Number Of Root Nodules Research Articles

A phospho-compost biological-based approach increases phosphate rock agronomic efficiency in faba bean as compared to chemical and physical treatments.

Under arid and semi-arid conditions, direct application of phosphate rock (PR) as a source of phosphorus (P) for crop production is likely influenced by agricultural practices and soil properties. Different approaches could be used to improve the agronomic efficiency of low-grade PR over a wider range of soils and crops. In this study, biological, physical, and chemical treatments of low-grade Moroccan PR were investigated and compared through agronomic trials on faba bean grown under alkaline soil conditions. The physical treatment was based on blending PR with triple superphosphate (TSP) at 75:25 and 50:50 ratios, the biological treatments involved co-application of PR with compost at 50:50 ratio and phospho-compost elaborated from PR (20%), sewage sludge (46%), and wheat residues (34%), while the chemical treatment was obtained by a 30% acidulation of PR by phosphoric acid. Control treatments consisting of zero P application (control), PR alone, and TSP alone were considered to assess the effectiveness of the abovementioned techniques to improve PR agronomic efficiency. A pot experiment was conducted in sandy soil (Jorf Lasfar, central Morocco) for 60 days in a completely randomized design considering eight treatments. All treatments, except the control, were amended with 52 mg kg-1 of P from different PR-based fertilizers before sowing. At the flowering stage (60-day-old plants), results indicated that all PR treatments significantly improved plant growth, root nodulation, and nutrient uptake compared to the control. The relative agronomic efficiency of pretreated PR was significantly higher with phospho-compost treatment (86%) than the partially acidulated PR (78%) or the PR/TSP blend 50:50 (64%). Likewise, P uptake, P use efficiency, number of root nodules, and N uptake all were improved under PR treatments. Our finding revealed that the biological technique based on phospho-compost yielded better compared to chemical and physical treatments.

Root Characterization of Myanmar Upland and Lowland Rice in Relation to Agronomic and Physiological Traits under Drought Stress Condition

Lowland and upland rice are the two most important rice ecotypes and are grown under different ecosystems of contrasting soil water conditions. The study aimed to characterize root morphological, anatomical, and architectural traits and shoot physiological traits related to agronomic traits in Myanmar lowland and upland rice under drought conditions. Drought experiments were conducted in the field and in the greenhouse. The reduction in root traits under drought was observed in both lowland and upland rice except for the stele and xylem area. Stele area and xylem area were increased under drought in lowland rice while stele area in upland rice was decreased and was not changed in the xylem area. A positive relationship between agronomic traits and root traits of lowland rice was observed including the total number of nodal roots, root number per tiller, and a negative relationship in lateral root density more than anatomical traits. While upland rice illustrated the relationship between root anatomical traits and agronomic traits. In addition, a negative contribution to biomass by photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate was observed in lowland and upland rice. These findings can help improve drought tolerance in rice by selecting the optimal root trait for each rice ecosystem.

Exogenous Melatonin Modulates Physiological Response to Nitrogen and Improves Yield in Nitrogen-Deficient Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Melatonin (MT) is a key plant growth regulator. To investigate its effect at different growth stages on the yield of soybean under nitrogen deficiency, 100 μM MT was applied to soybean supplemented with zero nitrogen (0N), low nitrogen (LN), and control nitrogen (CK) levels, during the plant vegetative growth (V3) and filling (R5) stages. This study revealed that the application of MT mainly enhanced the nitrogen fixation of plants by increasing the root nodule number and provided more substrates for glutamine synthetase (GS) under 0N supply. However, under the LN supply, more ammonium was assimilated through the direct promotion of nitrate reductase (NR) activity by MT. MT enhanced the activity of ammonium-assimilation-related enzymes, such as GOGAT and GDH, and the expression of their coding genes, promoted the synthesis of chlorophyll and amino acids, and increased the photosynthetic capacity under nitrogen deficiency. Exogenous MT directly upregulated the expression of genes involved in the photosynthetic system and stimulated dry-matter accumulation. Thus, MT alleviated the inhibitory effect of nitrogen deficiency on soybean yield. This mitigation effect was better when MT was applied at the V3 stage, and the seed weight per plant increased by 16.69 and 12.20% at 0N and LN levels, respectively. The results of this study provide a new theoretical basis to apply MT in agriculture to improve the resilience of soybean plants to low nitrogen availability.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS IN WINTER WHEAT CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE

