Numerical Part Research Articles

Seat-integrated Personalized Ventilation Diffuser for Improving Air Quality Aboard Commercial Aircraft

Current commercial aircraft ventilation design focuses on space optimization and pressure-related safety parameters. It inadequately takes into account the impact of the mixing ventilation system on pathogen dispersion in an enclosed space with low humidity. Current international guidelines relating to pathogen transfer reduction, suggest a combined approach using both traditional mixing ventilation systems and personalized ventilation. The present paper studies the impact of seat-integrated personalized ventilation diffusers on the air quality in the passenger breathing zone. The study employs an experimental setup backed by numerical simulations to evaluate the system’s potential to disperse pollutants near the breathing zone. Human thermal manikins were used to simulate the passengers in a full-scale mock-up of the airplane cabin. The velocity fields of the personalized ventilation diffusers and the thermal plume have been measured using PIV techniques. The experimental results were used to validate the CFD scenarios. The numerical part of the study used exhaled CO2 accumulation in the breathing zone to assess the effectiveness of the PV diffusers. Results indicate that the presence of the PV diffusers directs the exhaled CO2 upwards and can act as a barrier preventing pathogens from entering the breathing zone.

Sustainable inventory model with controlled temperature for deteriorating products under preservation technology

The disaster or epidemic has created a terrible situation in front of the whole world. This study saves the Corona vaccine's quality and keeps its demand in mind. This study develops an inventory model for deteriorating products with preservation technology investment under ramp-type demand. Reducing the deterioration rate of items reduces the number of waste items, which is beneficial for the environment. The demand increases at the ramp-type demand rate at the start, and then the market tends to a constant rate until the end of the inventory cycle. Retailers are attempting to reduce emissions, which impacts inventory levels. As a result, the impact of carbon emissions from holding and deterioration costs has been investigated in this study. This study allows for partially backlogging and shortages. The numerical part shows the minimized total cost of this study. The numerical findings indicate that the value of total cost increases due to carbon emissions. The study is analyzed for two cases: Case I shows a difference of 0.45% in total cost due to carbon emission, while Case II shows a difference of 0.20% in total cost due to carbon emission. Carbon emissions and preservation technology have a significant impact on environmental preservation. Finally, numerical examples and graph representation for convexity of total cost and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate.

Numerical and analytical study on the punching shear capacity prediction for eccentrically loaded flat slabs with openings

The punching shear behavior of interior flat slab was examined in this study in the absence of shear reinforcement using numerical and analytical techniques. The effect of sensitive parameters was investigated and their influence was examined and reported including the opening existence and location, loading eccentricity, and slab height. The effect of the reinforcement ratio is neglected in most of the literature models and code provisions with the influence of loading eccentricity being addressed inappropriately. Therefore, this study adopted the nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) method for the numerical part where the flat slab punching shear behavior was studied in detail. Results were compared in their behavior at both cracking and ultimate stages, absorbed energy, elastic and plastic stiffnesses, and general trend lines were provided. The effect of the reinforcement ratio was assessed indirectly with slabs of similar reinforcement area and different slab effective depths (65, 95, 125, and 155) mm where a 25 mm concrete cover was used. In addition, the NLFEA punching shear capacity results were compared with three international codes (American Concrete Institute (ACI318-119), EuroCode (EC2), and Model Code (MC2010)) to highlight their potential predictability and weakness points. It was found that the MC2010 has the most conservative prediction, followed by the EC2 and the ACI318-19 predictions. Therefore, two modification parameters were proposed for the ACI318-19 punching shear capacity calculation with R2 value of 0.98. The modified version of the ACI318-19 was validated using experimental data from the literature proving a high prediction capability.

The Archaeology of Early Cities: “What Is the City but the People?”

The archaeology of early urbanism is a growing and dynamic field of research, which has benefited in recent years from numerous advances at both a theoretical and a methodological level. Scholars are increasingly acknowledging that premodern urbanization was a much more diverse phenomenon than traditionally thought, with alternative forms of urbanism now identified in numerous parts of the world. In this article, we review recent developments, focusing on the following main themes: (a) what cities are (including questions of definitions); (b) what cities do (with an emphasis on the concentration of people, institutions, and activities in space); (c) methodological advances (from LiDAR to bioarchaeology); (d) the rise and fall of cities (through a focus on persistence); and (e) challenges and opportunities for urban archaeology moving forward. Our approach places people—with their activities and networks—at the center of analysis, as epitomized by the quotation from Shakespeare used as the subtitle of our article.

