Nut Milk Research Articles

Evaluation of Amino Acids in the Milk Preparations from Tiger Nut Rhizome and Its Mixed Varieties

The amino acid composition of yellow and brown tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk preparations and their mixtures were studied. The mixed variety was prepared from mixing equal proportion of the two varieties. The milk preparation was obtained by blending and subsequent expression of the milk.. Protein analysis stated with the hydrolysis of the milk preparation with HCl for 23hrs and the resulting amino acids were quantified with amino acid analyzer (Technicom TSM-1). The % nitrogen for the yellow, Brown and the mixture are 3.72, 3.24 and 2.22 respectively. Arginine has the highest value of 15.87, 16.22 and 19.20 g/100g respectively conferring same order of amino acid basicity. Methionine and tyrosine are the lowest (0.60 and 0.63, 0.68 and 0.48, 0.49 and 0.48 g/100g protein) respectively. Tryptophan is not prominently associated with the myriad of essential amino acids of tiger nut milk. It was not detectable in any of the varieties. The overall result of the study showed that the tiger nut milk is a rich source of protein. It can also be consumed as a valuable substitute for conventional cow milk and other known milk sources. The milk prepared from mixed variety exhibited synergistic effect as it combined some beneficial amino acid that either of the two varieties lacks.

Development and Characterization of Beverages from Tigernut Milk, Pineapple and Coconut Fruit Extracts

Two species of tigernut tuber (yellow and brown i.e. fresh and dried) were processed in different ways to formulate three new products, Product 1-Apple Tigernut Beverage (ATB), Product 2-Pineapple Tigernut Beverage (PTB) and Product 3-Coconut Tiger nut Beverage (CTB). ATB, PTB and CTB were blends of Apple juice, Pineapple juice and Coconut milk with the Tiger nut milk (yellow and brown mixed separately) by substitution at ratio (YTM:AJ, BTM:AJ) (YTM:PJ, BTM:PJ) (YTM:CJ, BTM:CJ) 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100. These samples were evaluated for their chemical composition, physiochemical properties, vitamins, mineral content, sensory and shell life and the samples maintained a good statue. Statistical analysis was carried out in chemical composition of which the result significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) existed between yellow tiger nut milk brown tiger nut milk at 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 20:80 but sample 0:100 of AJ, PJ and CJ were not significantly difference (P > 0.05). From the chemical composition results it was observed that the beverages had high content of moisture, carbohydrate and energy value. However, the beverages were fairly rich in protein, ash and fat contents. The microbial result of fungi was a bit at variance with standard record. Although, all samples were highly accepted but coconut tigernut beverage had the highest acceptability. Microbial content ranged from zero growth to 103cfu/ml which was not critical to the wholesomeness of the products. Furthermore, samples were stored in an air tight container in a cool place and were seen to last for 10 days before fermentation set in, hence, the presence of CO2 increased their shell life.

Hypolipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium in high cholesterol fed hypercholesterolemic rats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract (SA) in high cholesterol fed hyperlipidemic rat model. METHODS: Rats were divided into four groups which included control animals, hypercholesterolemic animals, hypercholesterolemic animals treated with SA (200 mg/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil), and drug control rats. Lipid levels in serum and liver, and lipid metabolising enzymes were determined after treatment. RESULTS: High cholesterol diet significantly (P<0.05) increased the lipid levels in serum and liver and altered the activities of lipid metabolising enzymes. Significant decrease (P<0.05) in plasma and liver lipid levels were observed whereas the drug ameliorated the activities of lipid metabolising enzymes in drug treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: SA demonstrated remarkable hypolipidemic activity in high cholesterol fed hypercholesterolemic rats. The potential antihyperlipidemic action is plausibly due to its underlying antioxidant role.

Ameliorating effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on altered glucose metabolism in high fat diet STZ induced type 2 diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of the drug Semecarpus anacardium (S. anacardium)on altered glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. MethodsType 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding rats with high fat diet followed by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg b.w.). Seven days after STZ induction, diabetic rats received nut milk extract of S. anacardium Linn. nut milk extract orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. The effect of nut milk extract of S. anacardium on blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucose metabolising enzymes and GSK were studied. ResultsTreatment with SA extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in plasma insulin levels and also increase in HOMA – β and decrease in HOMA -IR. The drug significantly increased the activity of glycolytic enzymes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and increased the glycogen content in liver of diabetic rats while reducing the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes. The drug also effectively ameliorated the alterations in GSK-3 mRNA expression. ConclusionsOverall, the present study demonstrates the possible mechanism of glucose regulation of S. anacardium suggestive of its therapeutic potential for the management of diabetes mellitus.

