communities are more likely to encounter constraints in achieving food security and adequate nutritional supply. This study explores food security, nutritional supply, nutrient adequacy, macronutrient balance, recipes, and nutrient sources based on bi-monthly household surveys in rural villages in Northern and Southern Burkina Faso from 2019 to 2020. Food security across time and its quantity dimensions were measured using the food consumption score (FCS). Ordered logit regression showed that FCS was significantly influenced by season, region, and household characteristics such as the head's education and women's possession of personal plots. The regional differences were large: Households categorized as having "poor" diets were approximately 1% and 38% in the south and north, respectively. Nutrient adequacy was assessed by converting 24 h dietary recall into nutrient supply and comparing the results to the requirement. While macronutrient balance appeared adequate in the pooled sample, it became unacceptable when the two regions were considered separately. Most micronutrient supplies were insufficient. Cereals were the main nutrient sources, and leaves of crops and potash (additive containing potassium) were also non-negligible for micronutrient supplies. Overall, we found large regional differences in nutrition and food security, indicating that various local contexts must be considered for effective nutritional improvement.

Consideration for Flavonoid-Containing Dietary Supplements to Tackle Deficiency and Optimize Health.

Randomized clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies have highlighted the importance of flavonoid consumption for human health. Several studies have associated a high intake of dietary flavonoids with (a) enhanced metabolic and cardiovascular health, (b) enhanced cognitive and vascular endothelial functions, (c) an improved glycemic response in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and (d) a reduced risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Since flavonoids belong to a broad and diverse family of polyphenolic plant molecules-with more than 6000 compounds interspersed in the human diet-researchers are still uncertain whether the intake of single, individual polyphenols or a large combination of them (i.e., synergistic action) can produce the greatest health benefits for humans. Furthermore, studies have reported a poor bioavailability of flavonoid compounds in humans, which presents a major challenge for determining their optimal dosage, recommended intake, and, consequently, their therapeutic value. Especially because of their scarce bioavailability from foods-along with the overall declining food quality and nutrient density in foods-the role of flavonoid supplementation may become increasingly important for human health. Although research shows that dietary supplements can be a highly useful tool to complement diets that lack sufficient amounts of important nutrients, some caution is warranted regarding possible interactions with prescription and non-prescription drugs, especially when taken concurrently. Herein, we discuss the current scientific basis for using flavonoid supplementation to improve health as well as the limitations related to high intakes of dietary flavonoids.

Development, Optimization and Evaluation of Enriched Custard Powder from Selected Local Food Ingredients

Custard powder is a breakfast cereals meal, primarily, made from corn starch; processed with added flavour and fortified with vitamins and minerals. The aim of this study is to formulate, characterize, and optimize enriched custard powder from bio-fortified cassava, pearl millet, soybeans, Africa locust beans fruit pulp, ginger, egg powder, and milk powder; using a seven-component constrained, D-optimal mixture experimental design, with thirty-eight randomized experimental runs. The formulation design constraints were: bio-fortified cassava (10% - 70%), pearl millet (10% - 70%), soybeans (10% - 60%), Africa locust beans fruit pulp (5% - 30%), ginger (1% - 2%), egg powder (0.5% - 1.5%), and milk powder (0.5% - 1%). The formulated samples were analyzed and evaluated for proximate properties, functional properties, vitamin contents, mineral contents, anti-nutritional contents, and sensory properties; using standard procedures. The result of the numerical optimization gave optimized enriched custard with an overall desirability index of 0.833, based on the set optimization goals and individual quality desirability indices. The optimal formulated enriched custard was obtained from 51.3% bio-fortified cassava, 30.469% pearl millet, 10.0 % soybeans, 5.0% Africa locust beans fruit pulp, 2.0% ginger, 0.5% egg powder, and 0.731 % milk powder. The quality properties of this optimal enriched custard are 6.202 % moisture content, 1.139 % crude fibre, 2.548 % ash content, 20.0 % protein content, 6.668 % lipid, 61.786 % carbohydrate, 0.157 (mL/g) water absorption capacity, 0.121 (mL/g) oil absorption capacity, 19.005 (% vol) foaming capacity, 8.886 (%) foaming stability, 52.474 (deg C) gelation temperature, 5.178 (%) least gelation concentration, 0.758 (g/cubic metre) bulk density, 88.383 (mg/100g) vitamin C, 1.832 (mg/100g) beta carotene, 0.6 (%) tannin, 3.072 (mg/100g) cyanide, 19.032 (%) phytate, 5.313 (mg/100g) oxalate, 16.737 (mg/100g) sodium, 469.150 (mg/100g) potassium, 201.332 (mg/100g) calcium, 167.254 (mg/100g) magnesium, 585.770 (mg/100g) phosphorus, 4.694 (mg/100g) iron, and 6.10 overall acceptability, The result of the study showed that the formulated enriched custard was found to be of higher quality than the traditional custard which are produced from mono-cereals. Improving the nutritional quality of food and tackling nutrient deficiencies, particularly protein energy malnutrition in populations, is possible through the application of numerical optimization technique in the development of new food products.

