Numerical Estimates Research Articles

A compensation method for PMSM sensorless control with parameter identification considering SMO observation error

AbstractSensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) can increase the reliability of electric actuators of more electrical aircraft. Numerical online parameter estimation method will enhance the performance for sensorless control methods based on sliding mode observer (SMO). However, numerical online parameter identification methods typically assume zero rotor position estimation error to ensure full rank of the identification equation set. This assumption actually leads to errors in parameter identification, resulting in steady‐state errors in rotor position estimation. This paper focuses on a compensation method for PMSM online parameter identification that takes into account rotor position estimation error. This method is used for sensorless control based on SMO, using model reference adaptive systems for online parameter identification, and no additional parameter adjustment required. Validation is conducted on a PMSM experimental platform with maximum load of 15kW. The experimental results of 1000 r/min steady state operation proved the effectiveness of the method, and the dynamic experiments with 5 and 15kW loads proved that the method has no significant adverse effect on the system dynamics.

Interplay among entanglement, measurement incompatibility, and nonlocality

Nonlocality, manifested by the violation of Bell inequalities, indicates entanglement within a joint quantum system. A natural question is how much entanglement is required for a given nonlocal behavior. Here, we explore this question by quantifying entanglement using a family of generalized Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt-type Bell inequalities. Given a Bell-inequality violation, we derive analytical lower bounds on the entanglement of formation, a measure related to entanglement dilution. The bounds also lead to an analytical estimation of the negativity of entanglement. In addition, we consider one-way distillable entanglement tied to entanglement distillation and derive tight numerical estimates. With the additional assumptions of qubit-qubit systems, we find that the relationship between entanglement and measurement incompatibility is not simply a trade-off under a fixed nonlocal behavior. Furthermore, we apply our results to two realistic scenarios—non-maximally entangled and Werner states. We show that one can utilize the nonlocal statistics by optimizing the Bell inequality for better entanglement estimation.

Examining the Impact of Structural Uncertainty Across 10 Type 2 Diabetes Models: Results From the 2022 Mount Hood Challenge

ObjectivesThe Mount Hood Diabetes Challenge Network aimed to examine the impact of model structural uncertainty on the estimated cost-effectiveness of interventions for type 2 diabetes. MethodsTen independent modeling groups completed a blinded simulation exercise to estimate the cost-effectiveness of 3 interventions in 2 type 2 diabetes populations. Modeling groups were provided with a common baseline population, cost and utility values associated with different model health states, and instructions regarding time horizon and discounting. We collated the results to identify variation in predictions of net monetary benefit (NMB) and the drivers of those differences. ResultsOverall, modeling groups agreed which interventions had a positive NMB (ie, were cost-effective), Although estimates of NMB varied substantially—by up to £23 696 for 1 intervention. Variation was mainly driven through differences in risk equations for complications of diabetes and their implementation between models. The number of modeled health states was also a significant predictor of NMB. ConclusionsThis exercise demonstrates that structural uncertainty between different health economic models affects cost-effectiveness estimates. Although it is reassuring that a decision maker would likely reach similar conclusions on which interventions were cost-effective using most models, the range in numerical estimates generated across different models would nevertheless be important for price-setting negotiations with intervention developers. Minimizing the impact of structural uncertainty on healthcare decision making therefore remains an important priority. Model registries, which record and compare the impact of structural assumptions, offer one potential avenue to improve confidence in the robustness of health economic modeling.

Design and characteristic analysis of flame cutting nozzles for ultralarge-thickness steel ingots

