Numerous Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.

This research delves into China's linguistic landscape, exploring the intricate relationship between language policies and diversity. Despite being home to a vast population and numerous ethnic groups, China exhibits comparatively low linguistic diversity. Through a comprehensive analysis, this study examines the impact of language policies, focusing on constitutional guarantees, language laws, and educational initiatives. The research utilizes metrics developed by scholars such as Fearon and Greenberg to measure linguistic diversity and assesses the effects of policies on dialects, Putonghua, and minority languages. The findings highlight complex outcomes, including bidialectalism, the vernacularization of Putonghua, and challenges faced by minority languages. This exploration contributes to a deeper understanding of China's linguistic dynamics and their implications for cultural diversity.

ДЕПОРТАЦИЯ ПО УСТНЫМ ВОСПОМИНАНИЯМ ДЕТЕЙ-СПЕЦПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЕВ

The article is devoted to the memory of the German people about the deportation of 1941, their oral memories of the resettlement and its consequences. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of deportation and stay on the Kazakh land of one of the numerous ethnic groups - Germans who were moved from their native places. The main source was interviews with the descendants of the deportees who live in the territory of the Abai region. These stories are flled with pain, representatives of the older generation try to push tragic memories out of their memory. It is concluded that, despite all the hardships, the German people, together with representatives of other ethnic groups, were able to adapt and contribute to the economic development of the region.

Deportation of Germans: adaptation and life according to oral historical sources (based on materials from the Eastern Region)

The article is devoted to the memory of the German people about the deportation of 1941, their oral memories of the resettlement and its consequences. The purpose of this article is to reveal the process of deportation and stay on the Kazakh land of one of the numerous ethnic groups - Germans who were moved from their native places. The main source was interviews with the descendants of the deportees who live in the territory of the Abai region. The information received from them is most valuable because they were directly involved in the deportation process, and the materials also make it possible to form an idea of the fate of the German people, to evaluate history not from the point of view of figures and official reports, but from the point of view ofpeople who were in a difficult life situation. There are many common plots in the narratives about the deportation and its consequences. These stories are filled with pain, representatives of the older generation try to push tragic memories out of their memory. It is concluded that, despite all the hardships, the German people, together with representatives of other ethnic groups, were able to adapt and contribute to the economic development of the region.

The Jewish Cultural Code in the Visual Semiosis of Crimea

The subject of the study is the cultural code of Judaism in the visual semiosis of the Crimea. The object of the study is the traditional symbolism in the decor of the Jews of the Crimea: Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites and Krymchaks. The article uses the methods of cultural (semiotic, ontological and hermeneutic) analysis in the continuum of signs of the traditional Jewish semiosis, the idiographic method in the concept of the totality of signs, the method of analysis of previous studies, the method of synthesis in substantiating the morphology of signs. The following aspects of the topic are considered in the study: five main codes of Jewish culture are identified, their morphology and interrelationships are substantiated, as well as key meanings and the main central code. The main conclusions of the study are: 1. The multiethnic landscape of Crimea is made up of the cultures of numerous ethnic groups. The main feature of the identification and self-identification of cultures is religion. The Jews of Crimea include Ashkenazi Jews, Karaites and Crimeans. A single source for cultural codes in the Jewish semiosis is the Torah (the Mosaic Pentateuch) for all three ethnic groups, and for two of them (Jews and Krymchaks), the interpretation of the Torah is also the Talmud. 2. Based on the studied material, five main codes of the Jewish visual semiosis of the Crimea are identified, each of which unites a certain group of symbols: skewomorphic, phytomorphic, zoomorphic, numeric. The unifying code and the primary source of all codes is the code Book (Torah). The interrelationships between the codes, the key meanings – symbols of Creation, Paradise, Torah persons and Messianic aspirations are revealed. The semantic center of all codes is the repository of the Torah – Aron Hakodesh, and the Torah itself. Thus, the ring pattern "from Torah to Torah" is revealed. 3. A special contribution to the research of the topic is the systematization of the cultural codes of the Jewish semiosis of the Crimea. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time a culturological analysis was carried out and the interrelationships of cultural codes in the visual semiosis of the Crimea were structured.

Multikulturalität und Mehrsprachigkeit in der Donaumonarchie 1848–1918

The article under studies deals with the issue of inter-national and inter-cultural relations in the Danube Monarchy, which arose as a supra-national state project after the Revolution of 1848. This conglomerate of numerous ethnic groups and nationalities, which, due to the new liberal constitution and national harmony of 1867 (despite certain conflicts and social controversies between individual powerful subjects, languages and ethnic regions), lived in relative harmony and may be regarded today as a prototype of the European Union. Besides, the article investigates the phenomena of multi- and pluriculturalism, concepts of “endogenous” and “exogenous” plurality. Particular emphasis has been laid on the issue of multilingualism, its diverse mechanisms and practices.

