Numerous Fissures Research Articles

High and low pressure pulsatile lavage of contaminated tibial fractures: an in vitro study of bacterial adherence and bone damage.

This study was designed to examine the effect of pulsatile irrigation on microscopic bone architecture and its time-dependent efficacy in removing adherent slime-producing bacteria from cortical bone. Using an in vitro model, ten-millimeter transverse cut sections from five human tibiae were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and subjected to either high pressure pulsatile lavage (HPPL; seventy pounds per square inch, normal saline) or low pressure pulsatile lavage (LPPL; fourteen pounds per square inch, normal saline) or served as controls. Alteration of bony architecture was quantified by using a previously described ordinal scale and histomorphometric analysis of each transverse cut section of tibia. To assess the time-dependent effectiveness of pulsatile lavage in removing adherent bacteria from bone, ten-millimeter transverse cut sections from ten canine tibiae were contaminated with S. aureus and subjected to high or low pressure pulsatile lavage immediately or after one, three, or six hours. Scanning electron microscopy and bacterial cultures were used to assess the removal of adherent bacteria. HPPL resulted in significantly greater macroscopic damage than was seen with LPPL or in controls (ANOVA, p < 0.001). Histomorphometry revealed that HPPL was associated with significantly larger and more numerous fissures or defects in the cortical bone when compared with low pressure irrigation (p < 0.001). However, high and low pressure lavage were associated with similar degrees of periosteal separation from the cortical bone surface (p = 0.87). Both high and low pressure lavage were effective in removing adherent bacteria from bone at three hours irrigation delay, but only high pressure lavage removed adherent bacteria from bone at six hours delay. In this in vitro study, compared with HPPL, LPPL led to less structural damage and was equally effective in removing bacteria within three hours debridement delay; however, the efficacy of LPPL at six hours debridement delay is questionable. This finding may have clinical significance in the development of infection following open tibial fractures.

Crustal fissuring and its relationship to magmatic and hydrothermal processes on the East Pacific Rise crest (9°12′ to 54′N)

The deep‐towed Argo I optical/acoustical vehicle and a geographic information system (GIS) have been used to establish the abundance, widths, and spatial distribution of fissures, as well as the relative age distribution of lavas along the narrow (&lt;500 m wide) axial zone of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) from 9°12′ to 9°54′N. On a second‐order scale (∼78 km long), wider but less numerous fissures are found in the northern portion of the survey area; this changes to narrower, more abundant fissures in the south. A profile of the cumulative width added by fissures to the axial zone exhibits minima in three areas along strike (near 9°49′, 9°35′, and 9°15′N), where the most recent eruptions have occurred above sites of magmatic injection from the upper mantle, filling and covering older fissures. On a fourth‐order scale (5–15 km long) the mean density of fissuring on a given segment is greater where relative axial lava age is greater. Fissure density also correlates with hydrothermal vent abundance and type. Increased cracking toward segment tips is observed at the second‐order scale, whereas fourth‐order segments tend to be more cracked in the middle. Cracking on a fourth‐order scale may be driven by the propagation of dikes, rather than by the far‐field plate stresses. The above relations constrain the model of Haymon et al. [1991] in which individual fourth‐order segments are in different phases of a volcanic‐hydrothermal‐tectonic cycle.

Structural changes of the human embryonal cortex during explantation.