The cutting thickness of the flame cutting nozzle mainly depends on the characteristics of the cutting oxygen jet, and in the process of designing and manufacturing a flame cutting nozzle with an ultralarge thickness, it is impossible to carry out multiple experiments to optimize the design due to the difficulty in testing, safety, manufacturing cost, environmental pollution, and other problems. In this paper, the Laval-type cutting oxygen orifice channel was first designed by theoretical calculation, the pressure, velocity, Mach number, and density distribution characteristics of the cutting oxygen jet were investigated by numerical simulation, and the reliability and adaptability of the numerical simulation results were verified by experiments. Then, the numerical simulation comparison and estimation method of jet characteristics with the general-purpose G301-7# nozzle was used to study the cutting oxygen orifice channel of the ultralarge thickness flame cutting nozzle. The results show that under the condition of a 19 mm throat diameter and 10 atm inlet pressure, it was estimated that the length of cutting oxygen flow from the design nozzle can reach 1800 mm and the cutting thickness can reach 2500 mm based on the density value; the length of cutting oxygen flow can reach 2000 mm and the cutting thickness can reach 3800 mm based on the velocity value; the length of cutting oxygen flow can reach 1600 mm according to the value of the oxygen quality fraction; and the cutting thickness can reach 2800 mm based on the oxygen mass fraction content. Finally, trial production of the nozzle design, verification of the cutting test, the nozzle with a cutting thickness of 2500 mm at an oxygen pressure of 7 atm, and the cutting quality were all good.

Effect of the solar radiation pressure on the motion of satellites in almost circular Earth orbits

This paper considers the effect of the solar radiation pressure on the motion of a satellite in an almostcircular low-Earth orbit. The formulation of the problem is due to the need to determine the effect of solar radiation pressure forces on the motion of light commercial Earth remote sensing (ERS) satellites with large surface areas (solar batteries and antennas). The goal is to determine the main regularities of this effect, construct reasonably simple and accurate estimates of changes in orbital parameters for the orbits under consideration, and clarify their physics (cause-and-effect relations) The novelty of this study also lies in the use of variables specially introduced to describe a motion in almost circular orbits. The study assumes that the solar radiation pressure force is constant throughout the entire orbit, and it is concerned with dawn-dusk orbits, which are often used for ERS satellites with radar observation systems. The paper presents simple analytical expressions that describe the main regularities of short-term (several days) changes in orbital parameters. It is shown that the change in the orientation of the orbital plane is determined by the action of the gyroscopic moment. This moment balances the effect of the moment of external forces aimed at changing the orientation and the change in the orientation perpendicular to the direction of the applied moment of the external forces. The main effect of the solar radiation pressure is the excitation of forced oscillations of the orbital radius, whose amplitude linearly increases with time. The maximums of these oscillations (apogee) are at the point where the light pressure forces maximally slow down the motion of the satellite (directed oppositely to the velocity), and the minimums (perigee) are at the point of the maximum motion acceleration. It is shown that the annual movement of the Sun can qualitatively change the picture of the evolution of orbital parameters. For sun-synchronous dawn-dusk orbits, compact analytical solutions for changes in orbital parameters are constructed, and it is shown that the annual movement of the Sun’s declination reverses the direction of evolution of the orbital shape. The calculations showed a reasonably high accuracy of the analytical solutions at the initial stage. The obtained numerical estimates make it possible to evaluate the effect of the solar pressure on changes in orbital parameters.

Alignment Error Estimation of the Conductive Pattern of 3D-Printed Circuit Boards

Introduction. When manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs), including their prototypes, the proper alignment of PCB layers is mandatory. While the causes and preventive measures against misalignment in PCBs manufactured using conventional technologies are known, research into alignment errors in 3D-printed PCBs is still ongoing. Another task regarding 3D printing, which is related to topological accuracy (alignment errors in particular), consists in ensuring the opportunity to remove the printed part of the product in order to perform operations thereon, such as embedding components, followed by its return and continuation of the printing process.Aim. Numerical estimation and analysis of the causes of layer-to-layer alignment errors in PCBs manufactured using 3D printing.Materials and methods. The research was conducted using the following materials and equipment: Polyethyleentereftalaatglycol (PETG); an Ultimaker Cura slicer; an Ender 3 S13D printer; a brass nozzle with a diameter of 0.3 mm. The study was conducted using the facilities of the Additive Technologies Center, Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Interlayer alignment errors are estimated by microsection analysis and X-ray inspection, as well as using the misalignment decomposition method described by Yu.B. Tsvetkov for electronics.Results. The possibility of manufacturing PCB prototypes with three conductive layers is demonstrated, including a method for removing the printed part of the product and its further return in the printing process using printed pins. Large-scale distortions were found to make the largest contribution to the alignment error: on average, approximately 150 gm for each layer when compared to its 3D model and approximately 60 gm when comparing the topology of the top layer with the bottom layer. These values exceed the common misalignment value of 50 gm for the pin lamination process. This substantiates the need to control and minimize temperature effects, e.g., using 3D printers with a thermostatically-controlled chamber.Conclusion. The conducted analysis of possible causes of misalignment emergence determines the significance of temperature gradients that occur during 3D printing. The proposed manufacturing method allows the printed part of the product to be removed and further returned into the printing process, which can be used to produce PCB prototypes with three conductive layers.