Different carbohydrate exposures and weight gain—results from a pooled analysis of three population-based studies

BackgroundThe role of carbohydrate quantity and quality in weight gain remains unsolved, and research on carbohydrate subcategories is scarce. We examined total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, total sugar, and sucrose intake in relation to the risk of weight gain in Finnish adults.MethodsOur data comprised 8327 adults aged 25−70 years in three population-based prospective cohorts. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and nutrient intakes were calculated utilizing the Finnish Food Composition Database. Anthropometric measurements were collected according to standard protocols. Two-staged pooling was applied to derive relative risks across cohorts for weight gain of at least 5% by exposure variable intake quintiles in a 7-year follow-up. Linear trends were examined based on a Wald test.ResultsNo association was observed between intakes of total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, total sugar or sucrose and the risk of weight gain of at least 5%. Yet, total sugar intake had a borderline protective association with the risk of weight gain in participants with obesity (RR 0.63; 95% CI 0.40−1.00 for highest vs. lowest quintile) and sucrose intake in participants with ≥10% decrease in carbohydrate intake during the follow-up (RR 0.78; 95% CI 0.61−1.00) after adjustments for sex, age, baseline weight, education, smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. Further adjustment for fruit consumption strengthened the associations.ConclusionsOur findings do not support an association between carbohydrate intake and weight gain. However, the results suggested that concurrent changes in carbohydrate intake might be an important determinant of weight change and should be further examined in future studies.

Assessment of food-related nitrogen and phosphorus footprints in Indonesia

As an agricultural country with a large population, Indonesia has a high demand for food and agricultural nutrients. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two crucial agricultural nutrients that are especially important to the food sector. However, N and P emissions from food production and consumption result in several environmental problems and pose a threat to human health. Therefore, an assessment of the N and P loss to the environment from the food sector is necessary to form a baseline for achieving a reduction in these emissions over time. In this study, we evaluated food-related N and P footprints in Indonesia using a modified N-Calculator and P-Calculator. This study aimed to provide quantitative evidence to help achieve sustainable N and P management for food production in Indonesia. The calculated food N footprint in 2013 was 13.7 kg-N capita−1 year−1 and that of P was 2.1 kg-P capita−1 year−1. These footprints increased from 1961 to 2013 owing to dietary changes and low nutrient use efficiency in the agricultural sector. The food N and P footprints are predicted to reach 15.9 kg-N capita−1 year−1 and 2.3 kg-P capita−1 year−1 in 2030 unless concrete measures are taken to reduce them. Fertilizer application and urbanization trends need to be managed to help reduce the N and P footprints of food. Stakeholder cooperation between academics, researchers, government, farmers, and the general public will be essential to carry out successful policies and practices designed to optimize nutrient management in Indonesia.

Re-evaluation of xanthan gum (E 415) as a food additive in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of its re-evaluation as a food additive for uses in foods for all population groups.

Xanthan gum (E 415) was re-evaluated in 2017 by the former EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient sources added to Food. As a follow-up to that assessment, the Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) was requested to assess the safety of xanthan gum (E 415) for its uses as a food additive in food for infants below 16 weeks of age belonging to food category (FC) 13.1.5.1 (Dietary foods for infants for special medical purposes and special formulae for infants). In addition, the FAF Panel was requested to address the issues already identified during the re-evaluation of the food additive when used in food for the general population. The process involved the publication of a call for data to allow the interested business operators to provide the requested information to complete the risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the technical data provided by the interested business operators support an amendment of the specifications for E 415 laid down in Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012. Due to the low validity of the available clinical studies, the Panel concluded that a reference point could not be derived from them but the results of the available studies on neonatal piglets could serve to derive a reference point. The Panel calculated the margin of exposure for infants below 16 weeks of age consuming food for special medical purposes (FC 13.1.5.1) for the highest xanthan gum exposure and concluded that there are no safety concerns for the use of xanthan gum (E 415) as a food additive in FC 13.1.5.1.

Combined Effects of Drought and Soil Fertility on the Synthesis of Vitamins in Green Leafy Vegetables

Green leafy vegetables, such as Vigna unguiculata, Brassica oleraceae, and Solanum scabrum, are important sources of vitamins A, B1, and C. Although vitamin deficiencies considerably affect human health, not much is known about the effects of changing soil and climate conditions on vegetable vitamin concentrations. The effects of high or low soil fertility and three drought intensities (75%, 50%, and 25% pot capacity) on three plant species were analysed (n = 48 pots) in a greenhouse trial. The fresh yield was reduced in all the vegetables as a result of lower soil fertility during a severe drought. The vitamin concentrations increased with increasing drought stress in some species. Regardless, the total vitamin yields showed a net decrease due to the significant biomass loss. Changes in vitamin concentrations as a result of a degrading environment and increasing climate change events are an important factor to be considered for food composition calculations and nutrient balances, particularly due to the consequences on human health, and should therefore be considered in agricultural trials.

