Number Of Entrances Research Articles

Anomaly detection in smart card logs and distant evaluation with Twitter: a robust framework

Abstract Smart card logs constitute a valuable source of information to model a public transportation network and characterize normal or abnormal events; however, this source of data is associated to a high level of noise and missing data, thus, it requires robust analysis tools. First, we define an anomaly as any perturbation in the transportation network with respect to a typical day: temporary interruption, intermittent habit shifts, closed stations, unusual high/low number of entrances in a station. The Parisian metro network with 300 stations and millions of daily trips is considered as a case study. In this paper, we present four approaches for the task of anomaly detection in a transportation network using smart card logs. The first three approaches involve the inference of a daily temporal prototype of each metro station and the use of a distance denoting the compatibility of a particular day and its inferred prototype. We introduce two simple and strong baselines relying on a differential modeling between stations and prototypes in the raw-log space. We implemented a raw version (sensitive to volume change) as well as a normalized version (sensitive to behavior changes). The third approach is an original matrix factorization algorithm that computes a dictionary of typical behaviors shared across stations and the corresponding weights allowing the reconstruction of denoised station profiles. We propose to measure the distance between stations and prototypes directly in the latent space. The main advantage resides in its compactness allowing to describe each station profile and the inherent variability within a few parameters. The last approach is a user-based model in which abnormal behaviors are first detected for each user at the log level and then aggregated spatially and temporally; as a consequence, this approach is heavier and requires to follow users, at the opposite of the previous ones that operate on anonymous log data. On top of that, our contribution regards the evaluation framework: we listed particular days but we also mined RATP 1 Twitter account to obtain (partial) ground truth information about operating incidents. Experiments show that matrix factorization is very robust in various situations while the last user-based model is particularly efficient to detect small incidents reported in the twitter dataset.

Decisions by Listed Residential Property Developers on Entering the Market Segment of Commercial Real Estate

The subject matter of this article are the decisions of listed residential developers to expand their operations into the segment of commercial real estate. The subject is presented both in terms of quantity (the number of entrances, dynamics) and in the context of motivation (the reasons for diversification of the commercial segment). The aim of this article is to verify the hypothesis concerning the domination of financial and profitability motivations (marketwise) in this process. The research conducted on a sample of 118 annual reports (for the years 2010–2015), published by listed companies of the WIG-DEVELOPERS segment, became the basis for the formulation of the conclusions.

The effects of methamphetamine and buprenorphine, and their interaction on anxiety-like behavior and locomotion in male rats.

Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse and dependence are major global problems. Most of previous studies showed that Meth is anxiogenic. While buprenorphine (Bup) is used to treat anxiety-related behaviors, the effects of Meth in combination with Bup on anxiety-like behavior are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of these drugs on anxiety-like behavior with the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests, which are widely used to assess anxiety-like behavior in small rodents. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham, Meth, Bup, and Bup+Meth. The groups were administered their assigned treatments for 7days. The time spent in the open arms, and number of total entries into the arms (total activity) in the EPM were recorded. In addition, locomotor activity and number of entrances into the center area in the OF were recorded. The 7-day administration of Meth or Bup increased open arm exploration in the EPM. In contrast, the combined administration of Bup and Meth had the opposite effects. In addition, Meth and Bup had no effects on total and locomotor activity. Furthermore, the rats in the Meth and Bup groups spent more time in the center of the OF, while the group given both Bup and Meth spent less time in the center of the OF. The administration of Meth and Bup alone was anxiolytic in rats, whereas the coadministration of Bup and Meth was anxiogenic.

Differences between caves with and without bats in a Brazilian karst habitat

ABSTRACT. Since bats shelter in roosts during their period of diurnal inactivity, the quality and availability of roosts are important aspects of their ecology. Karst areas have great potential for the availability of day roosts, since they form caves, which serve as bat shelters. Here we characterize the caves used by bats in a preserved karst area of Southeastern Brazil. Using logistic regression analysis we identified the cave characteristics that influence bat occupation. Sixty-six caves were characterized based on measurements of internal height and width, height and width of the entrance(s) of the cave, number of entrances, maximum horizontal development of cave, and internal temperature and humidity. In nineteen months we found 14 species in 32 caves. Most species were eventually recorded in multiple caves, with the exception of D. rotundus, G. soricina and A. planirostris, which were always found in the same caves. Desmodus rotundus showed maternity roost fidelity. We found no differences in microclimate between the caves that are occupied and those that are not. In other words, the microclimate of the caves studied herein can be characterized as stable over the years. The only predictor affecting the presence of bats in the study area was the cave’s maximum horizontal development: the caves that are occupied have greater horizontal development. Based on our results, we conclude that bats occupy many of the caves and that some species are more frequent in certain caves than in others, including some roosts that are used as maternity roosts. These findings indicate that these caves are important resources for the bats in the karst environment studied, and should be preserved.