Magmatic degassing and fluid metasomatism promote compositional variation from I-type to peralkaline A-type granite in the late Cretaceous Fuzhou felsic complex, SE China

Abstract A-type granites generally have much lower water, higher temperature, and incompatible element concentrations than I-type granitoids. Yet it remains unclear why I-A-type granitic complexes occur in convergent plate margins. Here we conduct geochemical analyses on apatite and mafic minerals from the late Cretaceous I-A-type granitic complex in Fuzhou area, SE China, aiming to decipher differentiation, fluid metasomatism, and degassing that primarily control the compositional diversity of felsic magmas. Apatites in both rock types are F-rich and show large H2O and δD variations, i.e., 341–3892 ppm H2O and –325 to +336‰ δD in I-type granitoids; 67–1366 ppm H2O and –251 to +1439‰ δD in A-type granites. H2O in apatite is negatively correlated with La/Sm and Sr/Y in the I-type granitoids, whereas it is positively correlated with Ce and total rare earth element (REE) concentrations in the A-type granites. Once H2O increases up to hundreds of ppm, both rock types show a rapid decrease of H2O/Ce, an increase of F/Cl, and extensive H isotope fractionation. Arfvedsonite occurs as a late crystallizing mineral in the A-type granite and has much higher contents of Na2O, K2O, F, and high field strength elements (HFSE) than hornblende in the I-type granitoids, indicating the addition of F-HFSE-rich alkaline fluids during its magmatic evolution. The consumption of arfvedsonite and formation of aegirine further indicate the role of fluid metasomatism and H2 degassing via a reaction of 3Na3Fe5Si8O22(OH)2 + 2H2O = 9NaFeSi2O6 + 2Fe3O4 + 6SiO2+5H2. The combined geochemical data demonstrate that the systematic differences in mineral assemblage, whole-rock composition, magma temperature, H2O content, and δD of apatite between the I- and A-type granites are likely attributed to varying degrees of differentiation, fluid metasomatism and magmatic degassing. The I-type granitoids experienced hornblende, biotite, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and apatite fractionation and close-system degassing. The A-type granite was likely formed from the I-type monzogranitic magma that was metasomatized by the mantle-derived F-HFSE-rich alkaline fluids to produce the peralkaline magma, which further experienced K-feldspar + plagioclase + biotite + apatite fractionation and open-system degassing. Further numerical estimation indicates that the primary magma of Fuzhou granitic complex contained ~3.0 wt% H2O, and the lower water content of A-type granite was likely attributed to strong degassing during its emplacement. Our results indicate that some peralkaline A-type granites can be generated from relatively water-poor I-type granitic magmas by fluid metasomatism and degassing.

Estimation of the observation range for an underwater gated lidar

Numerical estimates of the achievable observation range using an underwater gated lidar with modified CCD or CMOS matrices under different turbidity of the aquatic environment have been carried out. It follows from the re-sults of the calculations that lidars using common matrix receivers make it possible to implement active vision sys-tems with an observation range acceptable for practice.

Exploiting small punch test for mechanical characterization of cold sprayed deposits

Conventional testing procedures often encounter challenges to characterize the mechanical properties of deposits of limited thickness such as coatings. To overcome this limitation, the literature has explored various miniature-testing methods, and, among these, the small punch test has emerged as a promising solution offering the main advantage of requiring a minimal volume of material. This study focuses on cold sprayed deposits in as-sprayed and thermally treated conditions and presents the results of an experimental campaign of mechanical characterization of 316L steel and copper deposits. In parallel, small punch tests are simulated numerically with inverse analysis to estimate comprehensively the stress-strain curves. Results suggest an extremely brittle behavior of the as-sprayed specimens and a good agreement between the experimental and numerical estimations of the mechanical properties of the ductile thermally treated specimens. Ultimately, the findings highlighted the sensibility of the small punch test to the microstructure and its gradients of cold sprayed deposits.