It has been shown in numerous studies on the transplantation of neocortical anlagen of mammals that processes of cytodifferentiation proceed successfully in the grafts, but that the cytoarchitectonics are disturbed. This may be associated with the formation of closed cavities lined with neuroepithelium [12], the so-called rosettes, in the early period following transplantation. The rosettes become the centers of proliferation from which cells which have completed division diverge in all directions instead of migrating to the cortical plate [2]. Information regarding the initial stages of the formation of rosettes is lacking in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the early changes in areas of the wall of the telencephalic vesicle of human embryos and the formation in it of rosettes under the conditions of explantation. Materials and Methods. The material for explantation was taken from 7-11-week old human fetuses obtained following artificial interruption of pregnancy in the clinic. The possibility of the use of medium 199 for the study of the morphogenetic mechanisms during explantation to it of anlagen of the neural tube of chick embryos has been demonstrated by a number of authors [10, 11]. This medium has been used in this study as well. Whole embryos (7-8 weeks) or fragments of the telencephalon broken off during the abortion (9-11weeks) were placed in the medium, cooled to 0-4~ for transportation. The dorsolateral sections of the walls of the cerebral hemispheres were freed from the pia mater under laboratory conditions, cut into pieces, from 1 to 10 mm in diameter, which were transferred to a fresh portion of medium with the addition of penicillin and cultured at 37~ In the process each explant was placed into a drop of medium on a slide; after it was sucked up with a pipette, Bouin's fluid was applied to the preparation. The fixed material was treated by two methods. A portion of the material was used to obtain histological sections (thickness 7 ~rn, staining with hematoxylin-eosin). The other portion of the material, following a one-hour bath in distilled water, was embedded in a 1% solution of silver nitrate for one to two days, following which each of the pieces was treated with a standard solution of a developer for photographic film (the Ramon y Cajal method). The relief of the surface of the explant was clearly demonstrated using raking illumination from above. Side-lighting with a narrow beam of light was used for the intravital investigations of the explants. Investigation Results and Discussion. Numerous fissures on the ventricular surface were found in the initial material in the total preparations, both impregnated with silver nitrate (Fig. la), and in the intravital observations. The occurrence of fissures is apparently caused by manipulations during the interruption of pregnancy and during the opening of the brain vesicles during the preparation of the material for explantation. The fissures are observed in all of the fetuses from 7 to 11 weeks of development. At the same time, the surface facing the pia mater remains smooth. The depth of the fissures is varied (see Fig. lb): In some cases they penetrate only to the middle of the ependymal zone (of the neuroepithelium); in others, they reach the intermediate layer. Not infrequently, dead cells with pyknotic nuclei are found in the region of the fissures. Undamaged smooth sections of the ventricular surface of the neuroepithelium are visible between the fissures. In the number of instances the borders of such sections are raised above the general surface of the explant. Noticeable changes do not take place during the first hour of cultivation at 37~ The degeneration of neuroblasts in the cortical zone is observed only in some instances. After 3-6 h (see Fig. lc) the borders of the fissures are somewhat raised, forming ridges. It can be seen in the sections (see Fig. ld) that the free edges of the neuroepithelium which are everted toward the ventricular surface correspond to the ridges, while the fissures themselves begin to fill with cells probably arising from the intermediate zone. The degeneration of neuroblasts in the cortical and especially in the subcortical zones is well seen at this stage. After 12-24 h, the fissures gradually close over, while the ridges surrounding them reach maximal development (see Fig. le). Where the fissures are located close to one another, their

Differences in hair bundles associated with type I and type II vestibular hair cells of the guinea pig saccule.

Several studies have reported variations in shape and size of stereociliary bundles and in a limited number of observations have associated them to type I and type II hair cells. A systematic study has been undertaken for which a technique was developed in order to identify both cell types and their corresponding hair bundles. Numerous fissures were obtained in saccular epithelia and observed in scanning electron microscopy. Saccular type I and type II hair cells in the guinea pig were found to have distinctive hair bundles. The tallest stereocilia of almost all type I cells were longer than 6 microns, and were shorter in the striola compared to the periphery. In contrast, the tallest stereocilia of almost all type II cells were shorter than 6 microns and were not found to vary notably in size from the striola to the periphery. Hair bundles with stereocilia organized in straight or in staggered rows were found for both types of cells across the whole saccular epithelium, with no apparent particular distribution. Possible physiological significance of differences in hair bundles is discussed.

Oxygen transport in growing nickel oxide scales at 600?800�C

The effect of oxidation conditions on the penetration of oxygen into growing nickel oxide scales has been examined using oxygen isotope tracers and SIMS analysis. Depth profiles and cross-section images of oxide scales show that the proportion of oxygen penetration is increased as the temperature is reduced. At 600°C, the amount of oxygen tracer transported to the scale-metal interface is considerable, approaching that observed for a conventional “duplex” microstructure. The formation of healing oxide along numerous fissures through the oxide is directly observed in SIMS images. These fissures seem to coincide with grain boundaries in the preexisting oxide. As the oxidation temperature is increased, the oxygen transport becomes less uniform, some regions of the scale showing little or no transport. Reduction in the oxygen pressure reduces the amount of oxygen penetrating the scale.

Interaction of polymorphonuclear leucocytes with patellar cartilage of immobilised arthritic joints: a scanning electron microscopic study.