Minority Mental Health Awareness Month: Closing the care gap

Mental illness affects 20% of U.S. adults each year. Minority communities in the United States face similar statistics — 18.4% of Hispanics/Latinos; 17.3% of African Americans; and 13.9% of Asians, for example. But, the similarities begin to fade when it comes to accessing treatment for mental illness. While nearly half (46.2%) of U.S. adults with mental illness receive treatment each year, only one‐third of minorities seek mental health support. It is time to treat mental illness, specifically depression, differently, especially within minority communities. We must expose the numerous imbalances diverse ethnic and racial groups face when it comes to accessing treatment for depression and collectively work toward solutions, including the following.

Syrians In Marwanid Period

Mervânîler, 983-1085 yılları arasında Kuzey Mezopotamya’da hüküm sürmüş İslam devletlerinden biridir. Bu bölgede, Hulefa-i Raşidin döneminde başlayan İslamlaşma süreci Mervânîler döneminde daha da hızlanmıştır. Mervânîler hâkim oldukları topraklarda Müslüman nüfusun yerleşmesine yardımcı olurken bölgenin kadim sakinleri olan ve Hıristiyanlığa mensup Süryani, Ermeni ve Rumlar’ın yanısıra bölgede az da olsa yaşayan Yahudiler’e dokunmadılar. Aksine daha sonraki Müslüman idarelere örnek teşkil edecek bir hoşgörülü yaklaşım yoluna gittiler. Öyle ki liyakat esasına dayanarak Gayri Müslimler’i Vezirlik, Tabiplik, Vakıf Nazırlığı, Divan Kâtipliği, Arızu’l-Ceyşlik gibi önemli devlet konumlarına getirdiler. Hatta durum öyle oldu ki Mervânîler’in bu uygulamalarda aşırıya gittiğini düşünenler bile oldu. Müslümanlar dışındaki din mensuplarının inanç özgürlüğü, ibadethane açma hürriyeti ve ibadetlerini herhangi bir baskı altında kalmadan yapmaları hususunda azami özen gösterilmiştir. Bu dönemde Mervânîler’in Gayri Müslim tebaasına karşı takındığı en ufak bir olumsuz tavra rastlanmamaktadır. Bizans gibi Hıristiyanlığı resmi din olarak kabul eden devletlerin baskısından bunalan farklı Hıristiyan gruplar Mervânî ülkesindeki özgür ortamdan ötürü bu ülkeye akın ettiler. Süryani patrikliğinin Diyarbakır’a taşınması da bu dönemde gerçekleşen önemli olaylardan biridir.

Multi-cultural cities reduce disadvantages in recognizing naturalistic images of other-race faces: evidence from a novel face learning task

People often find it more difficult to recognize other- than own-race faces. This other-race effect is robust across numerous ethnic groups. Yet, it remains unclear how this effect changes in people who live in a multiracial environment, and in immigrants whose lifetime perceptual experience changes over time. In the present study, we developed a novel face recognition test that approximates face recognition in the real world. We tested five groups of White and East Asian adults (n = 120) living in racially homogeneous versus heterogeneous cities and East Asians who immigrated to a multiracial city between infancy and adulthood. Multiracial cities reduce the other-race effect. The magnitude of the other-race effect changes as a function of experience, mirroring the racial diversity in perceivers’ living environment. Our study highlights the challenge of forming reliable face representations across naturalistic facial variability and suggests a facilitative role of multiracial environments in eliminating the other-race effect.

Gardens of Empire: Imperial Practices and the Construction of a New Imperial Space

The Empire, as one of the political forms of state systems, existed at all times and on all continents. Its main feature has been the unification of numerous ethnic groups with different cultural, political and economic characteristics under a Center. Usually this unification led to the establishment of domination over the subjugated peoples with the help of imperial practices. One of these is the botanical garden.
 The imperial garden idea expressed many concepts of Empire: ideological, political, cultural, educational, etc. This institution was primarily intended to underline the Empire greatness through metaphors of center, paradise, prosperity, unity of different parties, etc. This was evident in the Modern history Empires, which arose because of the West's special interest in plant resources or their accompanying commodities: spices, sugar, silk, cotton, and others. The imperial garden in this time was designed to serve the Metropolis interests and at the same time for the colony development, which was carried out in accordance with the Center interests.
 The formation of this institution in Russia took place simultaneously in the Center and on the Frontier. The Astrakhan case shows well how this institution was formed in the region in the 18th century according to national trends. While some regions made progress during this period, the Center exhibited the opposite trend. After the breakthrough in the Petrine era, the development of this institution was not in line with the Empire objectives. In the 19th century, a tendency to realize the importance of this institution appeared again.

