Nutrient Requirements Of Domestic Animals Research Articles

Growth response, cost benefit, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of pigs fed biscuit dough as a replacement for maize

Growth response, cost benefit, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of pigs fed biscuit dough as a replacement for maize

Calculating the energy value meadow hay - NEL, based solely on the NDF and compared with commonly used calculations NEL

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.04.95–98 Received 9. July 2015 ǀ Accepted 28. August 2015 ǀ Available online 7. December 2015 In our study was compare the accuracy of prediction of the energy value NEL of meadow hay. Predictive equations calculated from the results of our monitoring is NEL = 12.9085 - 0.1276x, where x = the NDF. Values of prediction equation which we calculated is comparable with the values indicated by the other authors. The great advantage of our prediction equation is the unpretentiousness of its calculation. Own calculation of NEL requires more analytically determined values. The number of analysis needed to calculate predictive equations and the time needed for all analysis is in our determination in the prediction of NEL, big advantage. It is further enhanced by lower finance costs. Keywords : meadow hay, prediction of the energy, NEL, NDF References HARRIS B. JR. (1993) Nonstructural and structural carbohydrates in dairy cattle rations. [Online] University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Available at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/U8566/00001/1j. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER V., HEINRICHS J. and VARGA G. (1996) From feed to milk: Understanding rumen fiction. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/nutrition/nutrition-and-feeding/rumen-function/from-feed-to-milk-understanding-rumen-function. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER, V. and VARGA, G. (2007) Carbohydrate nutrition for lactating dairy cattle: Information and tools to assist in managing dairy nutrition, including resources on forages, pasture, heifers, and calves. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/nutrition/pdf/chonutrition.pdf. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. LINN J. G. and MARTIN N. P., (1999) Forage Quality Test and Interpretations. In: Mendenhall, K. (ed.) 2009. The organic dairy handbook: a comprehensive guide for the transition and beyond. Cobleskill, NY: Northeast Organic Farming Association of New York. Available at: http://www.nofany.org/organic-farming/technical-assistance/organic-dairy . [Accessed: 2015-07-12]. MIKA V. et al. (1998) Forage quality. Praha: UZPI (in Czech). MUDŘIK, Z. et al. (2006) Foundations of modern cattle nutrition. Prague: CZU (in Czech). NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 7th revised edition. Washington: National Reserach Council. NOCEK, J. E. and RUSSELL, J. B. (1988) Protein and Energy as an Integrated System. Relationship of Ruminal Protein and Carbohydrate Availability to Microbial Synthesis and Milk Production. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 71, pp. 2070-2107. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79782-9 POND, W. G. et al. (2005) Basic animal nutrition and feeding. 5th edition. New York: Wiley. SOMMER, A. et al. (1994) Nutrient requirements and nutritive value tables for ruminants. Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech). UNDERSANDER, D. et al. (1993) Forage analyses procedures. Madison: National Forage Testing Association. VAN SOEST, P. J., ROBERTSON, J.B. and LEWIS, B.A. (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. In J. Dairy Sci, vol. 74: 35 pp. 83-3597. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 VENCL, B. et al. (1991) The new evaluation systems for cattle feeds. Praha: AZV CSFR (in Czech). WEISS, P. H. (2010) Refining the net energy system WCDS. In Advances in Dairy Technology, vol. 22, pp. 191-202. ZEMAN, L. et al.(1995). Catalog of feeds (tables of feeds nutritional values). Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech)

Digestibility of NDF and its effect on the level of rumen fermentation of carbohydrates