A Scalable Quantum Gate‐Based Implementation for Causal Hypothesis Testing

AbstractIn this work, a scalable quantum gate‐based algorithm for accelerating causal inference is introduced. Specifically, the formalism of causal hypothesis testing presented in [Nat Commun 10, 1472 (2019)] is considered. Through the algorithm, the existing definition of error probability is generalized, which is a metric to distinguish between two competing causal hypotheses, to a practical scenario. The results on the Qiskit validate the predicted speedup and show that in the realistic scenario, the error probability depends on the distance between the competing hypotheses. To achieve this, the causal hypotheses are embedded as a circuit construction of the oracle. Furthermore, by assessing the complexity involved in implementing the algorithm's subcomponents, a numerical estimation of the resources required for the algorithm is offered. Finally, applications of this framework for causal inference use cases in bioinformatics and artificial general intelligence are discussed.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СЕРВИСА

A wide range of agricultural machinery in need of high-quality maintenance throughout the entire operational period to ensure uninterrupted and efficient operation is one of the most important links in the agro-industrial complex. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a mathematical model showing the relationship between the conduct of maintenance activities and the unit of equipment of the agricultural fleet; within the framework of the obtained mathematical model, deriving a criterion assessment of the quantitative conduct of maintenance. (Materials and methods) Indicated that such estimates can be obtained by applying mathematical modeling. A mathematical model was constructed using a visual diagram reflecting the relationship between the machines of the agricultural park, types of maintenance, elements of set theory and mathematical analysis. We used the theory of sets, which allowed us to move from the units of equipment of the fleet of agricultural machines to an analytical representation of realities and derive a constant that gives an assessment of maintenance depending on the number of activities carried out during the time interval under consideration. (Results and discussion) It was noted that it is necessary to improve the quality of maintenance by improving the control of its implementation in real conditions. The novelty of this work consists in the originality of the obtained scheme linking the types of maintenance and the machines of the agricultural fleet, without being tied to the number of units of equipment; in the development of a mathematical model that allows, using theoretical calculations, contributing to improving the control of maintenance activities by obtaining a universal constant that quantifies for any type of equipment and maintenance. The theoretical results were tested using the Kirovets-739 tractor as an example. (Conclusions) We obtained a schematic representation of the relationship between the components of the machine and tractor fleet and a numerical estimate reflecting the number of completed scheduled maintenance steps during the time period under study when using mathematical methods in the organization and conduct of maintenance.

The effect of different edge conditions on the motion of a submerged elastic disc

The present study examines the effects of various edge conditions of a submerged flexible disc on wave propagation for infinite-depth water within the framework of linear water waves theory. Three types of edge conditions (namely Free edge, simply supported edge, and clamped edge) are taken into consideration for the analysis. The governing boundary value problem (BVP) has been solved by reducing it to a two-dimensional hypersingular integral equation. The notion of modal analysis has been adopted to examine the structural response of the disc on the propagation of waves. Later, the two-dimensional hypersingular integral has been transformed into a second kind one-dimensional Fredholm integral equation by applying Fourier series expansion. Finally, the Nystrom technique based on Gauss–Legendre quadrature nodes is used to obtain an approximate solution of the one-dimensional integral equation. The computed solution is used to evaluate the numerical estimates of the physical quantities such as added mass, damping coefficient, hydrodynamic force, and surface elevation for different edge conditions mentioned earlier.

Patient Perceptions of Standardized Risk Language Used in ACR Prostate MRI PI-RADS Scores

