Nutmeg Mace Research Articles

Techno‐economic, environmental impact and exergy analysis of microwave assisted drying of nutmeg mace

AbstractThis study aimed to reduce the drying time of mace under microwave pre‐treatment and to analyze the energy, exergy, and techno‐economic feasibility of the process. Effect of microwave pretreatments were studied under three microwave power levels of 160, 320, and 480 W for an exposure time of 60 s. Drying time during convective drying without microwave pretreatment was 5.5 h, which was decreased by 18.2%, 27.3%, and 36.4% at microwave powers of 160, 320, and 480 W respectively. Moisture content of mace decreased from 45.66 ± 1.14% to 6%. under various drying conditions. The two‐term exponential model fitted the drying data under optimized conditions. The drying efficiency and exergy efficiency of the microwave assisted drying of mace was observed to be 29.53% and 26.74%, respectively. The values of economic attributes indicated the benefit cost ratio of 1.9 and payback period of 2.1 years. The sustainability index and environment destruction coefficient of the system was determined to be 1.10 and 2.41, respectively. Waste energy ratio, environmental impact factor and improvement potential of the developed drying process was 0.72, 1.52, and 0.46, respectively. The study concluded that microwave at optimal power of 320 W can be utilized for commercial production of mace with better retention of essential oil, oleoresin and color.

Solar-biomass and dielectric drying of mace: An investigation on renewable and fourth generation drying technologies

Solar-biomass and dielectric drying of mace: An investigation on renewable and fourth generation drying technologies

Potensi Antioksidan Ekstrak Metanol Fuli Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt)

Background : The mace is the part that surrounds the nutmeg seeds. Mace and nutmeg seeds are widely used as a spice in food products and in traditional medicine used as a remedy for stomach pain, analgesics, stimulants. Nutmeg mace also contains flavonoids and phenolics that have potential as antioxidants. Research Objective: Determine the antioxidant activity of methanol extract of nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans Houtt) in reducing free radicals DPPH Research Method: Nutmeg macaques are extracted using methanol solvents through a maceration process (1:10), then the extracts obtained are tested, namely organoleptic tests, moisture content tests, phytochemical tests, KLT tests, and antioxidant tests using quercetin comparators with varying concentrations, namely 2 ppm, 4 pmm, 6 ppm, 8 ppm, and 10 ppm Research Results: The results of the organoleptis test showed that the methanol extract of nutmeg mace had a deep black color, a distinctive aroma, and a thick texture. 0.83% for moisture content test results. The results of phytochemical screening showed that nutmeg mace methanol extract was positive for flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. The KLT test also showed positive results containing flavonoids. The free radical scavenging activity of DPPH from metanol extract of nutmeg mace showed an IC50 value of 13.781 ppm ±SD 0.247 and a standard IC50 value of 4.181 ppm ±SD 0.247 compared to quercetin. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant difference because the data obtained was 0.074 > 0.05 Conclusion: Methanol extract of nutmeg mace has antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH free radicals and shows an IC50 value of 13.781 ±0,211 ppm which is included in the category of very strong.

Antioxidant Activity of Nutmeg Mace (Myristica fragrans) Graded Extract

Nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans ) contains essential oils and can be applied in industrial scale because it has medicinal benefits such as stimulating the heart system, stomachache, rheumatism, muscle pain, toothache, eliminating toxins in the liver, flatulence, and antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of the nutmeg mace graded extract. The research methods include plant determination, sample preparation, extraction by maceration method, phytochemical test, and antioxidant test using the DPPH method. The yield of Mace Nutmeg extract obtained was 30.3% n -hexane, 8.79% ethyl acetate, and 3.79% methanol and the IC 50 value of each mace nutmeg extract, namely the n -hexane extract was 56.22±1.15 ppm, 20.39±0.13 ppm ethyl acetate extract and 17.89±0.10 ppm methanol extract. From these results, it can be concluded that mace nutmeg extract has antioxidant activity with a strong category.

Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying of nutmeg mace for essential oil enriched extracts: An assessment of drying kinetics, process optimization and quality

Abstract The drying mechanism of the myristicin enriched nutmeg mace has been optimized in a microwave assisted fluidization bed dryer (MWFBD) through multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. The developed drying technique overcomes the non-uniformity heating problems in microwave heating and prolonged drying in fluidized bed drying. During the novel method of drying selected input variables were drying air temperature (DT) (40–50 °C) and microwave power (MP) (480–800 W) and output variables involving colour, oil yield, and myristicin quantity have been investigated by a continuous air velocity of 5.1 m/s. Six mathematical models about one to four conditions have fitted with an experimental design. Suitable enforcement of such models was evaluated through statistical measures. The coefficient of determination (R2) of MLR varied from 0.89 to 0.98, and the sum of squared error (SSE) varied within 6 × 10−3 to 158.18, while R2 of ANN fluctuated from 0.82 to 0.95, and the mean squared error (MSE) varied between 0.006 and 0.1450, which shows MLR design performance superior than ANN design. The processing conditions of 48.24 °C DT and 637.431 W MP with a drying time of 1.3 h were identified as optimum conditions with a desirability value of 0.98 to obtain maximum oil yield (13.38%) and good colour (L* (20.83), a* (17.34), b* (8.62)) of nutmug mace. Moreover, no myristicin (5.92%) degradation was observed compared with the sun and convective drying. Among the tested models, page and logarithmic models gave a better prediction of moisture ratio.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Anwuligan in Rats after Intravenous and Intragastric Administration by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Anwuligan, a natural 2,3-dibenzylbutane lignan from the nutmeg mace of Myristica fragans, has been proved to possess a broad range of pharmacological effects. A rapid, simple, and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been established and successfully applied to the study of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of anwuligan after intravenous or intragastric administration. Sample preparation was carried out through a liquid-liquid extraction method with ethyl acetate as the extraction reagent. Arctigenin was used as the internal standard (IS). A gradient program was employed with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in a positive ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The transitions for quantification were m/z 329.0→205.0 for anwuligan and m/z 373.0→137.0 for IS, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the ranges of 0.5–2000 ng/mL for both plasma samples and tissue samples (r > 0.996). The absolute bioavailability is 16.2%, which represented the existing of the obvious first-pass effect. An enterohepatic circulation was found after the intragastric administration. Anwuligan could be distributed rapidly and widely in different tissues and maintained a high concentration in the liver. The developed and validated LC-MS/MS method and the pharmacokinetic study of anwuligan would provide reference for the future investigation of the preclinical safety of anwuligan as a candidate drug.

Analisis Finansial Pengolahan Biji Dan Fuli Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) Organik (Studi Kasus Pada Home Industri Galela Jaya) Di Desa Dokulamo Kabupaten Halmahera Utara

Nutmeg is one of the mainstay potential export commodities of the North Maluku regional government, as a source of economic growth and regional income. To be able to maintain and enhance the role of the processing industry sector in national development, efforts are needed to determine the economic value of processed products. This study aims to analyze the processing of organic nutmeg at Galela Jaya Home Industry in Dokulamo Village, North Halmahera Regency. Analyzing financially organic nutmeg at Galela Jaya Home Industry in Dokulamo Village, North Halmahera Regency, using investment feasibility criteria, namely NPV, B/C ratio, IRR, PBP and qualitatively using seed processing and nutmeg mace. Based on the results of the analysis it can be said that the seed processing and nutmeg business carried out by the Galela Jaya Home Industry is feasible because it can provide benefits to the company, from the results of the analysis of financial feasibility at an interest rate of 9%, NPV is Rp. The amount of IDR 1 will provide a benefit of IDR 5%. The value of IRR is obtained at a value of Rp 115.16%, and the importance of the criteria for the investment return period (Playback Period) is obtained at Galela Jaya Home Industry for about 1 year. Nutmeg is one of the mainstay potential export commodities of t he North Maluku regional government, as a source of economic growth and regional inc ome. To be able to maintain and enhance the role of the processing industry sector in national development, efforts are ne eded to determine the economic value of processed products. This study aims to analyze the processing of organic nut meg at Galela Jaya Home Industry in Dokulamo Village, North Halmahera Regency. Analyzing financiall y organic nutmeg at Galela Jaya Home Industry in Dokulamo Village, North Halmahera Regency, using inve stment feasibility criteria, namely NPV, B/ C ratio, IRR, PBP and qualitatively using seed processing and nu tmeg mace. Based on the results of the analysis it can be said that the seed processing and nutmeg business carried out by the Galela Jaya Home Industry is feasible because it can provide benefits to the c ompany, from the results of the analysis of financial feasibility at an interest rate of 9%, NPV is Rp. The amount o f IDR 1 will provide a benefit of IDR 5%. The value of IRR is obtained at a value of Rp 115.16%, and the importanc e of the criteria for the investment return period (Playback Period) is obtained at Galela Jaya Home Industry for about 1 ye ar