In vitro evaluation of “horchata” co-products as carbon source for probiotic bacteria growth

Tiger nut milk (“horchata”) liquid co-products (TNLC) were evaluated as carbon source for probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis) growth by screening via microplate assay and determination of viable cells and metabolic activity. Based on MRS five different basal media were prepared ((i) without carbon source, (ii) with 2% (w/v) glucose, (iii) with 2% (w/v) FOS, (iv) with 2% (v/v) TNLC and (v) 3% (v/v) TNLC). Additionally, reconstituted TNLC was also used as basal medium. For determination of viable cells and metabolic activity skim milk powder was used. Glucose was found to be the best substrate to L. acidophilus grows, followed by FOS and TNLC (2% and 3%, respectively). TNLC (3%) was found to be the best substrate followed by TNLC (2%), glucose and FOS, in the promotion of growth of B. animalis. The growth of L. acidophilus and B. animalis in skim milk reconstituted TNLC+water was higher than samples inoculated in skim milk reconstituted only with water (p<0.05). This is supported by the pH effect and by the faster organic acid production (mainly lactic acid, acetic acid, and butyric acid), confirming the property of TNLC as a carbon source for probiotic bacteria growth.

Nephroprotective effect of Semecarpus anacardium on diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic rats

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Anacardiaceae), commonly known as marking nut is found in sub-Himalayan regions and also in central parts of India. This study is aimed at evaluating the protective effect of the drug S. anacardium nut milk extract (SA) on diabetes-induced damage in kidney of type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetic nephropathy was induced in rats by feeding them with a high fat diet for 5 weeks followed by i.p. injection of 35 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) and left for 8 weeks. Diabetic nephropathy-induced animals were treated with SA at a dosage of 300 mg/kg b.wt. dissolved in olive oil for 8 weeks. Treatment with the drug SA decreased the levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine. The drug SA significantly decreased the levels of marker enzymes and lipid peroxides while increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes. The histopathological alterations in kidney tissues were also found to be normalized after treatment with SA nut milk extract. No significant alterations were observed in drug alone-treated group of rats. The present study suggests that SA demonstrated antioxidant activity in diabetic nephropathy rats. The potential nephroprotective effect is plausibly due to its underlying antioxidant role.

Effects of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk liquid co‐products on the quality of pork burgers

SummaryCo‐products from the tiger nut milk industry can be given added value if they are used in the manufacturing process of other food products. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of using tiger nut milk liquid co‐product as a substitute for the water added to pork burger formulations. The results showed that its use in pork burger delayed lipid oxidation and improved cooking properties (less shrinkage), while no significant changes in nutritional value were observed. Pork burgers containing tiger nut liquid co‐product were perceived to be juicier and less fatty than the control, contributing to higher scores for overall liking.

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of Kalpaamruthaa in type 2 diabetes mellitus induced cardiovascular complications

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effect of Kalpaamruthaa against type 2 diabetes mellitus induced-cardiovascular damage (CVD) was investigated in this study. Kalpaamruthaa is a herbal preparation, consists of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract, fresh dried powder of Emblica officinalis fruit and honey. Antioxidant effect of Kalpaamruthaa was studied through analyzing the enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants, lipid peroxides and carbonyl levels in CVD-induced rats. The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were studied to analyze the anti-apoptotic effect of Kalpaamruthaa. Oxidative stress mediated cellular damage was reduced by Kalpaamruthaa through decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidative products and protein carbonyl content, and increased antioxidants in CVD-induced rats. Kalpaamruthaa reduced the apoptosis in heart of CVD-induced rats through the alteration in mRNA expressions of apoptotic markers such as Bcl-2 and Bax. This study exhibits the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of Kalpaamruthaa to protect from CVD.

Potential antidiabetic effect of the Semecarpus anacardium in a type 2 diabetic rat model

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) was evaluated for its antidiabetic role in type 2 diabetic rats. Type 2 diabetes was induced in rats by feeding high-fat diet for 2 weeks followed by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 35 mg/kg body weight. Diabetic rats were treated with SA orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Metformin (500 mg/kg body weight, orally) was used as a reference drug. SA significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the blood glucose levels and decreased the levels of HbA1c and the glucose intolerance. SA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the increase in lipid profile. The levels of urea, uric acid and creatinine were restored to near normal levels when compared with control diabetic rats. The histopathological abnormalities were also found to be normalized after treatment with SA nut milk extract. The potential antihyperglycemic action of SA is plausibly due to its underlying antioxidant role.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Semecarpus anacardium in a High fat diet: STZ-induced Type 2 diabetic rat model