Theoretical modeling of feedstock-laser energy interaction in directed energy deposition with simultaneous wire and powder feeding

The Laser-based Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) process is widely employed for the fabrication of numerous metallic parts. It also stands out as a crucial additive manufacturing (AM) technique for creating metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles. The simultaneous deposition of wire and powder feedstocks into the created melt pools on the substrate surface proves advantageous in overcoming the limitations associated with mixed powders in powder deposition alone. The strategy of coaxial wire and powder deposition (CWP-DED) allows for more efficient construction of MMCs with complex geometries and desirable properties. Nevertheless, CWP-DED is a complex multi-phase deposition process that involves highly dynamic interactions among laser beams, wire, and powder particles, influencing laser energy distribution and absorption during the process. This work aims to develop a theoretical model to advance the fundamental understanding of the absorbed and lost laser beam energy by the fed wire and powders in CWP-DED before entering the melt pool. Laser energy absorption coefficients can be calculated based on the Step Wise Heating method to determine the final temperature of the powder particles and wire before entering the melt pool. The experimental validation of the proposed model requires a power meter that fits the CWP-DED system with six inclined laser beams, which is not commercially available so far, to measure the actual output power with and without wire and powder feeding. Consequently, this work presents a detailed explanation of the experimental procedure desired to measure the absorption coefficients of the wire and powder feedstocks and how to validate the proposed model as a future research endeavor. This model plays a vital role in predicting and understanding the amount of heat transferred into the melt pool, which lays a foundation for understanding the complicated melt pool thermodynamics that directly govern the microscopic characteristics and macroscopic properties of the as-built parts.

Free Vibration of Composite Rectangular Plates with Internal Crack

In this work, rectangular sheets of composite materials consisting of epoxy with a single layer of fiberglass were studied with the internal crack at angles (0°, 90°) with the x-axis in the presence of nanomaterial TiO2 in proportions (1 wt%, 2 wt%, and 3 wt%), the study was experimental and numerical using the ANSYS. The sample mold was made from plastic using a CNC machine. One case was studied in both the experimental and numerical parts, which is clamped-clamped-free-free (CC-FF). After conducting the test, it was found that the crack negatively affects the rectangular composite plate, as it reduces the value of the natural frequency and increases the value of damping. However, in the case of adding the nanomaterial, it was found that the natural frequency increases with the increase in the percentage of nanomaterials, and the maximum value of the natural frequency was at 3% because it works to increase hardness rectangular plate stiffens and reduces damping. The error rate between the experimental and numerical parts did not exceed (9.717%).

Influence of corrugated jet plates on internal heat transfer and flow dynamics of double-wall cooling: experimental-numerical approach

In the present study, combined experimental and numerical investigations were carried out to analyze the fluid flow dynamics and heat transfer of impinging jets in a corrugated double-wall structure for exhaust nozzle cooling operating at high temperatures. The sinusoidal wavy plate, with multi-jet holes positioned at its trough, served as the jet plate, creating a staggered configuration with respect to the effusion holes. The transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) method was employed to determine the local distribution of the Nusslet number on the flat effusion plate in a wind tunnel at small Reynolds numbers (ranging from 450 to 2700 based on the jet hole diameter (d)). In the numerical part of the study, the k-ω SST turbulence model verified with the TLC data was used to solve the RANS equations. The effects of jet-to-plate spacing (Have/d = 1.6–3.6), corrugated plate amplitude (A/d = 0.2–0.8), effusion hole diameter (de/d = 0.6–1.5), and Reynolds numbers were examined in detail. Our results showed that the introduction of the corrugated structure in the jet plate altered the high-velocity region pattern within the jet hole, leading to a 16 %-81 % reduction in jet core length compared to the flat jet plate. At a relatively high wave amplitude (A/d ≥ 0.5), the vortex structure underwent significant changes, inducing a higher level of turbulence kinetic energy in the near-wall region of the target chamber. This led to enhanced heat transfer near the stagnation and effusion hole regions compared to the flat double-wall cooling. The effusion hole diameter exerted a minimal effect on the overall Nusselt number of the corrugated double-wall cooling. At very low Reynolds numbers (Rej 〈900), the flow and heat transfer characteristics in corrugated double-wall cooling resembled those observed in flat double-wall cooling.