Ethno-Regional Independence and Autonomy as Ways to Exercise the Right to Self-Determination

The paper attempts to demonstrate (on the basis of international and national experience) that it is the federal structure that contributes to the successful resolution of the ethnical issue, the convergence of numerous ethnic groups on the basis of comprehensive understanding of their historical, socio-economic, cultural-linguistic and spiritual-religious features. Based on the study of best practices of institutional and management structures’ activities of federal states, the analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, a number of reports of the Venice Commission, the author concludes that there is no single model of federalism; each state has its own characteristics due to pecularities of historical and modern stages of development. In this regard, there can be no single, unified approach to resolving issues of self-determination of the peoples of constituent entities of the federation.The author pays special attention to Prof. Oleg Е. Кутафafin ideas devoted to the problems of federalism and the Russian statehood.The paper substantiates the statement concerning the need, in the conditions of the asymmetry of the federal structure of Russia, to pay attention to the proportional development of the regions while unconditionally maintaining the unity and integrity of the country. According to the author, the essence of the modern correct interpretation of the right to self-determination lies in the fact that each territorial community creates such a model for the development of its economic and socio-cultural life, such a management system that would comply with the democratically expressed will of the majority of the population, would meet its needs, guarantee individual human rights and would not contradict the general interests of the state. This is the only approach that can ensure implementation of the interests of ethnic, religious and other groups claiming self-determination within the mother state.The main factors of exercising the right to self-determination are described depending on the number of relevant ethnic groups, the compactness of their location, the level of socio-economic and cultural development, national self-identification and spirituality. At the same time, based on the principle of the state sovereignty that constitutes the foundation of modern international law, it is the prerogative of a State to resolve problems of the internal structure, to grant autonomous status to territorial units.

Health Equality as Global Public Health Concern in the Current COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

When all members of society have a fair and equal opportunity to be as healthy as possible, this is known as health equality. Health equality can be achieved by focusing public health policies and services on the individual needs of communities. It is an important concern on global public health. The concern on this issue is also raised during the COVID-19 pandemic. The epidemic of COVID-19 has brought social and racial injustice and disparity to the foreground of public health. It has demonstrated that health equality is still a work in progress, as COVID-19 has disproportionately affected numerous racial and ethnic minority groups, putting them at greater risk of becoming ill and dying as a result of the virus. People of different skin color from a wide range of backgrounds and experiences are included in the term "racial and ethnic minority groups. Many persons in these groups have had negative experiences, and some social determinants of health have long been overlooked.

Dynamics of ethnic groups in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1959 and forecast until 2061

A common problem in the development of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the post-Soviet period is depopulation caused by natural decline and migration outflow of the population. The decrease in numbers occurs both in the titular population of these countries and in all ethnic groups. But the rates of this reduction are different depending not only on external migrations, but also on the processes of natural reproduction of these groups. The aim of the study is to identify the main trends and features of the dynamics of the most numerous ethnic groups in the Baltic countries since 1959, as well as to assess the prospects for the natural reproduction of ethnic groups until 2061. The work uses statistical and graphical methods, but the novelty of the study is related to the analysis of the results of the forecast of ethno-demographic processes in the Baltic countries for the next four decades. As a result of the study, the main ethnic communities of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were divided into groups depending on the population dynamics in the Soviet, post-Soviet and forecast periods. The first group is formed by Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, a significant increase in the number of which in the Soviet period was associated with migration inflow, in the post-Soviet period there was a sharp decrease in the number due to migration outflow, in the forecast period this trend is expected to continue, but already due to the aging of the population. Sufficiently specific types of population dynamics over ten-year intervals characterize such ethnic groups as Poles, Jews, and Finns. Separately, the dynamics of the number of titular ethnic groups of the Baltic countries was considered. They are characterized by a slight increase in the number in the Soviet period, a not very significant reduction in the post-Soviet period, and the persistence of this trend due to the aging of the population in the forecast period. In all three Baltic countries, the share of titular ethnic groups is expected to continue to grow.