This article presents the results of studies of the effectiveness of the use of biological products in winter wheat crops. The positive effect of pre-sowing seed inoculation with biological products Azotofit and Help Growth on the germination capacity of winter wheat seeds of the Skagen variety has been established which was 3-4% higher than the control and contributed to an increase in the number of nodal roots by 56% and 50%, respectively, the plant density was 13-9 pcs / m2 more than in the control. In the variants Azotofit and Help Growth, productive tillering was higher by 0.3-0.2 stems / plant. compared with the control, and the infestation of plants by root rot was 6.6-4.7%, respectively. It was established that an increase in winter hardiness as a result of pre-sowing inoculation of winter wheat seeds, which was 93.2-94.5%, respectively, which was 2.7-4% higher than the control indicator and overwintering of plants, which was 546-521 pcs / m2, which 111-85 pieces / m2 more compared to the control. The combination of pre-sowing inoculation with biological products Azotofit, Help Growth and feeding with Organic Balance (during spring tillering) had a positive effect on the bushiness of plants and their productivity, which, in the variant providing for pre-sowing inoculation of seeds with the biological product Azotofit and feeding with Organic Balance, was 580 which is 102 pcs / m2 higher than the control indicator. The use of the studied preparations contributed to the better spring tillering of winter wheat plants and the number of productive stems, in particular, the combination of pre-sowing inoculation, respectively, with the biological products Azotofit and Help. Growth and feeding Organic balance (during the spring tillering period), the number of productive stems is 535-540 pcs / m2, which is 112-117 pcs / m2 more than in the control. The use of the studied biological products had a positive effect on the elements of the structure of the crop, in particular, an increase in the number of grains per spike, the mass of grain per spike and the mass of 1000 grains was noted, which ultimately contributed to obtaining the highest yield of winter wheat, which in the application of Azotofit and Help Growth was 5.64-5.82 t / ha, respectively, which is 0.48-0.66 t / ha more than in the control. When feeding in the tillering phase with Organic, the yield balance was 5.63 t / ha, which is 0.47 t / ha higher than in the control. With a combination of presowing inoculation, respectively, with the biological products Azotofit and Help Growth and feeding Organic balance (during the spring tillering period), the yield was 6.21-6.38 g, which is 1.09-1.22 t / ha more than in the control.

Study the Efficacy of Organic Manures on Varieties of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

The field experiment was entitled “Study the efficacy of organic manures on varieties of greengram (Vigna radiata L.)” was conducted during Kharif 2021 at SMOF (SHIATS Model Organic Farm), Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design consisting of five organic manures including 5 t/ha Farm yard manure, Panchagavya 3%, Jeevamrutha 5%, Panchagavya 5%, Vermiwash 3% in different combinations and three varieties i.e. PDM-139 (Samrat), SML- 668, K-851 was replicated thrice. The result showed that viz: Plant height (59.80 cm), number of branches per plant (6.14), number of root nodules per plant (13.42), dry weight (13.90 g/plant) and crop growth rate at 60 DAS-at harvest interval (3.04 g/m2/day) and Number of pods per plant (44.74), seed yield (883.82 kg/ha) and stalk yield (2156.73 kg/ha) was obtained significantly higher with the application of Panchagavya 5% + Vermiwash 3% + 5 t/ha FYM in Samrat variety.

EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SYMBIOTIC EFFICIENCY AND SOIL FERTILITY UNDER GREEN GRAM [VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK] CULTIVATION

A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm (Agronomy), RCA, Udaipur, (Rajasthan) during Kharif, 2014 on clay loam soil to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on symbiotic efficiency and fertility status of post-harvest soil under Green gram cultivation. The experiment was laid out according to a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised four fertility levels (75% RDF, 75% RDF+VC @ 2 t ha-1, 100% RDF and 100% RDF+VC @ 2 t ha-1) and four biofertilizers levels (control, Rhizobium, PSB and Rhizobium + PSB). The RDF was 20 kg N and 40 kg P2O5 per hectare. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus, while high in potassium and DTPA extractable micronutrients sufficiently above the critical limits. The application of fertility level significantly increased the number of total and effective root nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules and leg haemoglobin content in root nodules upto 75% RDF+VC @ 2 t ha-1 however, their further increase with application of 100% RDF+VC @ 2 t ha-1 was found non-significant. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased the number of total and effective root nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules and leg haemoglobin content in root nodules. The organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, zinc, iron and manganese in soil significantly increased with inoculation of Rhizobium + PSB at the harvest stage of the crop, but EC and pH remain non-significant.

Effect of PROM and Microbial Inoculants on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Background: In conventional agriculture, expensive phosphatic fertilizers were applied in huge quantities to reduce phosphorus deficiency in mungbean. Disproportionate application of these chemical fertilizers over long periods has damaged the natural properties of soils by killing soil micro flora and fauna, leading to reduced agricultural production. Sustainable agriculture based on organics and biological fertilizers is an effective solution for overcoming these problems. Therefore, keeping the above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of PROM and microbial inoculants on the growth and yield of mungbean. Methods: In this field-laboratory experiment which was conducted at agronomy farm of Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, during Kharif season of 2019, 12 treatments involving control, PROM, PSB, VAM, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) and their respective combinations were included which was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The collected samples were determined for growth and yield attributes in the field and laboratory. Result: The results showed that combined application of PROM+PSB+VAM+PF reported the maximum values of most of the growth and yield attributing characters i.e. plant height, number of branches/plant, dry matter accumulation, total and effective number of root nodules per plant, fresh and dry weight of nodules per plant, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, test weight, seed, straw and biological yield of mungbean as compared to other combinations and control, but it was at par with PROM+PSB+VAM.

Response of growth and drought tolerance of Pterocarpus indicus Willd. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Drought is one of the environmental factors that can inhibit plant growth and production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were reported to increase plant growth and tolerance to drought stress. Pterocarpus indicus seedlings were inoculated with three AMF treatments (control, Clarodeoglomus. etunicatum, and Septoglomus constrictum) at three watering intervals (watering every day, every two days, and three days) on a greenhouse scale. The results showed that the interaction of C. etunicatum and S. constrictum at various watering intervals effectively increased the height growth of Angsana seedlings. C. etunicatum and S. constrictum and daily watering each increased the diameter of the seedlings. The dry weight of seedlings and the number of root nodules of Angsana seedlings increased in various AMF treatments under daily watering conditions and tended to decrease with watering intervals. Local AMF has the potential to be developed to support the reforestation and conservation of the Angsana species in various land conditions, especially dry land

Root System Architecture and Symbiotic Parameters of Summer Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata) under Different Conservation Agriculture Practices