Short term immobilisation (seven days) of an antigen induced arthritic knee joint of the mouse led to attachment of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the cartilage surface and severe cartilage damage. The events at the patellar cartilage surface were studied by scanning electron microscopy and compared with the changes found in non-immobilised arthritic joints. At day 7 the immobilised arthritic joint showed an articular cartilage which was covered by a mat of fibrinous material and cell remnants. Moreover, inflammatory cells, clearly attached to the cartilage, showed large protrusions of their membranes. The cartilage surface, furthermore, showed numerous fissures of varying size and depth. These cartilage changes were much more pronounced in immobilised arthritic joints than in non-immobilised arthritic joints, and clear cell adhesion was exclusively found in the former. These findings show that immobilisation of inflamed mouse knee joints leads to increased damage and thus although clinical immobilisation is used to relieve pain, this may also risk damage to the articular cartilage.

Early Palaeolithic in Moravia, Czechoslovakia.

The first early palaeolithic tools, i.e. tools older than the Riss glacial period, were found already in the 1950s as isolated finds on the outskirts of Brno, either in the clay pits of brickworks (at the Brno–‘Červený kopec’, Brno-Židenice, ‘Malá Klajdovka’ and ‘Růženin dvůr’ localities) or in gravel terraces (Brno–Židenice, Brno–Líšeň). All these finds were worked pebbles or flakes. The research of the Lower Pleistocene palaeontological site ‘Stránská skála’, on the eastern fringes of the City of Brno, started in the early 1960s by the Anthropos Institute of the Moravian Museum and led by R. Musil, brought to the light the first collection of artefacts accompanied by fauna. Stránská skála is a rock of Jurassic limestones, its north-western slope covered with debris, loess and fossil soils. There is a very rich fauna of vertebrata and molluscs, especially in the complex of fossil soils, but also in the loess and in the numerous crevices, fissures and caves of the rock massif. They are classed as Upper Biharian and dated to the Cromerian period (Musil and Valoch 1968). In the loess below the soil complex was also located the Matuyama/Brunhes palaeomagnetic inversion (Bucha et al. 1975).

Geologic Setting of Polymetallic Sulfide Deposits on East Pacific Rise at 21øN and Juan de Fuca Ridge near 45øN: ABSTRACT

Massive sulfide deposits of zinc, copper, lead, and silver have been recovered from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in the mouth of the Gulf of California and from the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JFR) west of Oregon. Both of these oceanic spreading centers have a separation rate of about 2.4 in./year (6 cm/year), and the metal composition of their deposits is nearly identical. In both areas, the bulk of the sulfide deposits occur on, or immediately adjacent to, the morphologic axis of spreading in a sediment-free zone underlain by fresh glassy basalt. The axial zone of the EPR at 21°N is nearly 985 ft (300 m) deeper than that of the JFR. An extensive international program at the EPR has photographed and sampled both hydrothermal fluids and mineral deposits. The existence of acti e hydrothermal vents at the JFR is inferred from the form and the absence of weathering of samples recovered during a recent U.S. Geological Survey cruise. The EPR exhibits a moderate degree of morphologic symmetry, and the sulfide deposits are generally situated along a low axial pillow-basalt ridge that is flanked by slightly older crustal zones containing numerous fissures and faults. On the JFR, the massive sulfides occur within a continuous(?) depression along the center of a flat axial-valley floor 0.6 mi (1 km) wide that is underlain by extensive fresh glassy lava sheet flows; overall morphologic symmetry is strikingly developed at the JFR. Although the form and texture of the sulfide deposits are better known from the EPR, it is clear that the deposits and associated faunal communities differ between the two sites. The overall commonality of these deposits and their regional settings suggest that polymetallic sulfide deposits may be fairly common along spreading-center ridges in the East Pacific. To date, sulfide deposits have been discovered at six different widely separated sites. End_of_Article - Last_Page 979------------

The scale factor in the studies of the supermolecular structure and the mechanical properties of polymers a review