Diversity and pattern of nest preference of bat species at bat-dwelling caves in Gombong Karst, Central Java, Indonesia

Wijayanti F, Maryanto I. 2017 Diversity and pattern of nest preference of bat species at bat-dwelling caves in Gombong Karst, Central Java, Indonesia Biodiversitas 18: 864-874. A study on the diversity of bat species, their community structure and pattern of roosting preference, has been conducted in twelve caves in Gombong Karst, Central Java. Bats were caught at the roosting place during the day. Length, width, and height of cave passage were measured, as well as a number of entrances and cave’s ventilation were also calculated. In addition, microclimate parameters were measured under the bat roosts. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Redundancy analysis (RDA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Fifteen species (eleven species of insectivorous bats and four species of fruit bats) were recorded. The result also shows that the length, height, and width of the cave passage influenced the community structure of bats. While the other physical factors, i.e. sound intensity, distance from the cave entrance, temperature, humidity, and light intensity influence the bat nesting preference. Furthermore, there were five groups of bats which have a specific pattern of roosting preference.

工学系女子学生の比率向上とキャリア教育の充実を目的とした粉末冶金体験講座

工学系女子学生の比率向上とキャリア教育の充実を目的とした粉末冶金体験講座

3D topography and structure analysis of three badger setts from Western Switzerland

Within the framework of urban planning and spate management, three badger setts had to be destroyed in Geneva, Switzerland. We took advantage of this situation to perform a systematic excavation of these burrows in order to study their three dimensional organisation. A surveyor’s office developed the 3D-models to help visualize these complexes. The number of entrances did not match the underground complexity of the setts, and for two of them all entrances were not linked to a unique tunnel network. The smallest sett, considering the amount of earth excavated by badgers, was about 3 decades old (5 m3 excavated, 94 m of tunnels) and the largest was about 5 decades old (13 m3 excavated, 300 m of tunnels). Several screen views are presented in the manuscript and a link is proposed to have access to the 3D-models.

Research on bottleneck-delay in internet based on IP united mapping

End-to-End delay is an important performance metric to evaluate the performance of many Internet multimedia applications such as, Voice Over IP (VOIP), online gaming, cloud computing etc. Especially, the delays at some bottleneck-links of a path account for a large proportion of the End-to-End delay. To accurately identify the delays at bottleneck-links is a fundamental approach to study the delay feature of Internet, and is beneficial to the design of some efficient distributed algorithms. In this paper, we utilize real measured probing data to conduct a statistical analysis of the relationship between one-way delay and bottleneck-delay, and demonstrate that bottleneck-delay appears in 70 % of the paths in Internet. In order to further study the features of bottleneck-delay, we propose an IP united mapping scheme which combines the IP centralized mapping with the IP geographic mapping. Experiment results show that two ends of a bottleneck-link are usually located in the same country, and the links with a large number of entrances (in-degrees) and few number of exits (out-degrees) or the average shallower links are prone to leading to bottleneck-delays. Based on the structural properties of the bottleneck-links, we also give a deep discussion about the factors of bottleneck-delays at last, which demonstrates queuing delay is a key factor of bottleneck-delay.