IntroductionProstate MRI reports use standardized language to describe risk of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) from “equivocal” (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI-RADS] 3), “likely” (PI-RADS 4), to “highly likely” (PI-RADS 5). These terms correspond to risks of 11%, 37%, and 70% according to American Urological Association guidelines, respectively. We assessed how men perceive risk associated with standardized PI-RADS language. MethodologyWe conducted a crowdsourced survey of 1,204 men matching a US prostate cancer demographic. We queried participants’ risk perception associated with standardized PI-RADS language across increasing contexts: words only, PI-RADS sentence, full report, and full report with numeric estimate. Median perceived risk (interquartile range) and absolute under/overestimation compared with American Urological Association standards were reported. Multivariable linear mixed-effects analysis identified factors associated with accuracy of risk perception. ResultsMedian perceived risks of csPCa (interquartile range) for the word-only context were “equivocal” 50% (50%-74%), “likely” 75% (68%-85%), and “highly likely” 87% (78%-92%), corresponding to +39%, +38%, and +17% overestimation, respectively. Median perceived risks for the PI-RADS-sentence context were 50% (50%-50%), 75% (68%-81%), and 90% (80%-94%) for PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5, corresponding to +39%, +38%, and +20% overestimation, respectively. Median perceived risks for the full-report context were 50% (35%-70%), 72% (50%-80%), and 84% (54%-91%) for PI-RADS 3, 4, and 5, corresponding to +39%, +35%, and +14% overestimation, respectively. For the full-report-with-numeric-estimate context describing a PI-RADS 4 lesion, median perceived risk was 70% (50%-%80), corresponding to +33% overestimation. Including numeric estimates increased correct perception of risk from 3% to 11% (P < .001), driven by men with higher numeracy (odds ratio 1.24, P = .04). ConclusionMen overestimate risk of csPCa associated with standardized PI-RADS language regardless of context, especially for PI-RADS 3 and 4 lesions. Changes to PI-RADS language or data-sharing policies for imaging reports should be considered.

Vieta–Lucas matrix approach for the numeric estimation of hyperbolic partial differential equations

This study is focused on the hyperbolic partial differential equations (HPDEs) to obtain their numerical solution. Here, the Vieta–Lucas Tau operational approach (VLTM) is proposed and utilized to solve the initial value problems related to HPDEs. In this approach, shifted Vieta–Lucas polynomials (SVLPs) are employed as the basis functions to assume the general solution. The integral and derivative operational matrices for SVLPs are built over a generalized domain. These operational matrices are used to convert this problem into a collection of algebraic equations. The examination of the convergence errors is well covered. The projected accuracy and efficacy of the method are confirmed when several cases are taken into account. Excellent agreement between exact and estimated findings is obtained, and in certain situations, estimated values are remarkably accurate. Finally, we can state that the VLTM method is dependable, efficient, precise, and easy to use.

Theory of a quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillator of a backward wave: threshold and spectrum

We theoretically study the stationary and nonstationary modes of the backward wave generation of an optical parametric oscillator based on quasi phase-matching. We obtain convenient analytical expressions in both modes. We derive, for the stationary lasing mode, the optimal values of the pump intensity and the total length of the structure. We present a numerical estimate of the threshold intensity for PPKTP and LiNbO3 and a comparison with the experiment. It is shown that the group velocity dispersion leads to a narrowing of the backward wave spectrum. But the forward wave pulse phase modulation contributes to the broadening of the central maximum of the backward wave.

Environmental memory facilitates search with home returns

Search processes in the natural world are often punctuated by home returns that reset the position of foraging animals, birds, and insects. Many theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies have now demonstrated that this strategy can drastically facilitate search, which could explain its prevalence. To further facilitate search, foragers also work as a group: modifying their surroundings in highly sophisticated ways, e.g., by leaving chemical scent trails that imprint the memory of previous excursions. Here, we design a controlled experiment to show that the benefit coming from such environmental memory is significant even for a single, nonintelligent searcher that is limited to simple physical interactions with its surroundings. To this end, we employ a self-propelled bristle robot that moves randomly within an arena filled with obstacles that the robot can push around. To mimic home returns, we reset the bristle robot's position at constant time intervals. We show that trails created by the robot give rise to a form of environmental memory that facilitates search by increasing the effective diffusion coefficient. Numerical simulations and theoretical estimates designed to capture the essential physics of the experiment support our conclusions and indicate that these are not limited to the particular system studied herein. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Omnipolar conduction velocity mapping for ventricular substrate characterization: Impact of CV estimation method and EGM type on in vivo conduction velocity measurements