Analisis Senyawa Minyak Atsiri Fuli Pala Secara GC-MS dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Terhadap Ecschericia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

Telah dilakukan isolasi minyak atsiri dari fuli pala dengan menggunakan metode destilasi air. Analisis kandungan senyawa minyak atsiri fuli pala dilakukan dengan GC-MS. Hasil analisis kandungan senyawa minyak atsiri didapatkan 4 senyawa dominan yaitu α-pinene, sabinene, 2-β-pinen, dan miristisin. Kualitas minyak atsiri fuli pala dilihat dari perbandingan antara minyak hasil isolasi dengan standar SNI. Minyak atsiri fuli pala tidak memenuhi standar SNI dalam hal berat jenis. Namun, mempunyai kandugan miristisin yang relativ tinggi yaitu 30,82 %. Menurut Agusta (2000), minyak atsiri merupakan antibakteri yang baik. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode dilusi dan difusi. Hasil uji dilusi tidak dapat disimpulkan nilai KHM dan KBM. Hasil uji difusi menunjukkan bahwa minyak atsiri fuli pala dengan konsentrasi 7,50 % dapat menghambat Stapylococus aureus dengan rata-rata diameter zona hambat sebesar 9,25 mm. Sedangkan pada bakteri Ecschericia coli mempunyai rata-rata diameter zona hambat sebesar 7,375 mm.

Characterization and Optimization of Microwave Assisted Process for Extraction of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) Mace Essential Oil

Microwave-assisted extraction could be considered as an extraction technique that results in the production of a higher quantity of oil in less time with minimum energy consumption. This study envisages development and optimization of a microwave assisted extraction system for extracting nutmeg mace essential oil. In order to evaluate the developed system for extraction of nutmeg mace essential oil, the process parameters such as solid: water ratios of 1:14, 1:10 and 1:6, power densities of 9.6, 14.4 and 19.2 W.g-1 and soaking time of 2, 3 and 4 h which would influence the essential oil yield, extraction time and energy consumption were chosen as independent variables. The optimized conditions of solid: water ratio, power density and soaking time for extracting nutmeg mace essential oil in the microwave-assisted process were found to be 1:14, 14.4 W.g-1 and 4 h, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the microwave-assisted process resulted in an oil yield of 8-12 %, with an extraction time of 3 h and energy consumption of 1.09 kWh.

Comparison of Phytochemicals Antioxidant Activity and Essential Oil Content of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) with Four Selected Spice Crop Species

Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae) (Eng.Allspice) is an industrially and therapeutically important, evergreen aromatic spice plant widely used in food, perfumery and cosmetic industries around the globe. Allspice, which tastes like a blend of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. &L.M.Perry and Myristica fragrans Houtt. is a common flavoring compound in Asian, Middle Eastern and Jamaican cuisines. However, comparative essential oil content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of these similar taste spices is scattered. Therefore, the present study compares the qualitative phytochemical contents, essential oil contents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC) of C. zeylanicum, E. cardamomum, S. aromaticum and Myristica fragrans Houtt. with leaf extracts of Pimenta dioica using previously published protocols. Results revealed that all tested phytochemicals namely alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, steroid glycosides and tannins are present in all selected spice species compared. The highest essential oil content was reported from clove buds followed by nutmeg mace, nutmeg seed, cardamom, allspice and cinnamon respectively. Leaf extracts of P. dioica exhibited significantly higher total antioxidant capacity (344.9 ± 4.2 mg TE/g DW) and total phenolic content (134.3 ± 7.6 mg GAE/g DW) compared to selected spices except clove. Presence of all tested phytochemicals, comparable amounts of essential oils, greater amount of total antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content undoubtedly demonstrate high potential of Pimenta dioica (allspice) as a spice crop for large scale cultivation in Sri Lanka.

Phytochemicals content, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities of commercial nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans L.) and pimento (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.)

SummaryCommercially dried powder of nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans) and pimento (Pimenta dioica) spices was investigated for their high performance liquid chromatography phenolic profile and their antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties by α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibition tests. Generally, mace showed the most promising activity. An interesting protection of lipid peroxidation with an IC50 value of 7.7 μg mL−1 was found. A significant result was also obtained in ferric reducing ability power assay if compared to the positive control butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 value of 68.7 μg mL−1 vs. 63.2 μg mL−1, respectively). Mace also exhibited the highest carbohydrate‐hydrolysing enzyme inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 62.1 and 75.7 μg mL−1 against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase, respectively. Overall, these results support the use of these spices not only as flavouring agent but also as food preservative and functional ingredients.