Semi-analytical solutions for steady-state bending-bending coupled forced vibrations of a rotating wind turbine blade by means of Green's functions

Wind power has received significant attention in recent years as a renewable energy source. Wind turbine blades, characterized by their long lengths, are prone to damage as a result of aeroelastic instability. This paper aims to derive semi-analytical solutions for steady-state forced vibrations of rotating wind turbine blades, considering the coupling of bending, bending, and unsteady aerodynamic loads. The novelty of this work lies in the use of the Green's function method to solve differential dynamic equations with variable coefficients, which are induced by aerodynamic forces. To model a wind turbine blade, the Euler-Bernoulli beam model is employed, and Greenberg's expressions are taken into consideration. Governing equations for coupled vibrations of the blade are then determined. In order to solve the governing equations, displacement solutions are decomposed into quasi-static displacements and dynamic displacements. The Laplace transformation and Green's function methods are utilized to obtain fundamental solutions of the governing equations. Subsequently, employing the principle of superposition, Fredholm integral equations for steady-state forced vibration of a rotating wind turbine blade are derived. To spatially discretize Fredholm integral equations, compound trapezoid formulae and central finite difference approximations are employed. This discretization process leads to the formation of a system of algebraic equations. Semi-analytical solutions for coupled forced vibrations of the rotating wind turbine blade are obtained by solving the algebraic equations. In the numerical solution part, validation of proposed solutions are verified by comparing them with numerical and finite element solutions in the literature. Influences of some important physical parameters, such as the rotating velocity, the setting angle, the cone angle, the inflow ratio, and damping, on vibration responses of blades are discussed.

Emerging role of MXene in energy storage as electrolyte, binder, separator, and current collector: A review

Numerous energy storage parts can benefit from valuable and unique properties of MXenes. MXenes serve a variety of purposes in batteries and supercapacitors, including substrates for electrodeposition, steric hindrance, ion redistribution, bilayer and oxidation/reduction ion storage, ion transfer regulation, and more. They have been used to improve the performance and stability of separators, electrolytes and electrodes. Here, we discuss about various MXene preparation methods, its numerous physicochemical properties, and then present some recent studies in which MXene-based materials have been used as electrolytes, separators, current collectors, and binders in energy storage devices. Finally, we provide an outlook on the prospects and challenges associated with energy storage device components based on MXene and probable direction for future applications.

Postharvest fruit rot on red guava caused by Neopestalotiopsis saprophytica newly reported in Hainan Province China

Red Guava is widely grown in numerous parts of southern China and is a favorite fruit among Chinese consumers due to its imperative nutritional value, high medicine value and excellent economic value. Black spot is one of the serious diseases that causes fruits rot. In July 2023, 25–30% of postharvest red guava fruits rot exhibiting disease symptoms were observed in surrounding markets of Haikou city, Hainan province, China. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify the pathogenic fungi of red guava black spot. A total of 26 pathogenic fungal strains were isolated from the rotten red guava fruits with typical characteristics. One representative isolate, FSL2, was selected for subsequent experiments. Combining morphological analysis with phylogenetic analysis (internal transcribed spacer regions 4 and 5, translation elongation factor1, and β-tubulin genes), the pathogens should be identified as Neopestalotiopsis saprophytica. Pathogenic tests indicated that the symptoms of red guava fruit decay caused by N. saprophytica isolated from the sample were almost the same. The fungal species has been previously reported in China on Persimmon related with fruits rot. Thus, this study concluded that the pathogen of red guava black spot may be N. saprophytica. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report of red guava black spot caused by N. saprophytica.