BackgroundAreas of abnormal or heterogeneous conduction velocity (CV) are important ablation targets for ventricular tachycardias, yet precise assessment of CV in clinical contact mapping remains challenging. Numerous different CV estimation methods have been proposed. ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the automated local activation time (LAT)–independent omnipolar-based CV estimation method termed wave speed (WS) with 4 established LAT-based methods to formally establish the quantitative differences between them. MethodsHigh-density contact maps in patients with structurally normal hearts during sinus rhythm (SR) and ventricular ectopy (VE) were retrospectively analyzed. CV was assessed and compared by 5 methods: omnipolar WS, gradient method, planar wavefront fitting, circular wavefront fitting, and radial basis function. CV variations based on electrogram (EGM) type (unipolar, bipolar, and omnipolar), catheter movement, and surrogate markers for catheter contact were analyzed. ResultsThe study included 23 patients (47.8% male; 45.7 ± 17.3 years) with 22 SR maps (11 left ventricle, 11 right ventricle) and 16 VE maps (9 left ventricle, 7 right ventricle). The WS algorithm yielded statistically significant higher CV estimates in SR (mean, 1.41 ± 0.18 m/s) and VE (mean, 1.23 ± 0.18 m/s) maps compared with all LAT-based estimation methods, with absolute differences ranging from 0.1 m/s to 0.81 m/s. Median pointwise differences in SR and VE between WS and LAT-based methods were high, ranging from 0.55 ± 0.15 m/s (WS vs planar wavefront fitting) to 0.67 ± 0.16 m/s (WS vs radial basis function). For LAT-based methods, use of unipolar EGMs yielded significantly higher CV estimates than bipolar or omnipolar EGMs in SR. ConclusionThe CV estimation method has an important, statistically significant impact on ventricular CV measurements. Future work will focus on how these differences affect identification of pathologic conduction slowing in scar-related substrate.

How are We Doing Today? Using Natural Speech Analysis to Assess Older Adults’ Subjective Well-Being

The research presents the development and test of a machine learning (ML) model to assess the subjective well-being of older adults based solely on natural speech. The use of such technologies can have a positive impact on healthcare delivery: the proposed ML model is patient-centric and securely uses user-generated data to provide sustainable value not only in the healthcare context but also to address the global challenge of demographic change, especially with respect to healthy aging. The developed model unobtrusively analyzes the vocal characteristics of older adults by utilizing natural language processing but without using speech recognition capabilities and adhering to the highest privacy standards. It is based on theories of subjective well-being, acoustic phonetics, and prosodic theories. The ML models were trained with voice data from volunteer participants and calibrated through the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL), a widely accepted tool for assessing the subjective well-being of human beings. Using WHOQOL scores as a proxy, the developed model provides accurate numerical estimates of individuals’ subjective well-being.Different models were tested and compared. The regression model proves beneficial for detecting unexpected shifts in subjective well-being, whereas the support vector regression model performed best and achieved a mean absolute error of 10.90 with a standard deviation of 2.17. The results enhance the understanding of the subconscious information conveyed through natural speech. This offers multiple applications in healthcare and aging, as well as new ways to collect, analyze, and interpret self-reported user data. Practitioners can use these insights to develop a wealth of innovative products and services to help seniors maintain their independence longer, and physicians can gain much greater insight into changes in their patients’ subjective well-being.

Numerical and Analytical Estimation of the Wind Speed Causing Overturning of the Fast-Erecting Crane—Part II

The currently presented work is a continuation of the previous one, where the estimation of the forces induced by the wind flow acting on the fast-erecting crane. In that work, the values of the aerodynamic forces were determined experimentally and numerically for the sectional models of the tower and jib. Next, the obtained results were compared with the appropriate standards. Now, the main aim is to determine the critical wind speed causing the overturning of the whole structure. At the very beginning, the numerical analysis of the simplified model of the crane on the real scale is studied. The computations are performed with the use of the ANSYS FLUENT R22. The simulations are performed for three different wind profiles, namely: urban terrain, village terrain, and open terrain. Moreover, the various geometric configurations of the crane in the wind direction are studied. The k-ε model of turbulent flow is exploited. The obtained critical values of the wind speed are confronted with those that are obtained from standards and estimations based on the results obtained from previous investigations performed for sectional models. The influence of the load carried by the crane is also taken into consideration in the overturning of the structure.

Numerical Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture by Machine Learning Algorithms in Different Climatic Types

Numerical Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture by Machine Learning Algorithms in Different Climatic Types