KERAGAMAN BUAH PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE DAN KABUPATEN SITARO

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the nutmeg crop diversity is based on the character of the fruit, seeds, nutmeg mace in Sangihe Island Regency (Island of Sangihe) and District SITARO (Siau Island). The method used is the method of direct observation at the farmer's planting area nutmeg. Location research based on secondary data, namely the districts and villages producer of nutmeg, then determined the three observation points in each study site. Each observation point is determined 10 samples to be observed fruit trees, and every tree observed 20 fruit ready for harvest. Samples of plants is determined by: 1) Age of plants, which is about 15-30 years, and 2) The state of the plant, which is being fruitful and healthy tree. Observations carried out on: 1) The shape of fruit, 2) Color rind 3) Thick flesh, 4) Weight pieces, 5) The length of the fruit, 6) diameter pieces, 7) The color of the fruit flesh, 8) Weight seed fresh, 9) Lengh seed, 10) diameter seed, 11) weight mace fresh, 12) Color mace. The results showed: 1) The shape of fruit and nutmeg seeds in Sangihe Islands Regency is more diverse than in the District Sitaro. 2) The highest weight of fresh nutmeg obtained from the location Talawid weighing 57.95 g fresh weight and r lowest nutmeg obtained from the location Karatung I is weighing 35.91 g fresh weight nutmeg while the highest was obtained from the location that is weighing 9.45 g Talawid and the lowest seed fresh weight was obtained from the location Karatung I are weighing 6.75g. 3) The same colors are red blood mace. Keywords: nutmeg plant, diversity of fruit, Sangihe, SITARO

KERAGAMAN BUAH PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE DAN KABUPATEN SITARO

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the nutmeg crop diversity is based on the character of the fruit, seeds, nutmeg mace in Sangihe Island Regency (Island of Sangihe) and District SITARO (Siau Island). The method used is the method of direct observation at the farmer's planting area nutmeg. Location research based on secondary data, namely the districts and villages producer of nutmeg, then determined the three observation points in each study site. Each observation point is determined 10 samples to be observed fruit trees, and every tree observed 20 fruit ready for harvest. Samples of plants is determined by: 1) Age of plants, which is about 15-30 years, and 2) The state of the plant, which is being fruitful and healthy tree. Observations carried out on: 1) The shape of fruit, 2) Color rind 3) Thick flesh, 4) Weight pieces, 5) The length of the fruit, 6) diameter pieces, 7) The color of the fruit flesh, 8) Weight seed fresh, 9) Lengh seed, 10) diameter seed, 11) weight mace fresh, 12) Color mace. The results showed: 1) The shape of fruit and nutmeg seeds in Sangihe Islands Regency is more diverse than in the District Sitaro. 2) The highest weight of fresh nutmeg obtained from the location Talawid weighing 57.95 g fresh weight and r lowest nutmeg obtained from the location Karatung I is weighing 35.91 g fresh weight nutmeg while the highest was obtained from the location that is weighing 9.45 g Talawid and the lowest seed fresh weight was obtained from the location Karatung I are weighing 6.75g. 3) The same colors are red blood mace. Keywords: nutmeg plant, diversity of fruit, Sangihe, SITARO

KERAGAMAN BUAH PALA (Myristica fragrans Houtt) DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE DAN KABUPATEN SITARO

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the nutmeg crop diversity is based on the character of the fruit, seeds, nutmeg mace in Sangihe Island Regency (Island of Sangihe) and District SITARO (Siau Island). The method used is the method of direct observation at the farmer's planting area nutmeg. Location research based on secondary data, namely the districts and villages producer of nutmeg, then determined the three observation points in each study site. Each observation point is determined 10 samples to be observed fruit trees, and every tree observed 20 fruit ready for harvest. Samples of plants is determined by: 1) Age of plants, which is about 15-30 years, and 2) The state of the plant, which is being fruitful and healthy tree. Observations carried out on: 1) The shape of fruit, 2) Color rind 3) Thick flesh, 4) Weight pieces, 5) The length of the fruit, 6) diameter pieces, 7) The color of the fruit flesh, 8) Weight seed fresh, 9) Lengh seed, 10) diameter seed, 11) weight mace fresh, 12) Color mace. The results showed: 1) The shape of fruit and nutmeg seeds in Sangihe Islands Regency is more diverse than in the District Sitaro. 2) The highest weight of fresh nutmeg obtained from the location Talawid weighing 57.95 g fresh weight and r lowest nutmeg obtained from the location Karatung I is weighing 35.91 g fresh weight nutmeg while the highest was obtained from the location that is weighing 9.45 g Talawid and the lowest seed fresh weight was obtained from the location Karatung I are weighing 6.75g. 3) The same colors are red blood mace. Keywords: nutmeg plant, diversity of fruit, Sangihe, SITARO