The influence of dimension on the properties of polymer samples is studied on all the materials. The reason is the possibility of larger structures disintegrating when relatively small stresses are applied. The effect of scale can be the result of the production method, the shape of the product, or the statistical nature of fatigue, which can be found for metals, concrete, graphite, timber, etc. The physical and mechanical properties of polymers depend in a particularly complex manner on the molecular and supermolecular structure. The configuration of the macromolecules determines their ability to adopt a specific conformation which then gives rise to various supermolecular structures. The latter depend in polymer samples on the shape and size, which is in contrast with other materials, as well as on the production method. Recent theoretical investigations have dealt with the effect of size on the durability of polymers. Time distribution functions have been compiled for samples containing numerous fissures which depended on size. Some authors found the Zhukov equation not to be applicable in some cases and that it should be limited by brittle fracture conditions. Isotropic plastics were cast at normal temperature. The fracturing stress dropped to 30% on raising the temperature. The strength parameters for anisotropic polymers were found to depend on changes of the working volume as well as on the geometrical dimensions. The shape of the supermolecular structures is known to depend on the layer thickness of the polymer in which they form. Very thin layers of a polymer capable of crystallization will stop the process. The supermolecular structures form on increasing the layer thickness. The boundary layer has a different structure from the rest and usually forms where the sample is thicker. The shape of the supermolecular structures alters as a function of time, especially during prolonged annealing and this is possibly an attempt to reach the state of equilibrium.

Physiography and structure of the inner floor of the FAMOUS rift valley: Observations with a deep-towed instrument package

Research Article| May 01, 1977 Physiography and structure of the inner floor of the FAMOUS rift valley: Observations with a deep-towed instrument package BRUCE P. LUYENDYK; BRUCE P. LUYENDYK 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar KEN C. MACDONALD KEN C. MACDONALD 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information BRUCE P. LUYENDYK 1Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 KEN C. MACDONALD 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (1977) 88 (5): 648–663. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<648:PASOTI>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation BRUCE P. LUYENDYK, KEN C. MACDONALD; Physiography and structure of the inner floor of the FAMOUS rift valley: Observations with a deep-towed instrument package. GSA Bulletin 1977;; 88 (5): 648–663. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<648:PASOTI>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract A deep-towed instrument survey was made of the floor of the rift valley in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near lat 37 °N (FAMOUS project). Near-bottom bathymetry, side-looking sonar (SLS), and wide-angle photography are among the data brought to bear on the definition of the American-African plate boundary and the intrusion-extrusion zone between these plates. The valley floor is 1 to 4 km wide and contains eight elongate shield volcanoes that occupy 40% of the axis. Where the volcanoes — called central highs — are absent, there are sometimes shallow depressions — called central lows. Photographic data show three components to the near-bottom environment: massive pillow lavas, well-sorted rock fragments, and sediment cover. Sediment is ubiquitous in all the photos but is scarcest along the axis of the valley floor. Pillows appear the freshest on the central highs except for one locality found at the extreme east side of the valley floor. The rock fragments are evidently pillow joint blocks and are associated with spalling off steep flow fronts and fracturing from faulting. Less well sorted fragments are associated with the large-throw step faults at the edges of the valley floor. Pillow elongation approaches 10:1 and possibly indicates flow directions both across and along contour. Numerous fissures and small-throw step faults were also seen. The SLS records show that the smoothest areas are the well-sedimented regions off the central highs that are yet to be broken by faulting at the floor edges. More than 700 faults were mapped in the valley-floor region. They trend parallel to valley strike (N17 °E) and are generally absent within 500 m of the axis. Fault density is highest at the east inner floor edge, reaching 35/km2. Fissures are present in photos but are not readily recognized with SLS data. Flow edges or ridges also align near N17 °E, but some trend across strike. SLS point targets 25 m high and about 50 by 50 m represent volcanic conelets (haystacks). These align in groups and often are associated with faults. They are not detected away from the axis.The floor is intensely fractured with fissures and small-throw vertical faults as are parts of the inner walls; this is evidence that the region of tensional faulting is at least 5 km wide. The absence of faults near the axis due to volcanic burial suggests that the extrusion zone is as much as 1 km wide. The construction process in the floor is virtually entirely volcanic, but much of this relief is obscured by the intensive shear (normal) faulting found beyond the inner walls. Many geomorphic features of the floor have direct analogy with those in the Icelandic rift valley and the East Pacific Rise, although there are differences in scale. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Fine structural study of the microgametogenesis of Eimeria auburnensis.

