Number Of AgNORs Research Articles

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis Cirrhosis May Have a Higher Risk of Progression to Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: The evaluation of different cell proliferation and apoptosis indicators in cirrhotic tissues caused by different injuries may help recognize the etiology of cirrhosis and the risk of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives: This study aimed to measure p53 gene expression and AMPK and pAMPK protein expressions, as well as AgNOR features in cirrhotic tissues associated with five different etiologies in comparison with simple hepatic steatosis and controls. Methods: In this case-control study, AMPK and PAMPK protein expressions, p53 gene expression, and AgNOR features were investigated in 68 cirrhotic liver tissues obtained from patients with NASH (n = 15), HBV/HCV (n = 14), AIH (n = 15), PSC (n = 15), and alcohol toxicity (n = 9) and compared with tissues from individuals with simple steatosis (n = 15) and control subjects (n = 15). Protein and gene expressions were determined using western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Silver nitrate staining was used to assess AgNOR features. Results: Significantly higher levels of AMPK and pAMPK were detected in all cirrhotic tissues compared to controls (P < 0.05). Also, a significantly and simultaneously higher p53 gene expression (P < 0.01) and AgNOR features, including total AgNOR length (TAL) (P < 0.001), total AgNOR number (TAN) (P < 0.01), and total AgNOR area (TAA) (P < 0.01), was detected in the hepatic cirrhotic tissues obtained from patients with PSC, NASH, and AIH. There was a significant positive correlation between p53 gene expression and AgNOR features in cirrhotic tissues (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Increased AMPK and pAMPK protein levels may be a general response to cirrhosis. Cirrhotic patients diagnosed with AIH, PSC, and NASH have a higher risk of progressing to hepatocellular carcinoma than those diagnosed with viral and alcoholic cirrhosis.

Does broccoli (brassica oleracea var. italica) extract have a potential therapeutic targets on human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) using AgNOR detection method?

In this study, it was aimed to determine the in vitro effect of the extract obtained from mature broccoli on the breast cancer cell line. MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line was used in the study. MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to broccoli extract at 37°C and 5% CO2 for varying durations (24 and 48 hours) and doses (125 and 250 µl/ml).At the end of the incubation period, viability, apoptosis, cell cycle and AgNOR protein status of MDA-MB-231 cells were examined in the Muse Cell Analyzer. In the groups containing broccoli extract, a decrease in the percentage of viable cells and a significant increase in the percentage of early and total apoptosis were observed for both doses compared to the control. In the cell cycle test, the number of cells in the S phase increased in all groups.It was observed that the groups containing broccoli extract slowed down the cell cycle in the transition to the S checkpoint. AgNOR staining results also supported cell cycle and apopitosis, and AgNOR number and TAA/NA ratio decreased in the 125 µl/ml broccoli extract group after 24-48 hours and were found to be statistically significant compared to the control group. It was determined that broccoli increased apoptosis on breast cancer cells by various mechanisms and inhibited cell viability/cell growth. The results were similar to the results of AgNOR protein synthesis. The study showed that the regular and correct consumption of broccoli could be effective in preventing cancer formation and slowing its progression.

A Comparative Study of Morphometric Analysis of Nucleolar Organizer Regions in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Significance of AgNOR as a Diagnostic Tool.

Background Silver stainable nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) have proven to exhibit utmost importance due to their higher occurrence in the nucleus especially in malignant cells than in normal. Thus, they assist in the examination of nucleolar structures and variations in nucleolar activity. Aim Quantitative and qualitative analysis in relation to the number and area of AgNOR in tissue sections of the normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral leukoplakia (OL), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was the main aim of the study. Materials & method A total of 50 cases comprising 20 OL with dysplasia, 20 OSCC cases, and 10 samples of normal oral mucosa were taken. Silver nitrate (Sol A) & gelatin (Sol B) solutions were freshly prepared for staining the lesional slides. Results The mean value of nuclear profile area (A Nuc) was comparatively higher in oral leukoplakia i.e. 41.97 and in oral squamous cell carcinoma i.e. 62.36 in comparison to the control group where it was 36.19. The mean value of a single AgNOR profile area per nucleus (A NOR) was found to be comparatively lower in both study groups i.e. oral leukoplakia (2.76) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (1.61) in comparison to the control group (3.45) . The mean value of total AgNOR profile area per nucleus (TA NOR) and the number of profiles of AgNORs per nucleus (n NOR) were found higher in both study groups (oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma) as compared to normal oral mucosa of the control group. However, the findings of all four parameters of morphometric analysis were found to be significantly associated with disorder of oral mucosa i.e. cases of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (P value<0.01). Conclusion It can thus be suggested that the mean AgNOR count displayed a higher value in OSCC. Hence, the number of AgNORs in nuclei increases as epithelial cells undergo malignant transformation which is designated that mean AgNOR count may contribute to establishing the prognosis of a lesion.