Multiple biological properties of macelignan and its pharmacological implications

Macelignan found in the nutmeg mace of Myristica fragrans obtains increasing attention as a new avenue in treating various diseases. Macelignan has been shown to possess a spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and hepatoprotective activities; recently, it has also been shown to have neuroprotective activities. This review summarizes the current research on the biological effects of macelignan derived from M. fragrans, with emphasis on the importance in understanding and treating complex diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease.

A new antioxidant from wild nutmeg

Nutmeg (Myristica fragans and Myristica argentea) is a spice widely used in food. Argenteane is a dilignan which has been isolated from nutmeg mace (the lace-like seed membrane of nutmeg). On the basis of the experimental measurements of the lipid peroxidation inhibition, argenteane appeared to be an antioxidant as powerful as vitamin E. The present joint experimental and theoretical study helped to understand the mechanism of action of this compound. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) correlated with the capacity to scavenge free radicals. We demonstrated that the central moiety is able to release one or two H atom(s) to the free radicals. This mechanism was confirmed by (i) the BDE calculations and (ii) the free radical-scavenging capacity measurements of two lignans and 3,3'-dimethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diol (i.e., the argenteane central moiety). In addition to this active part, two lipophilic chains participate in the molecule's capacity to react with the oxidative species generated in the membrane vicinity.

Immunomodulatory and radioprotective effects of lignans derived from fresh nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans) in mammalian splenocytes

Recently, the lignans present in the aqueous extract of fresh nutmeg mace (aril of the fruit of Myristica fragrans) were shown to possess antioxidant properties in cell free systems and protected PUC18 plasmid against radiation-induced DNA damage. The present report describes the immunomodulatory and radiomodifying properties of lignans present in the aqueous extract of fresh nutmeg mace in mammalian splenocytes. These macelignans (ML) inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes in response to polyclonal T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A). This inhibition of proliferation was due to cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and augmentation of apoptosis as shown by increase in pre G1 cells. The increase in activation induced cell death by ML was dose dependent. It was found to inhibit the transcription of IL-2 and IL-4 genes in response to Con A. The production of IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-gamma cytokines was significantly inhibited by ML in Con A-stimulated lymphocytes in a dose dependent manner. ML protected splenocytes against radiation-induced intracellular ROS production in a dose dependent manner. ML was not cytotoxic towards lymphocytes. On the contrary, it significantly inhibited the radiation-induced DNA damage in splenocytes as indicated by decrease in DNA fragmentation. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the antioxidant, radioprotective and immunomodulatory effects of lignans in mammalian cells.

Antioxidant activity of some phenolic constituents from green pepper ( Piper nigrum L.) and fresh nutmeg mace ( Myristica fragrans)

Abstract Antioxidant potential of phenolic compounds from green pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and lignans from fresh mace (Myristica fragrans) were evaluated for their ability to scavenge 1,1′-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect plasmid DNA damage upon exposure to gamma radiation. EC50 values of the major phenolic compounds of green pepper namely, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol glucoside, 3,4-dihydroxy-6-(N-ethylamino) benzamide and phenolic acid glycosides were found to be 0.076, 0.27 and 0.12 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting a high radical scavenging activity of these phenolics. These results were further confirmed with cyclic voltammetry. Acetone extract of nutmeg mace and its subsequent TLC isolated fractions constituted mainly of lignans as revealed by GC–MS analysis. The major compounds were tentatively identified from their mass spectral fragmentation pattern. DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the acetone extract as well as its fractions was comparatively lower than that of green pepper phenolics. In contrast, these fractions had a greater ability to inhibit lipid oxidation than phenolics from pepper as revealed by β-carotene–linoleic acid assay. A DNA protecting role of these compounds even at doses as high as 5 kGy further suggested the potential use of green pepper and fresh nutmeg mace and their extracts as a nutraceutical in preventing oxidative damage to cells.