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.04.110–113 Received 14. July 2015 ǀ Accepted 12. October 2015 ǀ Available online 7. December 2015 The objective of this study, was to determinate the effects of digestibility of NDF of TMR on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestion, dairy cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR). We are measured NDF digestibility of TMR using in situ methods.Digestibility of NDF of TMR in our experiment range 26.8 to 48.2%. Digestibility of NDF of TMR did not alter VFA production but had effects on A/P ratio and production of acetate and propionate. Our results indicate that TMR with more dNDF may provide more favourable condition for nutrient digestion both in the rumen and in the total tract of dairy cows. Keywords : rumen, fermentation, NDF, volatile fatty acids, digestibility of NDF References ALLEN, M. S., BRADFORD, B. J. and OBA, M. (2009) BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: The hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants. In J. Anim. Sci., vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 3317–3334. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-1779 BEEVER, D. E. and MOULD, F. L. (2000) Forage evaluation for efficient ruminant livestock production. In: D. I. Givens et al. (eds.) Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. Wallington: CAB International. HOFFMAN, P.C. and SHAVER, R.D. (2009) UW-Feed Grain Evaluation System Marshfield Soil and Forage Analysis Laboratory. [Online] Available at: http://www.uwex.edu/ces/dairynutrition/documents/ WisconsinFGES.pdf. [Accessed? 2015-06-04]. HUTJENS, M. F. (2002) Is your TMR as good as it can be? In Hoard´s Dairyman, vol. 147, no. 18, pp. 698. CHUMPAWADEE, S. and PIMPA, O. (2009) Effect of fodder tree as fiber sources in total mixed ration on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, chewing behaviour and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. In J. Anim. And Vet. Adv, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1279:1284. doi: http://dx.doi.org/2009.1279.1284 KOLVER, E. S. and DE VETH, M. J. (2002) Prediction of ruminal pH from pasture based diets. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 1255–1266. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302 (02)74190-8 LINN, J.G. et al. (1989) Feeding the dairy herd. Madison: North Central Regional Extension. LOPEZ, S., J. DIJKSTRA, and FRANCE, J. (2000) Prediction of energy supply in ruminants, with emphasis on forages. In: D. I. Givens, E. Owens, R. F. E., Axford, and H. M. Omed, (eds.) Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition. Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 63-94. NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 7th revised edition. Washington: National Reserach Council. OBA, M. and ALLEN, M. S. (1999) Evaluation of the importance of the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber from forage: effects on dry matter intake and milk yield of dairy cows. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 589-596. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75271-9 OBA, M. and ALLEN, M. S. (2000) Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 3. Digestibility and microbial efficiency. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 1342–1349. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75001-6 ORSKOV, E.R. and MCDONALD, I. (1979) The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. In J. Agric. Sci., vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 499-503. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048 VARGA G.A. (2006) In vivo digestibility of forage. In: Proc. Tri-State dairy nutrition conference, Fort Wayne. Columbus: The Ohio State University, pp 95-106. VOELKER LINTON., J. A. and ALLEN, M. S. (2009) Nutrient demand interacts with forage family to affect N digestion and utilization responses in dairy cows. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 92, no. 4, pp.1594-1602. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1327

The effect of high dietary Cu on health, growth performance, and Cu status in young goats

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of high dietary Cu on growth performance and Cu status in goat kids. Fifteen Boer × Spanish goat kids (4–5 months of age; average BW = 21.3 ± 0.7 kg) were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to three different treatments. Treatments consisted of (1) control (no additional Cu), (2) 100 mg Cu/d and (3) 200 mg Cu/d from an inorganic source Cu sulfate. Copper was placed in gelatin capsules and inserted in the esophagus via balling gun before AM feeding. Animals were fed ad libitum twice a day a 70:30 grain:hay diet to meet daily requirements of growing kids according to NRC [NRC, 1981. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. Nutrient requirements of goats: angora, dairy and meat goats in temperate and tropical countries, No. 15, National Research Council, National Academy of Science, Washington, DC]. Feed intake and refusals were monitored daily and intake was adjusted weekly for 14 weeks. Body weight was recorded after 4 h withdrawals from feed and water, for 2 consecutive days every 2 weeks. Vital signs and blood samples were obtained every 2 weeks. After 14 weeks, sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) levels were determined and animals were slaughtered. Liver, bile, longissimus muscle (LM) and kidney samples were obtained postmortem. Copper supplementation had no effect ( P > 0.05) on respiration rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, or serum SDH activity. Average daily gain over 10 weeks was improved with 100 mg Cu intake (quadratic, P = 0.01). Average daily feed intake decreased linearly (linear, P = 0.05) as Cu increased in the diet with the control group consuming a higher grain:hay ratio in the diet (linear, P = 0.03). Gain efficiency was higher (quadratic, P = 0.02) with 100 mg Cu group when compared to control and 200 mg Cu groups. Liver and fecal Cu concentrations increased (linear, P = 0.0001) as Cu increased in the diet; however, serum, bile, and kidney Cu concentrations did not differ. These data indicate that high level of Cu fed to Boer × Spanish goat kids at 100 mg/d can enhance average daily gain and gain efficiency without eliciting Cu toxicity.