The microgametogenesis of Eimeria auburnensis from experimentally infected calves killed 16 to 18 days after inoculation was investigated with the electron microscope. Early microgametocytes had nuclei with compact nucleoli and relatively few electron-dense masses. In this stage, deep invaginations from the surface evidently served for the intake of nutrients from the parasitophorous vacuole. In older stages, the nuclei had no compact nucleoli and had more elctrondense material. An intranuclear fiber apparatus was present in some nuclei, apparently in an early stage of division. Nuclear division appeared in electron micrographs to occur by a kind of fission, in which the intranuclear fiber apparatus may participate. Numerous fissures appeared in the interior of the microgametocyte and the nuclei were arranged in irregular rows in association with these. Centrioles, either single or double, were observed between the nuclei and the membrane lining the fissures. Such nuclei often had an intranuclear fiber apparatus; one of the osmiophilic poles of this apparatus protruded outward from the nucleus in the vicinity of the centriole. Directly over this pole, electron-dense material, probably representing the anlage of the perforatorium, occurred immediately beneath the surface membrane of the fissure. As many as 9 closely arranged micropores were observed in this membrane in some specimens. In the nearly mature microgamete, the basal bodies of the flagella lay at the anterior end; the mitochondrion, with numerous, regularly arranged tubules began slightly posterior to this. The strongly osmiophilic, condensed nucleus was a little farther posterior; this remained connected by a narrow stalk with the uncondensed portion of the nucleus in the residual cytoplasm until the microgametes were almost completely mature. Usually, 2 flagella were present. Rarely, 3 flagella were observed, and evidence of a rudimentary middle flagellum was found in a number of specimens.

Examen métallographique d'uranium irradie

A metallographic examination was made of uranium which had been exposed to energies from 17 to 220 Mwd/t. Increasing energy causes increasing numbers of fine macles. At 220 Mwd/t a recrystallization was obseryed, and also the appearance of numerous intercrystalline fissures. (J.S.R.)

Sur l'association dans le terrain houiller du Brianconnais (Hautes-Alpes) des roches eruptives d'intrusion et des niveaux charbonneux; note preliminaire

Abstract In the anthracite formed in the contact of an intrusion of microgranite grading into microsyenite, which was emplaced between the seam and roof of a coal deposit south of Briancon, France, numerous fissures were formed which were filled with calcite or quartz, but not with microgranite.The intrusion may also be responsible for graphite inclusions in the anthracite.

Tectonics of the Rhyolite in the Mammoth Embayment, California

The Mammoth embayment, a downfaulted block along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, is surfaced in part by a large rhyolite field made up of curved ridges and irregular domelike masses of lava. The extrusions responsible for this landscape welled up from numerous fissures that traversed the embayment floor. The fissure pattern, as revealed by the flow structure of the rhyolite, shows a discordant relationship with the regional fracture system. It is believed that this discordancy was caused by a northwestward horizontal shift of the Sierra Nevada, subjecting the embayment to clockwise torsion. The similarity of the structural pattern of the rhyolite to the whorl-like flow structures in portions of the Sierra Nevada pluton suggests a similar mode of origin.

鑄鐵の生長に就て

The growth of gray cast iron during repeated heatings and coolings has been studied by many investigators and three different theories were maintained as follows: (1) The permanent elongation is produced by the expansion of the occluded gases in the metal at high temperatures; that is, the gases in minute cavities expand at high temperatures and make the content of the cavities permanently larger, thus giving a great porosity and apparent growth to the metal.(2) The growth of gray cast iron is principally shown to be the result of the oxidations of carbon, silicon as well as iron. (3) The growth of gray cast iron during the first heating through 700°C to 800°C is partly attributable to the decomposition of cementite and the next continuous growth during heating and cooling through the A1 range is the effect of the differential expansion at different microportions of the same casting, numerous fissures or cavities being thus formed, in the region of graphite flakes; and in an oxidising attmosphere, the growth is accelerated by oxides formed and filling the fissures or cavities during Ar1 transformation, thus the effect of oxidation on the growth of cast iron is indirect. In this investigation, the effects of some elements as carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, tin and chromium upon the growth of gray cast iron repeatedly heated were studied and also the growth on black heart malleable cast iron was observed. From these results of the experiments, the authour was discussed the above three theories on the growth of cast iron and given some complements to his previous theory explained in the above term (3)