Root system architecture plays a vital role in plant growth, development, and adaptation by absorbing water and nutrients and providing mechanical support for growing plants. Unfortunately, little information is available in the literature on the root dynamics of summer mung bean under conservation agriculture conditions. In this study, field experiments were conducted during the summer seasons of two consecutive years (2020 and 2021) to investigate the root system dynamics of summer mung bean under different conservation agriculture practices. The highest stem and system width, depth to width length, number of nodal roots, taproot diameter, secondary root length (both right and left) of summer mung bean were recorded in the Soybean (permanent bed; PB)-Wheat(PB)-Summer mung (PB)(+Residual; +R) based cropping systems, followed by Maize(PB)-Wheat(PB)-Summer mung (PB)(+R), while, the lowest values of above parameters were recorded in the Puddled Transplanted Rice–Conventional till (PTR-CT)Wheat-Summer mung (-R). Further, the pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, seed yield and symbiotic parameters (including number of nodules per plant, leghaemoglobin content) and root dry weight were recorded highest in Soybean (PB)-Wheat (PB)-Summer mung (PB)(+R). Interestingly, the yield of summer mung bean increased around 13.4–29.5% when residues were retained on the soil surface with treatments involving residual removal. The soil dehydrogenase enzyme activity increased significantly under Soybean (PB)-Wheat (PB)-Summer mung (PB)(+R) based cropping system as compared to PTR-CT Wheat-Summer mung (-R). In addition, the number of pods per plant exhibited a significantly positive correlation with yield during both crop seasons. Overall, this study suggests that the inclusion of summer mung in soybean-based cropping systems may substantially improve the root architecture and soil quality and increase crop yield under conservation agriculture.

Crop management practices influence the nodule characteristics, yield attributes and yield of groundnut

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan). The treatment comprises of three tillage practices in main plots viz. T1 – minimum tillage (MT), T2 – deep tillage (DT) and T3 – conventional tillage (CT) and six fertilizer management practices in sub plots i.e. (i) control (F0)(ii) recommended dose of NK fertilizer (F1) (iii) recommended dose of NPK fertilizer (RDF) (F2) (iv) RDF + phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB) 2.5 Kg ha-1 (F3) (v) RDF + PSB 2.5 Kg ha-1 + Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF) 2 Kg ha-1 (F4)(vi) RDF + PSB 2.5 Kg ha-1 + AMF 4 Kg ha-1 (F5). A total of 18 treatment combinations were laid out in split plot design and replicated four times. Deep tillage (DT) produced significantly higher number of pods per plant, kernels per pod, number and dry weight of root nodules, pod yield and seed index as compared to minimum tillage. DT also recorded higher net return and B:C ratiocompared to MT. Among various fertilizer management practices,RDF along with seed inoculation with PSBand AMF recorded significantly higher growth, yield and yield parameters compared to RDF without seed inoculation. Also recorded the maximum net return and B:C ratio over rest of the fertilizer management practices. Thus, deep tillagealong with RDF + PSB + AMF (4 kg ha-1) enhanced groundnutyield attributes, yieldsand net returns.

Revealing the underlying mechanisms mediated by endophytic actinobacteria to enhance the rhizobia - chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) symbiosis

PurposeThe effects of endophytic actinobacterial strains, Microbispora sp. CP56, Actinomadura sp. CP84B, Streptomyces spp. CP200B and CP21A, on the chickpea-Mesorhizobium symbiosis, were investigated in planta, with the aim of revealing the underlying mechanisms of action.MethodsThe actinobacterial endophytes were co-inoculated with Mesorhizobium ciceri onto chickpea seedlings to study the effect on plant growth parameters, nodulation development and grain yield. The role of actinobacterial exudates on rhizobial growth was investigated, as was the role of root exudates of actinobacteria-colonized plants on the expression of rhizobial nod factors and biofilm formation. Changes in expression of plant flavonoids and bacterial N-fixation genes resulting from actinobacterial co-inoculation were assessed using qPCR.ResultsApplication of actinobacterial endophytes, together with M. ciceri, showed growth promotion of chickpea with an increase in root nodule number and weight. Enhanced nodulation was accompanied by increases in total plant nitrogen, larger total plant weight and a 2–3-fold increase in grain yield. Factors associated with this tripartite symbiosis are promotion of rhizobial growth, earlier nodule formation, increased secondary root formation, up-regulated expression of genes related to flavonoid synthesis and nif genes. In addition, exudates of chickpea roots colonised with actinobacteria increased nodulation-related biological processes - rhizobial chemotaxis, biofilm formation and nod gene expression.ConclusionThese endophytic actinobacteria positively affect many aspects of the chickpea-Mesorhizobium symbiosis resulting in increases in grain yield. Similar improvements recorded in chickpea growing in potted field soils, shows the potential to enhance chickpea production in the field.