Correlates of cave-roosting bat diversity as an effective tool to identify priority caves

Cave ecosystems are subterranean biodiversity hotspots, but limited knowledge of the distribution of diversity among caves hampers their conservation. Surveys of surrogate taxa (e.g., keystone species) can identify hotspots of biodiversity when knowledge about an ecosystem is lacking. Bats are keystone species in cave ecosystems because their guano is the primary energy source supporting diverse assemblages of cave-dependent wildlife. However, directly measuring bat diversity is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge; instead, we suggest the use of correlates of bat diversity that can be derived from readily accessible data (e.g., land-use maps) and straightforward methods not requiring expert knowledge (e.g., cave surveys, interviews) as a foundation for prioritizing caves. To identify easily measurable correlates of bat diversity, we compared assemblage composition and species abundances of 21 bat species captured in 56 caves on Bohol Island, Philippines, along gradients in environmental factors and human disturbance. Model- and distance-based methods indicated that surface-level disturbance (i.e., percent non-forested habitat, degree of urbanization and road development) along with cave complexity (i.e., available roosting area, structural heterogeneity, number of entrances and temperature range) were the most influential factors governing cave-roosting bat assemblages, thus representing correlates of bat diversity. Prioritization schemes based on these correlates select combinations of caves with greater species richness than both random selection and selection of caves based on observed richness from intensive bat surveys. The use of easy-to-measure environmental and disturbance correlates of bat diversity is an effective tool to prioritize caves to protect cave-roosting bats and the cave-dependent wildlife they support.

Simvastatin Effects On Brain and Behavior in Animal Model

Introduction Simvastatin and other HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been demonstrated to reduce mortality and the risk of major cardiovascular events. However, their neuropsychiatric adverse effects have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of our study is to elucidate effect of long term application of simvastatin on cholesterol level in the brain, serotonin uptake, microviscosity of membranes, and behavior in animal model. Methods We have studied cholesterol content in amygdala; hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, serotonin (5-HT) uptake and mitochondrial respiration in platelets, membrane microviscosity in erythrocytes, and behavioral changes in elevated plus maze in 6 male Long Evans rats in the control group and 6 rats in the simvastatin-treated group (30 mg/kg per day) after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Results Our results show: 1) lower cholesterol content in all tested brain regions in simvastatin treated group 2) decrease of SERT aktivity after 2 weeks of treatment compared to 4 weeks treatment 3) disturbed mitochondrial respiration and 4) higher number of entrances and the time spent in the closed arms in simvastatin group. Conclusion These results confirmed cholesterol-lowering effect of simvastatin in brain and harmful effect on cellular energy metabolism and further supported the hypothesis that lowering of plasma cholesterol after simvastatin treatments affects membrane fluidity and transmembrane transport of serotonin. Effects on behavior require additional testing to better explain observed changes in experimental tasks.

Assessment of aqueous extract of Lemon verbena on anxiety-like behavior in rats

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anxiolytic effects of the aqueous extract of Lemon verbena on rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, aqueous extract of Lemon verbena leaves was prepared, and then male Wistar rats (200-230 g) were divided randomly into six experimental groups. Each group received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of saline, aqueous extract of Lemon verbena (10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg)or diazepam, respectively. The level of anxiety was asserted by an elevated plus maze (EPM) 20 min after treatment. Statistical Analysis Used: Results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference in the number of entrances into the open arms, spent time in the open arms and number of total entrances into the open and closed arms of the EPM between control, diazepam and extract-receiving groups (10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg) and control. The numbers of entrances into the open arms, spent time in the open arms in extract receiving groups were significantly less than control group. Conclusion: These results indicated that acute administration of aqueous extract of Lemon verbena (≥10 mg/kg) increased anxiety-like behavior in rats in the EPM.

Spatial reversal learning in chronically sensitized rats and in undrugged sensitized rats with dopamine d2-like receptor agonist quinpirole.

Dopamine plays a role in generating flexible adaptive responses in changing environments. Chronic administration of D2-like agonist quinpirole (QNP) induces behavioral sensitization and stereotypical behaviors reminiscent of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Some of these symptoms persist even after QNP discontinuation. In QNP-sensitization, perseverative behavior has often been implicated. To test the effect of QNP-sensitization on reversal learning and its association with perseveration we selected an aversively motivated hippocampus-dependent task, active place avoidance on a Carousel. Performance was measured as the number of entrances into a to-be-avoided sector (errors). We tested separately QNP-sensitized rats in QNP-drugged and QNP-undrugged state in acquisition and reversal tasks on the Carousel. In acquisition learning there were no significant differences between groups and their respective controls. In reversal, QNP-sensitized drugged rats showed a robust but transient increase in number of errors compared to controls. QNP-sensitized rats in an undrugged state were not overtly different from the control animals but displayed an altered learning manifested by more errors at the beginning compensated by quicker learning in the second session compared to control animals. Importantly, performance was not associated with perseveration in neither QNP-sensitized drugged nor QNP-sensitized undrugged animals. The present results show that chronic QNP treatment induces robust reversal learning deficit only when the substance is continuously administered, and suggest that QNP animal model of OCD is also feasible model of cognitive alterations in this disorder.