Appendix I. ON AN ARTESIAN WELL AT OSWALDKIRK

A boring was put down under my direction near the village of Oswaldkirk, in 1912–13, in the expectation that the “ Kellaways Rock “ would be found beneath a cover of Oxford Clay and that, as its outcrop near Wass and Kilburn is at high level, water would be obtained under an artesian pressure. The site chosen was on the north side of the high road from Ampleforth to Oswaldkirk, at the foot of a lofty escarpment of Corallian rocks, and within a few yards of the northern fault of the Coxwold-Gilling trough. The ground falls somewhat steeply from the site to the little Syke Beck, which gives good exposures of Kimmeridge Clay. At Oswaldkirk Hall there, is a well 35 ft. deep which, by the description given in the Geol. Survey Memoirs, may be in Kimmeridge Clay ; another at the opposite end of the village is 50 ft. deep. The section (Plate XXXI.), drawn roughly to scale, shows the succession of strata encountered. Down to a depth of 178 feet a good deal of water was met with at intervals, but all ran away into the numerous fissures—some a foot wide—that were found to exist in the rocks. The base of the Corallian was at 180 feet, and until the boring had reached 178 feet, water had to be provided for the lubrication of the boring tool. It is a very remarkable, circumstance that all this water, as well as that yielded by the strata ...

On some characters of a dyke rock associated with the foliated gabbros of Glen Ernan, Aberdeenshire

An olivine-bearing dyke, about 8 feet in width, is seen cutting the foliated gabbros of Glen Ernan at a point close to the left bank of the Ernan, near the northern edge of the wood behind the mansion house of Ednaglassie, Strathdon, Aberdeenshire. The rock has a specific gravity of 3·06, and presents some interesting petrological characters which may be briefly described. It shows olivine in varying proportion from about a third to a half of its volume. The mineral is in places wonderfully fresh, is colourless, or of a faintly greenish-yellow tint, and shows lines of minute magnetite crystals, often beautifully contoured, along and parallel to its numerous fissures. At times the olivine crystals are surrounded with coronas of brown hornblende, less frequently and less continuously of biotite. The latter mineral exists in scattered patches independently of its relation to the olivine. Where the olivine has undergone a change in the direction of serpentine, it is of a darker greenish colour, and is bordered, where it meets the felspars, by narrow fringes of a greenish decomposition product. Numerous highly refracting reddish-brown points, occasionally showing crystalline outlines, are seen enclosed, oftenest in the olivine, through occasionally also in the hypersthene, and frequently give rise to a reddish brown stain along the fissures of the surrounding minerals. They are probably a decomposition product. Apatite occurs as an inclusion in the olivine, as well as in the hypersthene, but is also to be seen as an independent mineral. The hypersthene, which exists

V.—Note on the occurrence of Scorodite, Pharmacosiderite and Olivenite in Greenstone at Terras Mine, St. Stephens

At Terras mine there is an interesting junction of a well-marked tin-bearing elvan, whose course is about north and south, with a bed of greenstone, whose general bearing is nearly east and west. Near the junction, a few years since, a shaft was sunk 40 fathoms deep for the purpose of working a tin lode which was believed to cross the elvan just refered to at that point. At a depth of about 10 fathoms the bed of greenstone was met with, and it continued for 6 fathoms in depth in a very hard state, but from thence to the bottom of shaft it was much softer.The rock is one of the hardest and toughest I have ever come across. Ordinarily it is composed of a fine-grained mixture of hornblende and silica, but it contains numerous narrow cavities or partial fissures, which near the shaft in question are often studded over or lined with small crystals of the three arseniates mentioned above.

III. History of the Discovery of the Fossil Elephant of Malta, with a Description of the Fissure in which it was Originally Found

About Midsummer of the year 1857, when a quarry was being made in the soft calcareous sandstone in the district of Gaudia, near the village of Micabba, Malta, one of the numerous fissures so common in all the formations of the two islands was observed to run in a straight line about E. and W. It was a simple vent, with several funnel-shaped expansions, and, as usual, was filled with red earth and stones. Among the débris of one of these expansions, several bones of large size attracted the attention of the workmen, and Dr. Speteri Agius, LL.D., a gentleman residing in the neighbourhood, having heard of the discovery, repaired to the spot, and picked up from among the exuvise a portion of a tooth and several fragments of bones, which he deposited in the Museum of the Maltese University. Shortly afterwards, a dispute between the proprietor and the lessee of the quarry put an end to the excavation, and the entire cavity was filled with rubbish, and levelled out into afield. In that condition it remained until reopened in June 1865.