The influence of low-density polyethylene on the development of soybean and vetch plants, and on the formation of root nodules

The introduction of low-density polyethylene (LDPE, 1-5 g/kg) into a poorly humified Typical chernozem resulted in negative effects on the growth of soybean plants and formation of nodules on their roots. At the same time this toxic impact from LDPE was completely neutralized after the soybean seeds had been bacterized with the Rhizobium japonicum RD2 strain – there were no statistical differences in the plant growth parameters and root nodule number observed between the parallel cases where the bacterized seeds were grown in soil with and without LDPE. The introduction of LDPE into soil had a significant stimulating effect in the case of vetch plants: the plant dry biomass increased by 39,3-64,3%, and the number of root nodules – by 2,4-2,8 times. As a result, it was demonstrated that soybean and vetch plants possess a phytoremediation potential for the cases of soil pollution by LDPE. Further research is recommended to evaluate and implement this potential.

Productivity of Groundnut + Pigeonpea Relay Intercropping System as Influenced by Weed Management Options

Background: Weed management is one of the most important agronomic constraints leading to severe losses in the cropping system. Intercropping has several advantages to mitigate the losses faced by monocropping in addition to which if there is a proper control of weeds then the advantages of the intercropping system can be multiplied. Methods: An investigation was conducted on medium black clayey soils at Junagadh during kharif 2019-20 and 2020-21 in randomized block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, to evaluate the effect of different weed management options on the growth and yield of groundnut + pigeonpea relay intercropping. The treatments were: pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T1), pendimethalin 0.45 kg ha-1 + oxyfluorfen 0.09 kg ha-1 as PE fb interculture and hand weeding at 45 DAS (T2), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T3), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T4), interculture and hand weeding at 15 DAS fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T5), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T6), pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as a PE fb quizalofop p ethyl 40 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T7), pendimethalin 0.9 kg as ha-1 PE fb propaquizafop 70 g ha-1 at 45 DAS as POE (T8), weed free (T9) and unweeded control (T10). Result: The results of the experiment revealed that weed free registered significantly higher plant height, number of branches, dry matter per plant and number of root nodules per plant in groundnut and pigeonpea and was statistically on par with to intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE, pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. The data on yield attributes and yield of both the crops depicted that significantly superior results were obtained with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE and pendimethalin 0.9 kg ha-1 as PE fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE. While in case of groundnut equivalent pod and haulm yields, statistically superior yields were registered with weed free treatment, which was statistically at par with intercultureand hand weeding at 15 DAS fb sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% (Ready mix) 1 kg ha-1 at 45 DAS as PoE.

Integrated root phenotypes for improved rice performance under low nitrogen availability.

Greater nitrogen efficiency would substantially reduce the economic, energy and environmental costs of rice production. We hypothesized that synergistic balancing of the costs and benefits for soil exploration among root architectural phenes is beneficial under suboptimal nitrogen availability. An enhanced implementation of the functional–structural model OpenSimRoot for rice integrated with the ORYZA_v3 crop model was used to evaluate the utility of combinations of root architectural phenes, namely nodal root angle, the proportion of smaller diameter nodal roots, nodal root number; and L‐type and S‐type lateral branching densities, for plant growth under low nitrogen. Multiple integrated root phenotypes were identified with greater shoot biomass under low nitrogen than the reference cultivar IR64. The superiority of these phenotypes was due to synergism among root phenes rather than the expected additive effects of phene states. Representative optimal phenotypes were predicted to have up to 80% greater grain yield with low N supply in the rainfed dry direct‐seeded agroecosystem over future weather conditions, compared to IR64. These phenotypes merit consideration as root ideotypes for breeding rice cultivars with improved yield under rainfed dry direct‐seeded conditions with limited nitrogen availability. The importance of phene synergism for the performance of integrated phenotypes has implications for crop breeding.