Searching for |Vcd| through the exclusive decay [formula omitted] within QCD sum rules

In this paper, we carry out an investigation into the semileptonic decays Ds+→K0ℓ+νℓ with ℓ=(e,μ) by employing the QCD light-cone sum rules approach. The vector transition form factor (TFF) f+Ds+K0(q2) for Ds+→K0 decay is calculated while considering its next-to-leading order contribution. Subsequently, we briefly introduce the twist-2, 3 kaon distribution amplitudes, which are calculated by using QCD sum rules within the framework of the background field theory. At the large recoil point, the TFF has f+Ds+K0(0)=0.692−0.026+0.027. Then, we extrapolate f+Ds+K0(q2) to the whole physical q2-region via the simplified z(q2,t)-series expansion, and the behavior of TFF f+Ds+K0(q2) is exhibited in the numerical results part, including the theoretical and experimental predictions for comparison. In addition, we compute the differential branching fraction B(Ds+→K0ℓ+νℓ) with the electron and muon channels, which are expected to be B(Ds+→K0e+νe)=3.379−0.275+0.301×10−3 and B(Ds+→K0μ+νμ)=3.351−0.273+0.299×10−3 as well as contained other results for comparison. Our results show good agreement with the BESIII measurements and theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we present our prediction with respect to the CKM matrix element |Vcd| by using the B(Ds+→K0e+νe) result from BESIII Collaboration, yielding |Vcd|=0.221−0.010+0.008. Finally, we provide the ratio between Ds+→K0e+νe and Ds+→ηe+νe channels, i.e.RK0/ηe=0.144−0.020+0.028.

Graph-based spatial co-location pattern mining: integrate geospatial analysis and logical reasoning

ABSTRACT Spatial co-location patterns reflect the inherent correlations among geographical elements. Mining co-location patterns of POIs can provide valuable insights for urban planning and resource management. Generally, co-location mining comprises two steps: proximity relationship determination (geospatial analysis) and frequent pattern recursion (logical reasoning). Previous methods often separate these two steps: serializing proximity relationships to enumerate frequent sequences. However, this approach suffers from limited flexibility and intuitiveness: as continuous spatial contexts are segmented into numerous small parts, it fails to adequately represent geographic correlations and hinders the effective visualization of logical reasoning. Facing these challenges, this study proposes a novel graph-based spatial co-location mining method (GSCM), which leverages graphs to integrate geospatial analysis and logical reasoning. Initially, to establish adjacency relationships, GSCM constructs the adaptive neighborhood graph, which dynamically adjusts proximity thresholds to accommodate geographic heterogeneity. Subsequently, the Apriori logical recursive process is realized on the graph structure. By leveraging graph searching, pruning, and growing, the potential growth directions of co-location patterns are identified, enhancing both the efficiency and intuition of frequent pattern recursion. Through experiments conducted on large-scale POI datasets from Wuhan, GSCM is compared with existing baseline methods, verifying its potential to uncover co-location patterns in complex spatial contexts.

Slope stability modeling using limit equilibrium and finite element methods: A case study of the Adama City, Northern Main Ethiopian Rift

Slope failure is a prominent and recurring geohazard in numerous parts of Ethiopia, including Adama City, which is located in the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift (NMER). The city is surrounded by two ridges oriented in the NNE-SSW direction, which are susceptible to slope instability. Thus, this study is aimed at modeling slope stability along these two ridges using Finite Element Method (FEM) and Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The modeling was carried out on slopes of multifaceted geometry composed of eluvium soil, pumice, and moderately to highly-weathered ignimbrites. Critical slope sections were identified using satellite imagery and field manifestations such as slope toe condition and slope face tilting. Their geometries were then inferred from detailed geological cross-sections based on field data. Input parameters for the modeling, such as cohesion, friction angle, and elastic modulus, were calculated via Back Analysis using the Hoek-Brown criterion while unit weight and Poisson ratio were determined from empirical equations. For soil formations, the parameters were determined via standard laboratory experiments. The modeling was then carried out under different conditions, including dry, saturated, static, and dynamic conditions. Results from both LEM and FEM models revealed that three of the four analyzed slope segments were unstable under dynamic and saturated conditions, highlighting the influence and importance of precipitation and seismicity as triggering variables. Results from both methods tend to agree when the critical slip surface passes through a single geological material in both models. However, notable differences arise when the slip surface involves multiple geological materials. Under such conditions, LEM tends to yield higher FOS values compared to FEM. The results also showed that all unstable slopes were associated with the NNE-SSW striking fault of the study area, as inferred from failure surfaces generated from both models and field data. The study concluded that unstable slopes pose a serious risk to nearby residents and infrastructure, and as a remedy, it designed and recommended coupled benching and slope flattening.