Deriving nutrient requirements of growing Indian goats under tropical condition

Data from 25 feeding trials conducted on growing goats, from different research institutes across India were subjected to multiple regression analysis to derive nutritional requirements of TDN, CP and DCP for maintenance and BW gain. Maintenance requirements for TDN, CP and DCP were 30.1, 5.83 and 3.22 g/kg BW 0.75, respectively. The corresponding requirements for one g gain in BW were 1.61, 0.45 and 0.34 g, respectively. Regression equations had high R 2 values (range, 0.75–0.86) and the equations ( F-value) as well as coefficients were highly significant ( P < 0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. Derived values matched well with the actual intake versus performance of animals under diverse feeding conditions. The new standards so derived predicted requirements for different production levels better than existing feeding standards especially for CP and DCP. The present estimate of DCP requirements for maintenance of growing goats compares closely with 3.19 [Winter, J., Görsh, R., 1974. Ziegen als Versuchstiere. Ein Beitrag zur Fuetterungsoptimierung (Goats as experimental animals. A contribution on feeding optimization). Zeitschr. Versuchstierkd 16, 256 (Cit: Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978 Dairy goat management. J. Dairy Sci. 61: 1011–1022)]; 3.05 [Rajpoot, R.L., 1979. Energy and protein in goat nutrition. Ph.D. thesis, Raja Balwant Singh Clooege, Bichpuri, Agra, India, pp. 36–65]; 3.40 [Sengar, O.P.S., 1980. Indian research on protein and energy requirements of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63, 1654–1670]; and 3.59 g/kg MBW [Okagbare, G.O., Nwokoro, S.O., Onagbesan, O.M., 2004. Protein and energy requirements of pre-weaned West African Dwarf goats fed soyabean diet as a replacement for milk in a tropical environment. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 36, 547–555] but is higher than 2.50 [Majumdar, B.N., 1960. Studies on goat nutrition. Part II. Digestible protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies. J. Agric. Sci. 54, 335–340]; 2.85 [Singh, S.N., Sengar, O.P.S., 1970. Final Technical Report of the P.L. 480 Research Project No. A7-AH-18. Investigation on milk and meat potentialities of Indian goats. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra, India, pp. 4–5]; 2.42 ( Singh and Mudgal, 1978); and 2.6 g/kg MBW [Singh, N., Mudgal, V.D., 1991. Protein requirements of castrated Beetal goat buck. Small Rumin. Res. 4, 127–135]. The estimated total CP requirements (for maintenance and gain) are higher (30–33%) than the values recommended by [NRC, 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 2–53] or [Kearl, L.C., 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries. International Feed Stuffs Institute. Utah Agriculture Experimental Station. Utah State University, Logon, Utah, USA, pp. 45–58]. Evaluation of accuracy of existing feeding standards for goats using the present data set indicated that ME requirements proposed by [NRC, 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D. C., pp. 2–53], [Kearl, L.C., 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries. International Feed Stuffs Institute. Utah Agriculture Experimental Station. Utah State University, Logon, Utah, USA, pp. 45–58], [ICAR, 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, p. 11] and [GfE, 2003. Recommendations for the Supply of Energy and Nutrients to Goats. The Committee for Requirement Standards of the Society of Nutrition Physiology Report No. 9. DLG-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Germany] were adequately accurate for prediction of requirements of Indian goats but CP or DCP requirements predicted by [NRC, 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 2–53], [Kearl, L.C., 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminants in Developing Countries. International Feed Stuffs Institute. Utah Agriculture Experimental Station. Utah State University, Logon, Utah, USA, pp. 45–58], and [ICAR, 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, p. 11] had high under-prediction bias and low accuracy. As the new standards derived in the present study are based on a more thorough analysis of a larger database, the new feeding standards will be appropriate for wide use in India.

Application of Feed Intake Principles to Poultry Care and Management

It is well documented that feed intake theories developed from research with other species are applicable in some form in the avian species. One of the first places that application of feed intake principles appears in the literature is in the science of nutrition. By the early 1950’s some nutritionists had begun to report nutrient requirements on a daily intake basis. In 1971, the National Research Council (NRC) listed nutrient requirements both as percentages of the diet and daily intake needs. In 1981 the NRC published a special bulletin entitled “Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals.” Although nutritionists have always been more or less aware of the influence of feed consumption on ration content needs, it is clear that the development of related knowledge has tended to heighten awareness of the need to carefully consider feed intake in ration formulation.Poultry management specialists and applicators have also developed interest in feed intake considerations. Today, the better managers (especially egg production managers) maintain accurate feed intake records along with time of hatch (age) and environmental notes to relate to production level. These data are analyzed sometimes by hand, but often by computer, and used to make daily or weekly adjustments in feed formulation, ventilation rate, and in some instances housing density and other management decisions.

Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals By various authors. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press. Marketed in Europe and Africa by John Wiley, Chichester, UK. The series includes: Nutrient Requirements of: (1) Cats (1978, pp. 55, £8.90/$9.35); (2) Coldwater Fishes (1981, pp. 63, £9.45/$11.85; (3) Dairy Cattle (1978, pp. 76, £9.45/$9.90); (4) Goats: Angora, Dairy and Meat Goats in Temperate Countries

Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals By various authors. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press. Marketed in Europe and Africa by John Wiley, Chichester, UK. The series includes: Nutrient Requirements of: (1) Cats (1978, pp. 55, £8.90/$9.35); (2) Coldwater Fishes (1981, pp. 63, £9.45/$11.85; (3) Dairy Cattle (1978, pp. 76, £9.45/$9.90); (4) Goats: Angora, Dairy and Meat Goats in Temperate Countries

New Titles

New Titles Financing of Health Care, edited by Weeks Lewis E. Berman Howard J. Bisbee Gerald E.Jr. Health Administration Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979, 550 p., illus., $24.00 (cloth) $14.00 (paper) (79-13436).Scarcity & Survival in Central America: Ecological Origins of the Soccer War, by Durham William H.. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1979, 209 p., illus., $14.50 (78-55318).An Introduction to Cell Population Kinetics, by Aherne W. A. Camplejohn R. S. Wright N. A.. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1977, 88 p., illus., $9.95 (paper) (78-14463).Hepatitis B: Virus Antigens in Tissues, by Ray M. B.. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, 1979, 165 p., illus., $19.95 (79-4867).Hospice: Prescription for Terminal Care, by Cohen Kenneth P.. Aspen Systems Corporation, Germantown, MD, 1979, 302 p., illus., $22.75 (79-13341).Locomotor Morphology of the Vampire Bat, Desmodus Rotundus, by Altenbach J. Scott. American Society of Mammalogists, distributed by Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 137 p., illus., $10.00 (non-members) $8.00 (members) (79-53175).Ecology and Behavior of the Manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Florida, by Hartman Daniel S.. American Society of Mammalogists, distributed by Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, 153 p., illus., $10.00 (non-members) $8.00 (members) (79-52633).A History of Biochemistry, Part V, The Unravelling of Biosynthetic Pathways, (Comprehensive Biochemistry, Volume 33A), by Florkin Marcel. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York, 1979, 433 p., illus., $68.25.Complex Carbohydrates of Nervous Tissue, edited by Margolis Richard U. Margolis Renee K.. Plenum Press, New York, 401 p., illus., $39.50 (78-26881).The Epstein-Barr Virus, edited by Epstein M. S. Achong B. G.. Springer-Verlag New York, Secaucus, NJ 07094, 1979, 459 p., illus., $66.00 (79-4370).The World Food Problem and U.S. Food Politics and Policies: 1978, A Readings Book, by Talbot Ross B.. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1979, 210 p.Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates (Number 14 of Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals). National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1978, 83 p., illus., $5.00 (paper) (78-60949).Track of the Grizzly, by Craighead Frank C.Jr. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, CA, 1979, 272 p., illus., $10.95 (78-9563). BioScience, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 1980, Page 56, https://doi.org/10.1093/bioscience/30.1.56 Published: 01 January 1980

Food Relations of Wild Free-Roaming Horses to Livestock and Big Game, Red Desert, Wyoming