Aus rice root architecture variation contributing to grain yield under drought suggests a key role of nodal root diameter class.

The aus rice variety group originated in stress-prone regions and is a promising source for the development of new stress-tolerant rice cultivars. In this study, an aus panel (~220 genotypes) was evaluated in field trials under well-watered and drought conditions and in the greenhouse (basket, herbicideand lysimeter studies) to investigate relationships between grain yield and root architecture, and to identify component root traits behind the composite trait of deep root growth. In the field trials, high and stable grain yield was positively related to high and stable deep root growth (r = 0.16), which may indicate response to within-season soil moisture fluctuations (i.e., plasticity). When dissecting component traits related to deep root growth (including angle, elongationand branching), the number of nodal roots classified as 'large-diameter' was positively related to deep root growth (r = 0.24), and showed the highest number of colocated genome-wide association study (GWAS) peaks with grain yield under drought. The role of large-diameter nodal roots in deep root growth may be related to their branching potential. Two candidate loci that colocated for yield and root traits were identified that showed distinct haplotype distributions between contrasting yield/stability groups and could be good candidates to contribute to rice improvement.

The use of the nodule bacteria as a remedy for expanding adaptive possibilities of soybean under drought conditions

Symbiotic systems created by soybean variety Almaz (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and strains of nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum 646, РС09, В157 with were investigated under different water supply are investigated (30 and 60 % field capacity, FC). It was shown that drought inhibited the process of nodulation, depending on the functional and adaptive capacity of each of the microsymbionts. The number and mass of root nodules on plants decreased compared to control plants under insufficient watering. Insufficient watering (30 % FC) negatively impacted the functioning of symbiotic systems Glycine max (L.) Merr.—Bradyrhizobium japonicum depending on the drought duration. Strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum PC09 and B157 formed more drought-tolerant symbiotic systems. They had higher nitrogen fixing activity under reduced moisture supply (30 % FC) and during the recovery period compared to the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 646 strain. It was shown that with increasing drought duration (from the 3rd to the 10th day) the difference in physiological and symbiotic parameters between treated and control plants increased, but with the resumption of watering they partially leveled depending on the inoculant strain.

​Nodulation, Yield Attributes and Yield of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] Influenced by Different Level of Potassium Humate and Fertility Levels

Background: Optimum crop growth and yield is result of interlinking of several factors. In semi- tropical soil in central plateau and hills zone are deficit in organic carbon and NPK content; therefore inadequate fertilization may leads to pure quality and also lower crop productive capacity of soil. For the maintenance of sustainable and productive production, maintaining soil health is a critical factor. Under low fertility levels, mungbean gives low seed yield. Potassium humate, nitrogen and phosphorus (RDF) application may be increase yield of mungbean in this zone. Method: A field experiment was conducted to study, “Nodulation, yield attributes and yield of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] influenced by different level of potassium humate and fertility. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design with three replications and sixteen treatment combination. Result: Result showed that total number of root nodules, effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod, test weight, seed and straw yield were observed significantly higher with application of potassium humate @ 4.5 kg/ha. Among different fertility level, the application of 100% RDF significantly increased the total number of root nodules and effective nodules, fresh and dry weight of root nodules, leghaemoglobin, nodule index, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight, seed and straw yield. With combined application of potassium humate @ 3.0 kg/ha + 75% RDF significantly higher no. effective nodules, dry weight of root nodules and seed yield were observed, as well as saving of 25% RDF and 1.5 kg potassium humate were also observed.