Non-destructive Evaluation of Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Alumina-based Ceramic Samples

Numerous industrial parts, devices, and processes are designed to withstand the conditions that lead to cavitation erosion. Metallic, ceramic, and composite materials used for these conditions must achieve specific mechanical characteristics required to resist cavitation erosion. When molten metal or alloy flows and comes into contact with refractory material or coated furnace linings, cavitation erosion can occur. This phenomenon is particularly expected in metallurgy, especially in casting operations. Alumina-based refractories, specifically low cement castable (ALCC), are often used in furnace lining applications due to their superior properties, such as high refractoriness, thermal stability, and mechanical characteristics. Mullite is another refractory material frequently used in foundry lining applications. It can be utilized as a coating in casting processes, such as the Lost Foam process, which is a novel method for producing high-quality, cost-effective castings. These two refractory materials were chosen to study their behavior under cavitation conditions. An ultrasonic vibratory test with a stationary specimen (ASTM G-32) was used for experimental cavitation determination. The results of mass loss and surface morphological parameters of degradation revealed that ALCC samples eroded predominantly at the surface, while the mullite samples exhibited more significant degradation by depth.

Peran Orang Tua dalam Mengembangkan Bahasa Anak Usia Dini Sesuai dengan Tahapan Usianya

In a child's life, guardians are the primary environment for them to acquire dialect assets additionally from the social environment. The communication that exists between children and guardians is accepted to have a extraordinary impact on dialect advancement in children, where the part of guardians is about how they give incitement to children within the shape of instructing them based on their children's age stages, and teaching children around all things related to dialect improvement. Within the talk of this article, a subjective strategy is utilized. This article points to clarify how the part of guardians in each arrange of dialect development in children is. How guardians take their part in creating children's dialect begins from the primary stages of dialect advancement from birth to one year, one year to two a long time ancient, two a long time to three a long time, three a long time to four a long time, four a long time to five a long time, five a long time to six a long time, and six a long time to seven a long time. It can be concluded that there are numerous parts that guardians can do at each organize of a child's dialect improvement, to be specific welcoming children to talk, perusing stories, welcoming play, presenting objects, welcoming them to open places, tuning in to music, welcoming them to examined stories, appearing pictures and objects around them, telling pixie stories, and introducing the individuals closest to them, tuning in and reacting when the child talks.

Developing a lightweight corrugated sandwich panel based on tea oil camellia shell: correlation of experimental and numerical performance

This study presents an experimental and numerical comparison between the mechanical performance of a lightweight corrugated sandwich panel based on the tea oil camellia shell (TOCS). Hence, TOCS was mixed in two groups with Poplar particles and fibers. After that, in the experimental part, the conventional mechanical tests, including the 3-point bending test, flatwise compression, dowel bearing, and screw resistance, and in the numerical part, finite element analysis (FEA), including the normal, maximum principal, and equivalent (von Mises) stress by Ansys Mechanical software carried out. The specimens for experimental and numerical tests were prepared in transverse and longitudinal directions. Before that, the engineering data (shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio) for improving the FEA simulation were obtained from TOCS-based flat panels fabricated with a mixture of Poplar particles and fibers. The results of FEA are used to compare the mechanical behavior and failure mechanism with the results of experimental tests. According to the mean values of bending stiffness and maximum bending moment, sandwich panels made with 100% particles demonstrated an advantage in both directions. Nevertheless, the compression strength and screw resistance showed the same trend, but the dowel bearing showed higher values for panels made with fibers. The observed results of equivalent (von Mises) stress indicated a coloration with the results of failure mechanisms.

On the stability of a Caputo fractional order predator-prey framework including Holling type-II functional response along with nonlinear harvesting in predator

In this study, we look at a fractional-order two-species predator-prey framework that uses Caputo Sense's fractional derivative to try to understand its dynamics, which include a simplified Holling type II functional response and nonlinear harvesting in the predator. Initially, we establish certain mathematical facts, such as the solutions of fractional order dynamical systems being unique, non-negative, bounded, and existing. The dissipativeness of the FDE system solution is addressed. Our investigation also includes a look at the local stability requirements for every possible equilibrium point. As a bifurcation constraint, the order of derivatives has been considered in our discussion of the existence condition of Hopf bifurcation. Our analysis has been strengthened by the incorporation of fractional Hopf bifurcation, and the dynamics of the proposed model are influenced by selective non-linear harvesting. Furthermore, the investigation focuses on the impact of the predator's pace of harvesting about the complexities of the prey-predator relationship. Through the use of certain setting values, empirical evidence indicates as the non-integer order framework displays stable to unstable, when the non-integer order is increased. The analytical findings are shown by various instances presented in the numerical part.