Dynamics of ethnic and language groups in Ukraine since 1959 and evaluation for 2021

Ukraine is the only one of the European countries of the near abroad that has conducted only one population census in the post-Soviet period. And that was more than twenty years ago. Related to this is the problem of studying ethno-demographic processes in the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The problem can be solved only by relying on the methods of ethno-demographic forecasting. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the dynamics of the most numerous ethnic and linguistic groups on the territory of Ukraine in the period from 1959, as well as to estimate their numbers up to 2021. According to the dynamics of the number in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, the ethnic communities of Ukraine were divided into two main groups. The first group consists of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians and Moldovans, whose numbers grew in the Soviet period and decreased in the post-Soviet period. The second group is formed by Jews, Poles, as well as a number of other peoples, whose numbers decreased throughout the entire interval under study. The main scenario of ethno-demographic dynamics up to 2021 assumes the course of assimilation processes (or “titleization” of the population) in the period after the 2001 census, similar to the period from 1989 to 2001. According to this scenario, the share of Russians from 1989 to 2021 within the borders of Ukraine by 2014 should decrease to 10.4 %, or more than twice (and without Crimea — to 8.6 %). In the case of the implementation of the main scenario for the native language, by 2021 the share of Russian-speakers should decrease to 24 % (almost 9 %).

Phronesis and library selection: Dilemmas in Nigerian faith-based universities

Nigeria is a religiously diverse country, home to between 250 and 400 different ethnolinguistic tribes with three prominent religious beliefs. Except for the southwest, which has a large population of Christians, Muslims, and indigenous African religions, the southern regions are predominantly Christian. Islam is widely practiced by the Hausa-Fulani in the northern areas, whereas Christianity is practiced by numerous minority ethnic groups in the region. This diversity can also be found in universities, as religious organizations control many private institutions. Christian groups own the most well-known and prestigious private institutions in Nigeria. Among these universities are Babcock University, which the Seventh-day Adventist Church owns; Covenant and Landmark University, which the Living Faith Church owns; Bowen University, which is owned by the Nigeria Baptist Convention; Redeemer’s University, which is owned by the Redeemed Christian Church of God; and Joseph Ayo Babalola University, which is owned by the Christ Apostolic Church. Other faith-based universities include Crawford University, which is owned by the Apostolic Faith Mission; Mountain Top University, owned by the Mountain of Fire Ministry; Madonna University, owned by the Catholic Church; and Ajayi Crowder University, which the Anglican Communion owns.

Formation of ethnic and language structure of the population of the Republic of Belarus and ethnodemographic forecast until 2069

The Republic of Belarus is characterized by unique features of ethnolinguistic processes in the post-Soviet space, namely, the multidirectional changes in the ethnic structure of the population and in the use of the Russian and Belarusian languages. The study is devoted to identifying the specifics of the demographic reproduction of the most numerous ethnic groups of the Republic of Belarus in connection with the changing ethnic and language policy, as well as forecasting their numbers until 2069. The study uses a modified cohort-component forecasting method, which is based on the shift of ages, and its advantage is taking into account the uneven distribution of the population by age and sex cohorts. If the trends in the self-identification of the population that emerged in the post-Soviet period persist, a significant increase in the share of Belarusians is expected in the next half century, while the share of almost all other ethnic groups will decrease (Jews and Gypsies may be an exception). The most significant losses in numbers and proportion are expected in two ethnic groups - Russians and Ukrainians. The number of Lithuanians may also noticeably decrease, and to a lesser extent, Poles and Tatars. While maintaining the current geopolitical situation in the coming decades, we should expect a further increase in the proportion of the population that calls Russian their native language and the language of home communication. In the event of a change in the geopolitical vector to a pro-Western one, a slow decrease in the proportion of the population that calls Russian as their native language is possible. With the strengthening of political integration with Russia, processes of a reverse change of identity to Russian are not ruled out.

Assessment of the relationship of transcription factor 7-like 2 rs4506565 (T/A) variant with type 2 diabetes in Iraqi Arab patients

Researchers have consistently linked some TCF7L2 gene variations, such as rs7903146, rs12255372, and rs11255372, to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in numerous populations and ethnic groups. The goal of this study is to show if the TCF7L2 variations rs4506565 T/A is linked to T2DM in Iraqi Arab patients. For this purpose, a case-control study was conducted with 100 T2DM patients and 100 controls. The Tetra-Primer ARMS-PCR Technique was used to genotype TCF7L2 rs4506565 T/A, making use of newly-designed primers. The study concluded that the TCF7L2 gene polymorphism rs4506565 T/A shows no significant difference in genotypes in any of the codominant, dominant, over dominant, recessive, and additive models. The dominant model has a significance with age but no significance with other parameters.