Agr., Bur. Plant Ind. Bull. 74. 46 p. Griffiths, D. 1912. The thornless prickly pears. U.S. Dep. Agr., Farmers Bull. 483. 20 p. Healy, W. B. 1973. Nutritional aspects of soil ingestion by grazing animals. p. 567-588. In: G. W. Butler and R. W. Baily (Ed.). Chemistry and biochemistry of herbage. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. Hoffman, G. D., and R. A. Darrow. 1955. Pricklypear, good or bad? Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 806. 12 p. Karns, W. J. 1952. Cowboys with blowtorches. Compressed Air Magazine 57:190-193. Maynard, L. A., and J. K. Loosli. 1969. Animal nutrition. 6th ed. McGrawHill Book Company, New York. 613 p. National Research Council (NRC). 1970. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. No. 4 Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 4th revised ed. Nat. Res. Counc., Washington, D.C. 55 p. Pinney, D. O., D. F. Stephens, and L. S. Pope. 1972. Lifetime effects of winter supplemental feed level and age at first parturition on range beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 34:1067-1074. Shoop, M. C., and D. N. Hyder. 1976. Growth of replacement heifers on shortgrass ranges of Colorado. J. Range Manage. 29:4-8. Tflley, J. M. A., and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-stage technique for in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18:104-111. Van Dyne, G. M. 1962. Micro-methods for nutritive evaluation of range forages. J. Range Manage. 15:303-313. Van Soest, P. J. 1965. Use of detergents in analysis of fibrous feeds. III. Study of effects of heating and drying on yield of fiber and lignin in forages. J. Ass. Offic. Chem. 48:785-790. Van Soest, P. J. 1967. Development of a comprehensive system of feed analyses and its application to forages. J. Anim. Sci. 26:119-127. Van Soest, P. J., and R. H. Wine. 1967. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. IV. Determination of plant cell wall constituents. J. Ass. Offic. Agr. Chem. 50:50-55. Wiltbank, J. N. 1972. Management of heifer replacements and the brood cow herd through the calving and breeding periods, p. 150-187. In: C. C. O'Mary and I. H. Dyer (Ed.), Commercial beef cattle production. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa. Woodward, T. E., W. F. Turner, and D. Griffiths. 1915. Pricklypearas feed for dairy cows. J. Agr. Res. 4:405-450.

AN EVALUATION OF TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS, METABOLIZABLE ENERGY, AND NET ENERGY FOR THE PREDICTION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR BEEF CATTLE IN ONTARIO

Four studies and populations of beef animals were used to evaluate different methods of expressing energy requirements by comparing actual to predicted gains of bulls and steers fed in Ontario. Large differences between predicted and actual gains occurred. Based on a total of 503 animals, gains predicted by the net energy method (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1970. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. (4th rev.). Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. ISBN 0-309-01754-8; Washington, D.C.) were approximately 20% below the actual gains but exceptions within treatment groups were evident. Three hundred and twenty-five individually fed bulls were used to compare the accuracy with which gains were predicted from equations using total digestible nutrients (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1963. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. 1137, Washington, D.C.) net energy (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1970. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. (4th rev.). Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. ISBN 0-309-01754-8, Washington, D.C), and metabolizable energy (Agricultural Research Council. 1965. The nutrient requirements of farm animals. No. 2. Ruminants. London, England). The metabolizable energy method predicted gains most accurately.

Relationship of Rearing Rate of Dairy Heifers to Mature Performance

can, and L D. Brown. 1959. Preliminary studies rgarding the optimum protein level of milk replacers. J . Dairy Sci., 42: 919. (Abstr.) (19) McGilliard, A. D., J. M. Bryant, A. B. Bryant, N. L. Jacobson, and C. F. Foreman. 1969. Further studies on the proteia and energy requirements of the young dairy calf. Unpublished results. (20) Miron, A. E., D. E. Otterby, and V. G. Pursel. 1967. Effect of calf starter protein source and volatile fat ty acid additions on the performance of young calves. J . Dairy Sci., 50: 993. (21) National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. 1966. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. No. 3. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Publ. 1349. Washington, D.C. (22) Roy, J. H. B. 1958. Calves (dairy and beef), pp. 48-75. I n Scientific Principles of Feeding Farm Livestock. Farmer & Stock-Breeder Publ. Ltd., London. (23) Roy, J. H. B. 1964. The nutrition of intensively-reared calves. Vet. Record, 76 : 511. (24) Roy, J. H. B., I. J. F. Stobo, and H. J. Gaston. 1963. Nutrition of the calf. p. 47. I~ National Institute for Research in Dairying, Rep. 1963. University of Reading, Shinfield, Berkshire. (25) Sctnnutz, W. G., W. W. Cravens, W. L. Soldher, and D. L. Hughes. 1967. Evaluation of soybean protein concentrate in calf milk replacers. J. Dairy Sci., 50': 993. (26) Shillam, K. W. G., and J. H. B. Roy. 1963. The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf. 5. A comparison of spray-dried skim milks prepared with different preheating treatments and roller-dried skim milk, and the effect of chlortetracyeline supplementation of the spray-dried skim milks. Brit. J. Nutrition, 17: 171. (27) Stobo, I. J. F., J. It. B. Roy, and H. J . Gaston. ]967. The protein requirement of the ruminant calf. I I I . The ability of the calf weaned at five weeks of age to utilize urea given as a supplement to a low-protein concentrate. Anita. Prod., 9: 155.