Surface charge change in carbonates during low-salinity imbibition

Optimizing the injection water salinity could present a cost-effective strategy for improving oil recovery. Although the literature generally acknowledges that low-salinity improves oil recovery in laboratory-scale experiments, the physical mechanisms behind it are controversial. While most experimental low-salinity studies focus on brine composition, this study investigated the influence of carbonate rock material on surface charge change, wettability alteration, and spontaneous imbibition behavior. Zeta potential measurements showed that each tested carbonate rock material exhibits characteristic surface charge responses when exposed to Formation-water, Seawater, and Diluted-seawater. Moreover, the surface charge change sensitivity to calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions varied for the tested carbonate materials. Spontaneous imbibition tests led to high oil recovery and, thus, wettability alteration towards water-wet conditions if the carbonate-imbibing brine system’s surface charge decreased compared to the initial zeta potential of the carbonate Formation-water system. In the numerical part of the presented study, we find that it is essential to account for the location of the shear plane and thus distinguish between the numerically computed surface charge and experimentally determined zeta potential. The resulting model numerically reproduced the experimentally measured calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ion impacts on zeta potential. The spontaneous imbibition tests were history-matched by linking surface charge change to capillary pressure alteration. As the numerical simulation of the laboratory-scale spontaneous imbibition tests is governed by molecular diffusion (with a time scale of weeks), we conclude that molecular diffusion-driven field scale wettability alteration requires several hundred years.

Descending networks transform command signals into population motor control

To convert intentions into actions, movement instructions must pass from the brain to downstream motor circuits through descending neurons (DNs). These include small sets of command-like neurons that are sufficient to drive behaviours1—the circuit mechanisms for which remain unclear. Here we show that command-like DNs in Drosophila directly recruit networks of additional DNs to orchestrate behaviours that require the active control of numerous body parts. Specifically, we found that command-like DNs previously thought to drive behaviours alone2–4 in fact co-activate larger populations of DNs. Connectome analyses and experimental manipulations revealed that this functional recruitment can be explained by direct excitatory connections between command-like DNs and networks of interconnected DNs in the brain. Descending population recruitment is necessary for behavioural control: DNs with many downstream descending partners require network co-activation to drive complete behaviours and drive only simple stereotyped movements in their absence. These DN networks reside within behaviour-specific clusters that inhibit one another. These results support a mechanism for command-like descending control in which behaviours are generated through the recruitment of increasingly large DN networks that compose behaviours by combining multiple motor subroutines.

Big Mart Sales Data Visualization and Correlation

The amount of unprocessed data available every day is growing. This massive amount of data needs to be effectively assessed to give results that are extremely useful. In the present day, it is crucial for inventory management and demand forecasting to collect sales data for commodities or things, together with all their numerous dependent or independent parts. In a Big Mart Company, the use of sales forecasting is to estimate numerous goods that are readily available and supplied at multiple retailers in different towns. As the number of products and outlets increased drastically, it became increasingly difficult to forecast them manually. As a result, it is necessary to see to what extent the relationship between several variables, including price, popularity, time of day, outlet type, outlet location, etc., affects the appeal of a product. In this research, a data cleaning process was carried out, and data visualization using scatter plots, as well as finding Pearson correlations. The raw processing the data with study of a case big mart sales data is taken from the Kaggle website [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sandeepgauti/bigmart-sales]. The Pearson correlation test determines a lack of connection between the two Item_Weight and Item_Outlet_Sales variables. There is a strong but negative correlation where if Item_Visibility decreases, Item_Outlet_Sales also decreases. Positive relationships exist between the two Item_MRP and Item_Outlet_Sales variables. In addition to the correlation test, descriptive statistical analysis is also performed here. With this simple data processing, the raw data will be better organized and easier to analyze, read, and use.