Phenotypic response to soil compaction varies among genotypes and correlates with plant size in sorghum

AimsSoil compaction is a major yield-reducing factor worldwide and imposes physico-chemical constraints to plant growth and development. Facing limitations, roots can adapt and compensate for loss of functioning through their plasticity. Being primarily a belowground challenge, tolerance to soil compaction needs to be associated with root phenotype and plasticity. It is therefore of importance to distinguish between size-related apparent and size-independent adaptive plasticity. We determined the above- and belowground plasticity of sorghum genotypes varying in overall plant size.MethodsWe quantified plasticity as the degree response (adaptive and apparent plasticity) to soil compaction and conducted two experiments with sorghum and two soil density levels (1.4 and 1.8 Mg m−3). First, we quantified the shoot biomass plasticity of 28 sorghum genotypes. Second, we studied the root plasticity of six genotypes varying in shoot size and tolerance to soil compaction.ResultsPlasticity was correlated with plant biomass with larger genotypes responding earlier and more intensely. Soil compaction affected roots more than shoots and plasticity was expressed foremost in nodal root number and fine root length. Impeded plants produced 35 and 47% less root mass and length, respectively.ConclusionsPlasticity to soil compaction varies among genotypes, but less-sensitive lines are in general smaller-sized genotypes. The association between tolerance and plant biomass may pose challenges to crop production; however, vigorous genotypes with unresponsive shoots to soil compaction do exist. Maintaining shoot growth relatively stable while the root modifies its structure can be an important adaptation mechanism to soil compaction.

Effect of Various Crop Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Net Return of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Ummedganj, Kota (Rajasthan) during kharif 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the effect of conservation, organic and conventional crop management practices on growth and yield of soybean. Pooled data reveals that plant height (83.26 cm), number of branches (3.53), dry matter accumulation (17.51 g), leaf area index (3.73) and chlorophyll content in leaves (2.99 mg g-1) of soybean was recorded significantly higher under conservation chemical over the conservation organic and organic management + conventional tillage, which was statistically remained at par with package of practices and conventional chemical. However, number of root nodules (81.75) and dry weight of root nodules per plant of soybean at 60 DAS was recorded significantly higher values with conservation organic as compared to package of practices and conventional chemical, but its effect was found at par with organic management + conventional tillage. Significantly higher number of pods per plant (58.13), seed weight per plant (7.43g), seed yield (1850 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2824 kg ha-1) and net return (¹ 48549 ha-1) was recorded under conservation chemical as compared to conservation organic and organic management + conventional tillage, which was remained statistically at par with package of practices and conventional chemical.

ВПЛИВ НЕПАРОВИХ ПОПЕРЕДНИКІВ НА ВРОЖАЙНІСТЬ ЖИТА ОЗИМОГО (Secale cereale L.) В УМОВАХ ПІВНІЧНОГО СТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ

The research results of influence of non-fallow predecessors on growth, development and formation of productivity of winter rye plants in the northern Steppe of Ukraine are given. It was found that higher grain yields (6.55 t/ha) were formed due to sowing dates from 20 to 25 September of Stoir winter rye variety after spring barley. Sowing winter rye after sunflower significantly reduced morpho-physiological indicators of plants that resulted to decrease grain yield. The yield of more plastic Pamiat Khudoierka variety had did not exceed 4.63 t/ha. According to research, higher moisture reserves of 23.5 mm in a meter soil layer were after spring barley on the sowing date of winter rye. In addition, it was determined that the productive moisture soil reserves at the arresting growth season of winter rye plants in autumn depend on the predecessor: after spring barley the amount of agronomically valuable moisture in the 0–20 cm arable layer was 33.6 mm, after sunflower – 28.4 mm. Over the two years of research, it was found that the plant height of the high-yield Stoir variety at the beginning of the winter averaged 23.1 cm, and the number of shoots and nodal roots - 4.6 and 9.3 pcs/plant, respectively. It was established that predecessors and weather conditions significantly influence on the winter rye yield formation. Indicators of structural elements of yield show that stubble predecessor of spring barley dominates over sunflower, and provides better conditions for growth and development of winter rye plants. At the time of harvest, the winter rye spike length averaged 11.2 cm, the number of spikes and grains per the spike – 22.8 and 37.2 pcs, respectively. Key words: winter rye, variety, predecessors, moisture reserves, morpho-physiological parameters of plants, yield structure, yield.