A Class of Functionals on Markov Chain Transitions

where Card (A) is the number of elements of a set A. Denote s(B) = r(B, 0), so that s(B) = inf { TB ∩ [1,∞) } . Varying the set B, we can obtain a large class of functionals. Thus, if C is a nonempty subset of D, then s(D ×C) is the first positive time moment when a chain κ attains the set C, s ( (D\C)×C is the time moment of the first entrance of the chain into the set C, m(D×C, n) is the sojourn of the chain κ in the set C during the time interval [1, n], m((D\C)×C, n) is the number of entrances of κ into C during [1, n ]. The functional q(D × C, n) defined on the set {s(D ×C) n} is the time moment of the last (in the time interval [1, n]) sojourn of the chain κ in C. Similarly, the functional q((D\C)×C, n) on the set {s((D\C)×C) n} is the last (in the time interval [1, n]) time moment of entrance of the chain κ into the set C. Many above-mentioned functionals have been studied rather well. Thus, for classical Markov chains the local limit theorem [1] and the integral limit theorem [1, 2] were proved. Generalizations to processes on a Markov chain can be found in [3]–[8]. An exact distribution law for the matrix of numbers of transitions in n steps (i.e., m({i} × {j}, n)) was established by combinatoric methods in [9], where it was also proved that the distribution is asymptotically

吉田五十八の住宅作品を通してみる近代住宅の出入口

I analyzed the residential works designed by Isoya YOSHIDA in order to clarify changes of entrance through the Taisho era and the Showa era.The points of analysis are : relationship between scale and the number of entrance, adjacent chamber of each entrance and interaction, function of each entrance. The results are as follows. As the result from reduction on the Katte-guchi after 1940, the difference between the Katte-guchi and Uchi-genkan became ambiguous. Then, a trend of proximity between the Katte-guchi and Uchi-genkan became pronounced in terms of the function and layout.

Evaluation of the anxiolytic effect of the methanol stem extracts of Cissus quadrangularis

Objective: To investigate the potentials of the stem of Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) in the control of anxiety and related motor coordination effects in mice using experimental models. Methods: The methanol extract of the stem of C. quadrangularis was studied in mice using elevated plus maze, hole board, open field and stair case tests. Acute toxicity and phytochemical analysis were also carried out. Results: The methanol extract (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant anxiolytic effects, as evident by significant (P<0.05) increase in the number of crossings at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg dose and number of rearing at 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg dose in open field behavior test. Time spent in the open arms and number of entrances in the open arms increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg in elevated plus maze test. Post hoc analysis showed that C. quadrangularis at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of steps taken and number of head dips. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in time duration on the bar and number of rearing were observed at the dose of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg. The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD50 above 5 000 mg/kg, while phytochemical studies showed the presence of phytosterols, terpenoids, saponins, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates and aminoacids. Conclusions: The stem extracts of C. quadrangularis is anxiolytic in nature, which contribute to its use in traditional medicine as anxiolytic. Peer reviewer

Model of a Traffic Circle

In this paper, the relationship between the number of entrance and exit, and traffic flow volume. When the number of entrance and exit is equal to 4 or greater than 4, and when the weaving section length is taken into consideration, the relationship has been studied in detail. For a given traffic circle, the road conditions in, around and out of the circle have been determined. We treat these calculation results as the reference criteria and construct two models. The one is regular critical space model and the other is two-left-turn phase control model. Finally, taken by the example of Lianban Circle in Xiamen, China, the above models have been tested and their strengths and weaknesses have been analyzed.