Semecarpus anacardium, known as marking nut, has been used in indigenous system of medicine against various ailments. To evaluate the antilipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of S. anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) in Type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by feeding them with a high fat diet followed by i.p. of 35 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with the drugs, SA (200 mg/kg body weight) and metformin (500 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Antilipidemic effect of the drug was established by studying the lipoprotein alterations and also the alterations in the lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes in the experimental group of rats. The effect of the drug on the expression of PPAR γ was also studied. To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 and also C-reactive protein were determined. Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract at a dosage of 200 mg/kg orally significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and normalized the alterations in the lipid metabolism in diabetic rats effectively than metformin. SA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA expression of PPAR γ, thereby establishing the antilipidemic effect of the drug. The increase in the levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly (p < 0.05) brought down to near normal levels on treatment with the drug SA. The present study thereby establishes the antilipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of the drug. Thus, by decreasing the alterations in the lipid metabolism and inflammatory status, the drug can effectively improve the insulin sensitivity in rats and can serve as an excellent drug in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Induction of Mitochondrion-mediated Apoptosis by Semecarpus anacardium in the BCR–ABL+ 12B1 Leukemia Cell Line: Possible Mechanism of Therapeutic Action In Vivo

Background/Purpose Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal disorder leading to massive proliferation of hematopoietic cells. It is characterized by the BCR–ABL gene, resulting in production of a 210-kD chimeric tyrosine kinase that plays a major role in its etiopathogenesis. There is an increasing interest in identifying potent preventive and therapeutic agents for leukemia. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) has antileukemic activity in murine BCR–ABL+ leukemia in vivo. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of action of SA by assessing its antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in the BCR–ABL+ 12B1 murine leukemic cell line. Methods Cell viability and apoptosis assay using MTT analysis, propidium iodide staining, DNA fragmentation, intracellular reactive oxygen species/calcium, mitochondrial membrane potential, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were determined in 12B1 cells. Results Cell viability of SA-treated 12B1 cells was dose and time dependent. SA-induced cell death was considered to be apoptotic by observing the typical apoptotic morphological changes seen on propidium iodide staining and DNA ladder formation on electrophoresis. A reduction in the BCR–ABL + mRNA levels, induced by SA, was observed by RT-PCR. This may have been the result of a reduction in the transcription of the BCR–ABL fusion gene, with concomitant activation of apoptosis. SA induced a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions, which led to increased levels of reactive oxygen species. Concomitantly, we observed a significant loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol in 12B1 cells. These effects of SA are accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 genes. Conclusion These results provide unprecedented evidence that SA triggers mitochondrial receptor pathways to induce apoptotic signals in 12B1 cells. This study highlights the beneficial effect of SA in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and thereby revealing a possible mechanism of therapeutic action in vivo.

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Nut Milk Extract in a High-Fat Diet STZ-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model

ABSTRACTSemecarpus anacardium commonly known as marking nut has been used in the Siddha system of medicine against various ailments. The antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of the drug was evaluated in Type 2 diabetic rats induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks followed by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg/kg body weight. Three days after STZ induction, the hyperglycemic rats were treated with Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract (SA) orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Metformin (500 mg/kg body weight, orally) was used as a reference drug. The fasting blood glucose, insulin, Hb, HbA1c levels, and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were measured, and also the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were observed. SA significantly (p < .05) reduced and normalized blood glucose levels and also decreased the levels of HbA1c as compared with that of HFD STZ control group. SA treatment also significantly (p < .05) increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes while decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation. The potential antihyperglycemic action and antioxidant role might be due to the presence of flavonoids in the drug.

Anti-diabetic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract in a high fat diet STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rat model

The anti-diabetic effect of the drug Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract (SA) was studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into seven groups of six animals each. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by feeding them with a high fat diet for 2 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg/body weight (b. wt.) of streptozotocin. The diabetic rats were treated with the drug at four different concentrations of 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg/b. wt. respectively and were compared with the diabetic rats treated with the standard drug metformin for 30 days. Diabetic rats showed an increase in blood glucose levels, increased levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and impaired glucose tolerance and an increase in lipid profile. The blood glucose level and glycosylated haemoglobin levels were lowered in the diabetic rats treated with the drug SA, and also, an improvement in glucose tolerance test was observed. The drug also effectively lowered the lipid profile level. The effect of the drug was found to be effective at the dosage of 200 mg/kg/b. wt. showing an increase in insulin levels. This suggests the potential anti-diabetic effect of the drug.