Transformational Islamic Education Ideas Abdurrahman wahid's perspective

This article examines Abdurrahman Wahid's (often referred to as Gus Dur) views on transformative Islamic education. This is a qualitative study conducted in a library. This research compiled a collection of Gus Dur's writings on transformative Islamic education. The data collection technique used in this study was content analysis. In comparison, the authors used procedures for compiling, connecting, reducing, presenting, and withdrawing data during the data analysis process. According to Abdurrahman Wahid's thinking, this study discovered two concepts of transformative Islamic education: peace education and multicultural education. In informal education, Gus Dur's idea of peace education can be implemented through a sociopolitical lens through cooperative learning strategies. In contrast, in non-formal education, it can be implemented through dialogue and deliberation strategies. Multicultural education is Gus Dur's vision of education to foster heterogeneity in Indonesian society. Because, as Gus Dur points out, Indonesia is made up of numerous ethnic groups, tribes, cultures, and religions. As a result, the Indonesian people face the possibility of conflict over religion, ethnicity, and culture.

Acne and rosacea in skin of colour.

Acne and rosacea are common inflammatory skin conditions present in numerous racial and ethnic groups. There are distinct differences in clinical presentation, exacerbating factors, potential triggers and consequences of both conditions in individuals with skin of colour (SOC), classified as Fitzpatrick skin types III-VI. For example, acne can be complicated by the development of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and keloid scarring in SOC, and this can influence treatment choice. Although rosacea is reported less frequently in SOC, this may be the result of delayed diagnosis or late presentation due to the difficulty in discerning the classic features of erythema in darker skin tones. In such cases, additional clues in the medical history and clinical examination may assist in making the diagnosis. This review aims to summarize nuances in both the diagnosis and management of these two common skin conditions in patients with SOC to support clinicians in providing an individualized treatment approach.

Categorical structure of the armenian image among russian students with different types of ethnic identity

Introduction.The article analyzes the specificity of the categorical structure of the Armenian image among Russian students of Barnaul with different types of ethnic identity. Representatives of the Armenian ethnic group are one of the numerous ethnic groups living in Russia, and the space of higher education seems to be one of the platforms where you can meet them. Thus, among modern students, the need to adapt both to the new educational space and to its multinationality is becoming actual. The process of such adaptation includes a number of difficulties that students of different nationalities face. In our opinion, such difficulties are also associated with the specifics of categorization by the indigenous population of members of different ethnic groups.Materials and Methods.The specificity of the categorical structure of the Armenian image is presented in the form of a structure of categories identified on the basis of the prevailing type of ethnic identity of the respondents. To achieve the goal of the study, the following methods were used: free associations, subjective scaling, factor analysis of data, the questionnaire "Types of ethnic identity" by G.U.Soldatova and S.V. Ryzhova. The selection consisted of 187 students of different specialties and different universities in Barnaul.Results.Four models have been obtained that reflect the categorical structure of the image of an Armenian in groups of Russian students with different types of ethnic identity. All groups of respondents categorize the Armenian on the basis of emotionality, sociability, strategy of behavior in the conflict, and the prevailing position in the group. The fullness of the selected categories is distinctive. Thus, Russian students with a pronounced normal ethnic identity note negative qualities of an Armenian, but positive characteristics prevail in the structure of the image (cheerful, talkative, expressive, compliant). Russian students with a pronounced hyperidentity also represent the Armenian in a complex way, highlighting their positive and negative characteristics, where the latter are mostly represented (competing, impulsive, cunning). In the structure of the image of an Armenian, the majority of respondents with predominantly ethnic indifference have negative characteristics, and the group of students with pronounced ethnonihilism almost completely represents the Armenian in a negative light.Discussion and Conclusions.Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that it is necessary to form a positive ethnic identity among students. It is assumed that the specificity of the categorization of a member of the Armenian ethnic group by Russian students will determine their nature of communication with a representative of this nationality.

The influence of colonial languages on language policies of francophone sub-Saharan Africa

Language as part of the colonial heritage has and will still stand as a challenge to the development of African languages and even bigger challenge facing language policies makers in African countries. As part of the former French colonial empire, Africa is now the most French speaking continent on the planet. In Sub-Saharan Africa in particular, although rich with numerous ethnic groups and thus languages, lots of its countries at the independence chose French as one of or the only official language of the country. This research endeavor sets out to analyze the language question in Africa, most particularly sub-Saharan African French speaking countries history and language situation, in a bid to understand the impact of French as official language on these countries’ language policy and planning, analyze efforts made by some of these countries in terms of policy and planning of national languages, and possibly offer some perspectives on language planning and policy in sub-Saharan African French speaking nations.