Applying Numerical Optimization Technique in the Development of Valueadded Powdered Custard

Custard powder is a relatively shelf-stable, fine textured, dry-formulated, carbohydrate-rich breakfast food product primarily made from corn starch with the addition of salt, flavoring, and coloring agents and with or without the inclusion of egg yolk solids, vitamins, and minerals. The aim of this study was to formulate, characterize, and optimize value-added custard from millet, soybean, and tigernut. A three-component constrained optimal (custom) mixture experimental design, with 69 randomized experimental runs, was employed. The formulation design constraints were: millet (10% - 70%), soybean (10% - 70%), and tigernut (10% - 70%). Other constant components of the formulation were sweet potato extract (3%), date (2 %), clove (1%), cinnamon (1%), turmeric (1%), and ginger (2%). The formulated samples were analyzed and evaluated for quality and sensory characteristics using standard procedures. The result of the optimization gave optimized custard with an overall desirability index of 0.535, based on the set optimization goals and individual quality desirability indices. The optimal formulated value-added custard was obtained from 10.0 % millet flour, 49.3 % soybean meal, and 30.7 % tigernut. The quality properties of this optimal custard are 3.78 % ash content, 28.5 % crude protein, 10.1 % moisture content, 20.1 % fat content, 4.43 % crude fibre, 33.9 % carbohydrate, and 5.79 overall acceptability. The result of the study showed that the formulated value-added custard was found to be of higher quality than the traditional custard which is produced from monocereals. Improving the nutritional quality of food and tackling nutrient deficiencies, particularly protein energy malnutrition in populations, is possible through the application of numerical optimization technique in development new, dietary-based food products.

Food choices and nutrient intake of workers in the hospital canteen of San Daniele del Friuli, Italy

Food choices and nutrient intake of workers in the hospital canteen of San Daniele del Friuli, Italy

Phenolic compound identification in tomato fruit by UPLC-QTOF-MS

Phenolic compounds are functional food nutrients and show structural similarity, synthesized through phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Their structural similarity makes the separation and structure elucidation challenging. In this study, we isolated and identified phenolic compounds in tomato fruit by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Total 32 phenolic compounds were found and 13 out of them were previously unknown in tomato fruits. We elucidated nine from the 13 previously unknown components. The 3 main phenolic compounds were the same in both selected wild and cultivated tomato fruits, including chlorogenic acid, rutin and naringenin. Nevertheless, the content difference of the 3 main and 10 previously unknown phenolic compounds caused significant higher phenolic level in wild tomato fruits, compared to cultivated tomato. Based on the identified phenolic compounds, we also study their content variation in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathway of tomato fruit. Our results are beneficial for the improvement of phenolic nutrients in tomato fruits.

Environmental DNA metabarcoding of intertidal meiofauna sheds light on its potential for habitat discovery

Benthic meiofauna is a fundamental component of food webs and nutrient exchange of marine ecosystems. However, its diversity pattern and ecology of intertidal meiofauna remain poorly understood because the studies are often constrained by morphology-based species identification. Environmental DNA metabarcoding is a powerful tool to overcome this limitation. In the present study, we assessed the intertidal meiofauna diversity and their correlations with environmental variables using eDNA metabarcoding approach with both 18S rRNA and two COI markers. The 18S rRNA marker suggested Nematoda (32.1%), Arthropoda (10.5%), and Cercozoa (8.0%) were the three most abundant phyla while COI primers show strong biased towards either Arthropoda or Nematoda and generated inconsistent results when using different reference databases. The correlation analysis showed that most examined environmental factors were strongly associated with community separation, but only salinity, the content of clay, and pheophorbide were found to be significant. The eDNA metabarcoding recovered a terrestrial nematode belonging to the genus Acrobeloides in a marine-related environment. Further resampling and laboratory experiments confirmed this species is tolerant to high salinity concentrations, suggesting eDNA metabarcoding recovery is consistent with the laboratory experiment. This result demonstrated eDNA metabarcoding can be a promising tool for high-throughput new habitat discovery in meiofauna.

The Koak Kaok (Philemon buceroides) Preference for Food Types in Its Natural Habitat on Moyo Island

This research aims to; 1) obtaining a comprehensive and accurate description of the type, composition, and nutritional content of Philemon buceroides food in its natural habitat, 2) the basis for preparing pellets, and 3) input for conservation efforts. Identification and analysis the types of materials that birds eat using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition and chemical content of food nutrients were analyzed using the Kjedhal Gunning Method (AOAC, 1970). As a result, there are two kinds of food for Philemon buceroides, sourced plant parts and insects. Food in the form of plant parts is nectar and fruit from 9 species, 7 species providing food in the form of fruit and two species providing nectar. It eats seven types of insects, that is Diptera, Cryptotympanus accuta, Hymenoprera, Kampi neurobasis, larvae, Orthoptera and Oecophyla samaradigna. The composition and nutritional content of the food consists of 4 types, namely protein 36.8%, carbohydrates 29.6%, fat 20.73%, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, and various minerals and water 10 - 76%.