Modulatory effect of Semecarpus anacardium against oxidative damages in DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis rat model

Oxidative stress resulting from increased free radical generation plays an important role in carcinogenesis. The present study investigates the therapeutic efficacy of Semecarpus anacardium Linn nut milk extract (SA) against lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in spleen and thymus of experimental animals. Adult female albino rats of Sprague–Dawley strain weighing 170–190 g were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I control animals received standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Group II rats were induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (25 mg in 1 ml olive oil) by gastric incubation, whereas another set of DMBA-induced rats were treated with SA (200 mg/kg body weight/day) in olive oil orally by gastric incubation for 14 days (group III). Group IV rats served as SA-treated control animals. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetised and killed. Organs like spleen and thymus were isolated and used for biochemical measures and histology studies. In cancer condition, the LPO was increased and antioxidant levels were decreased in the spleen and thymus of cancer-induced rats. Treatment with SA decreased LPO and increased antioxidant status in rats induced with DMBA. The results obtained depict the potency of drug’s antioxidant property by depleting lipid peroxide levels in spleen and thymus and thus its role in enhancing the immune function.

Mitigation of DMBA-Induced Mammary Carcinoma in Experimental Rats by Antiangiogenic Property of Kalpaamruthaa

ABSTRACTExtra cellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) are important layers that regulate cell structure, cell migration, and cellular proliferation. Degradation of both ECM and BM mediated by proteases favors the tumor invasion and promotes angiogenesis. Female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 180 ± 10 g were categorized into 6 groups. Group-1 animals served as vehicle control. Group-2 to Group-4 animals were administered with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (25 mg/rat dissolved in olive oil, orally) on day 1 of experimental period to induce mammary carcinoma. (After 90 days, mammary carcinoma was confirmed by histopathological examination). Group-3 and Group-4 rats were subsequently treated with Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract (SA) and Kalpaamruthaa (KA), respectively. Group-5 and Group-6 animals served as drug control for SA and KA, respectively. Pro-angiogenic factors like proteases, cyclooxygenase-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor were elevated in tumor-bearing animals and decreased in SA- and KA-supplemented rats. Increased levels of these angiogenic factors in tumor-bearing rats indicate the progression of mammary tumor. The decreased levels of these angiogenic in SA- and KA-treated rats may be due to the ameliorative effect of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and other compounds present in the drug.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. Nut Milk Extract in Aflatoxin B1-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats

The immunmodulatory activity of Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract (Serankottai nei), an Indian Siddha medicinal preparation, was studied in male Wistar rats bearing aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunomodulatory activity was assessed by measuring serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in control and experimental animals. Reduced IgG and elevated IgA and IgM in the hepatocellular carcinoma condition were returned to near normal levels in rats treated with 200 mg kg−1S. anacardium nut milk extract. This significant modulation of immune reactivity in drug-treated animals may play a role in the anticarcinogenic potency of S. anacardium nut milk extract against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Modulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial protective effect of Semecarpus anacardium in diabetic rats

Oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in the complications of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are produced when there is an electron leak in the mito-chondria and a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Semecarpus anacardium in protecting the mito-chondria by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and, starting 3 days after the induction, Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract was administered for 21 days. The same duration of study was used for control, diabetes-induced and drug control groups, together with a group treated with metformin. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the levels of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitrate and nitrite were estimated. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species and intracellular calcium were also determined. Confocal laser microscopic images were taken for mitochondria isolated from the liver and kidneys. The results of the study revealed that Semecarpus anacardium was able to decrease the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and reverse the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and the influx of calcium into the mitochondria. The mitochondrial protective effect may be mediated by scavenging of free radicals and complexing of metal ions by virtue of the antioxidative effect of Semecarpus anacardium.

Therapeutic effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing and mitochondrial TCA cycle and respiratory chain enzymes in mammary carcinoma rats.

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. of the family Anacardiaceae has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine. We have evaluated the effect of S. anacardium nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory enzymes in liver and kidney mitochondria of dimethyl benzanthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mammary carcinoma-bearing rats showed a significant rise in glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and a simultaneous fall in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase). The activities of mitochondrial enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome C oxidase were significantly lowered in mammary carcinoma-bearing rats when compared with control rats. S. anacardium nut extract administration to tumour-induced animals significantly lowered the glycolytic enzyme activities (hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase and aldolase) and there was a rise in gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-diphosphatase), which indicated an antitumour and anticancer effect. Comparison of normal control rats and rats administered S. anacardium only as drug control animals showed no significant variations in enzyme activities. S. anacardium nut extract administration to dimethyl benzanthracene-tumour-induced animals significantly increased the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, thereby suggesting its role in mitochondrial energy production.