Tobit 모형을 이용한 간선도로 사고 요인 분석

PURPOSES : The intents of the study are to identify the accident factors and to demonstrate the potentials of tobit model as a tool to study the number of accidents on arterial roads segments. METHODS : This paper uses a tobit regression as a methodology to analyze the factors affecting the number of accidents. In pursuing the above goal, this study gives particular attentions to analyzing the data of 2,446 accidents (1,610 in major arterial roads and 836 in minor arterial roads) occurred on arterial roads in 2007 to 2010. RESULTS : First, 3 accident models which were classified by total arterial roads, major arterial roads and minor arterial roads, and were all statistically significant were developed. Second, the exclusive right-turn lane as common variable, and the number of accident, traffic volume, number of lanes, link length, rate of median, number of entrances, number of pedestrian crossings, number of curves, number of bus stops and exclusive left-turn as specific variables of the models were selected. Finally, the paired sample t-test could not be rejected the null hypotheses of three types of models. CONCLUSIONS : Using data from vehicle accidents on arterial roads, the estimation results show that many factors related to roadway geometrics and traffic characteristics significantly affect to the number of accidents.

Stable Distributions for Open Populations Subject to Periodical Reclassifications

Using a Markov model, we study the evolution of open populations subject to periodical reclassifications considering a random number of entrances. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the subpopulations' relative sizes, obtaining maximum likelihood (ML) estimators, asymptotic distributions, and confidence regions. We show, under general conditions, that the stable distribution is dependent on the rate of entrances to the population. We illustrate the model by estimating the evolution of a population of a pension fund beneficiaries.

Summer tree roost selection by Rafinesque's big‐eared bat

AbstractRoost requirements of most North American forest bats are well‐documented, but questions remain regarding the ultimate mechanisms underlying roost selection. Hypotheses regarding roost selection include provision of a stable microclimate, space for large colonies, protection from predators, and proximity to foraging habitat, among others. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, specific mechanisms likely vary by species and geographic region. Rafinesque's big‐eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) commonly roosts in trees with large basal hollows in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Our objective was to weigh evidence for hypotheses regarding selection of diurnal summer roosts by Rafinesque's big‐eared bat at 8 study sites across the Coastal Plain of Georgia, USA. We used transect searches and radiotelemetry to locate roosts and measured 22 characteristics of trees, tree cavities, and surrounding vegetation at all occupied roosts and for randomly selected unoccupied trees. We evaluated 10 hypotheses using single‐season occupancy models and used Akaike's information criterion to select the most parsimonious models. We located 170 tree roosts containing approximately 870 bats for our analysis. The best supported model predicted bat presence from cavity size, interior wall texture, and number of entrances. Because large cavities allow bats to fly and smooth walls impede attacks by terrestrial predators, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that bats select roosts that allow them to evade predators. However, data on predation rates are needed for a conclusive determination. Because trees suitable as roosts for Rafinesque's big‐eared bat are rare in the landscape, protection of suitable forested wetland habitat is essential to provide current and long‐term roost tree availability. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of a natural compound (+)-limonene epoxide and its anxiolytic-like action

The aim of the study is to determine the acute toxicity and anxiolytic-like effects of a mixture of cis and trans of (+)-limonene epoxide in animal models of anxiety. After acute treatment with (+)-limonene epoxide at doses of 25, 50 and 75mg/kg (i.p.) no mortality was noted during 14days of observation. In general, behavior, food and water consumption showed no significant changes. In open field test, (+)-limonene epoxide at doses of 25, 50 and 75mg/kg, after intraperitoneal administration, significantly decreased the number of crossings, grooming and rearing (p<0.001). All these effects were reversed by the pre-treatment with flumazenil (25mg/kg, i.p.), similar to those observed with diazepam used as a positive standard. In the elevated-plus-maze test, (+)-limonene epoxide increased the time of permanence and the number of entrances in the open arms. All these effects were reversed by flumazenil, an antagonist of benzodiazepine receptors. In addition, (+)-limonene epoxide (75mg/kg) also produced a significant inhibition of the motor coordination (p<0.01), that was reversed by flumazenil. In conclusion, the present work evidenced sedative and anxiolytic-like effects of (+)-limonene epoxide, which might involve an action on benzodiazepine-type receptors. These results indicate that the properties of (+)-limonene epoxide should be more thoroughly examined in order to achieve newer tools for management and/or treatment of central nervous system diseases and anxiolytic-like effects. The LD50 obtained for the acute toxicity studies using intraperitoneal route of administration was 4.0g/kg. These findings suggest that acute administration of the (+)-limonene epoxide exerts an anxiolytic-like effect on mice, and it could serve as a new approach for the treatment anxiety, since it practically does not produce toxic effects.