Soy and Brazil nut beverage: processing, composition, sensory, and color evaluation

Despite its high nutritional value, soymilk consumption in Western countries is limited mainly due to undesirable flavors developed during the traditional elaboration process. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) has pleasant flavor and recognized nutritional value. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate a soy and Brazil nut beverage exploring the use of two national products of high nutritional quality. The process for manufacturing a soy and Brazil nut beverage consisted of elaboration, formulation, and homogenization of soymilk and Brazil nut milk. The addition of five levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of Brazil nut milk to soy beverages was investigated. Although no significant differences in consumer average preference (p > 0.05) were observed among the beverages, analyzing both the consumer preference frequency distribution of the products and the Internal Preference Mapping (IPM), it was possible to conclude that the beverage with 30% of Brazil nut milk reached the most adequate performance demonstrating the sensory benefits Brazil nuts brought to the product. Regarding proximate composition, it did not present a better performance in terms of nutritional value, except for the oil content. The soy and Brazil nut beverage presented visual stability and no phase separation despite the non-stability shown by Brazil nut beverage itself. When Brazil nut milk was added to soy beverage, the final product became whiter than soy beverage, which is appealing to consumers who normally search for a clearer soymilk. The soy and Brazil nut beverage processing can be considered an alternative to increase the use of Brazil nuts in the Brazilian diet.

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGAN CAKE

The objectives of this research were to investigate physical, chemical and sensory quality attributes and their relation of newly formulated vegan cake. Tiger nut milk (TNM) and alginate-lecithin gel (ALG) were used as the replacement of buffalo, s milk and whole egg at the levels of 50 and 100 %, respectively, in addition to, 50 % mixture (50 % TNM and 50 % ALG) and 100 % mixture (100 % TNM and 100 % ALG) . The results revealed that the lactose content of buffalo, s milk was 5.56%, while, TNM was free lactose. TNM is a good source of many elements as buffalo, s milk such as K, P, Ca, Na and Mg. Whole egg had significantly higher foam capacity than the alginate-lecithin gel . In contrast, alginate-lecithin gel exhibited higher foam stability than whole egg. The foam volume of alginate-lecithin gel characterized with stability during 60 min under testing as compared with whole egg that collapsed after 20 min. Concerning emulsifying activity index (EAI), both ALG and whole egg not showed significant difference (p>0.05). Emulsifying stability index (ESI) of alginate-lecithin gel was stable during 60 min under testing as compared with the whole egg that was stable till 40 min. The presence of replacement increased the batter viscosity at ambient temperature over the control value from 19.65 to 21.71-44.54 poise. Among different replacement, 100 % mixtures showed the highest batter viscosity of 44.54 p followed by 100% ALG (38.72 p), 50% ALG (34.29 p) and 50% mixtures (31.03 p). Control batter had a specific gravity of 0.892 g/cc, whereas batter replacing with 50% ALG, 100% ALG, 50% mixtures and 100 % mixtures had a batter specific gravity of 0.992, 1.009, 1.013 and 1.047 g/cc, respectively. The protein and fat contents of control samples were higher (10.42% and 26.63 %, respectively) than vegan cake samples replaced with TNM and ALG. The total carbohydrate content increased with increasing the replacement levels of TNM and ALG in vegan cake. High staling values (high freshness) of vegan cake samples reached 336.59 % and 334.08 % with vegan cake containing 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, respectively, in comparison to the staling of control (299.19 %) at zero time. The lower reduction in staling value was achieved in vegan cake prepared 100 % mixtures and 100 % ALG, since the staling value reduced by 10.29 % and 12.41 %, respectively, in comparison to 15.68 % for control sample after 21 days of storage at room temperature. High stability in specific volume during storage was achieved in the presence of 100 % ALG and 100 % mixture since, the specific volume was reduced by only 7.88 % and 8.83 %, respectively, in comparison to 25.99 % for control sample. The presence of ALG and mixtures decreased the hardness value from 79.46 to 36.28 and 66.11 Newton, indicating improvement in the texture of cake. Cakes containing ALG and mixtures showed lower decrement in moisture content and lower increment in hardness during storage at room temperature. Cake samples prepared with different levels of ALG and mixtures were better quality and showed significantly superior sensory properties scores than cake samples prepared with different levels of TNM which coincided with control sample at zero time. Vegan cake samples stored gave higher values and were be desirable till the end of storage period. Therefore, vegan cake could be successfully made from tiger nut milk and alginate-lecithin gel as the fully replacement of buffalos, milk and whole egg, respectively. In addition to, increase freshness, specific volume and storage at room temperature for 21 days.