Prospects of using the microRNA expression level and parameters of nucleolar organizer regions in the choice of surgical tactics for follicular thyroid tumor of uncertain malignant potential

BACKGROUND: According to modern concepts [1], microRNAs modulate the expression of eukaryotic genes with different oncogenetic directions of action. according to the data from the scientifi literature [2–4], microRNA-146b, -199b can be used for typing thyroid neoplasms, -221, -223, -31, -375, -451a, -551b, etc. Nucleolar organizers (NOR) are sections of chromosomes that form a nucleolus inside the cell nucleus [5–7]. The condition of the regions of nucleolar ribosome organizers (AgNORs) is a marker of the rate of cell proliferation, since they are involved in the regulation of the mitotic cycle [8], and in thyroid pathology [9].AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of the level of expression of some microRNAs and the number of regions of nucleolar organizers in thyroid tissue in the case of follicular thyroid tumor of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP) to objectify approaches to the validity of the chosen surgical tactics.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study of 3960 patients with surgery due to various thyroidopathies in 2018–2021 on the basis of the thyroid center of Chelyabinsk. 2063 patients were operated on for tumor pathology. In this group, in 98 cases (the study group), FT-UMP was diagnosed based on morphological criteria of neoplasm [10]. This accounted for 4.75% of all surgical tumor pathology during this time. The study group studied the profile, the level of microRNA expression by real-time PCR and the regions of nucleolar organizers in 98 cases of FT-UMP, which amounted to 4.75% of all those operated for thyroid tumors over four years.RESULTS: In 29 (29.6%) cases, a microRNA spectrum characteristic of malignant neoplasms was registered in the tumor tissue. In the remaining 69 (70.4%) cases out of 98 observations, the spectrum and level of microRNA expression corresponded to follicular adenoma. Statistically significant differences in the average number of AgNORs and the ratio between the cell area and the number of AgNORs granules were revealed within the formed subgroups. The study found that an increase in the average number of AgNORs and the ratio of the core area to the number of silver nitrate granules in the 2nd subgroup relative to the 1st, as well as the presence of type II cells indicates the appearance of proliferating tumor cells in the neoplasm and can be considered as prognostic criteria for tumor malignancy. These results are consistent with the obtained indicators of molecular genetic research CONCLUSION: The data can serve as additional criteria for assessing the proliferative activity of the follicular epithelium in thyroid neoplasia. Including clarifying the potential of malignancy. The conditionally malignant variant diagnosed before the operation will justify the need and scope of surgical intervention, and when identifying a set of criteria for conditionally benign HPV, it can be recommended to adhere to wait-and-see tactics.

Predictive assessment of micro RNA expression level and number of nucleolar organizer regions with follicular thyroid tumor of undetermined malignant potential

Introduction This article presents the current views on follicular thyroid tumor of undetermined malignant potential (FTUMP) taking into account the principles of WHO classification. Molecular genetic study with identification of mutation of some genes as well as determination of expression level of some microRNAs are given as methods for detection of potential predictors of oncodiagnostics. It was shown that the state of nucleus organizer regions is a marker of cell proliferation rate.The aim of the investigation was to estimate prognostic significance of expression level of some microRNAs and amount of regions of the nucleus organizers in the thyroid tissue at FTUMP to objectify approaches to development of adequate surgical tactics.Materials and methods Profile, microRNA expression level by real time PCR and regions of the nucleus organizers were studied in 98 cases of FTUMP which made up 4.75% of all cases of thyroid tumors operated on during four years.Results In 29 (29.6%) cases the spectrum of microRNA typical for malignant neoplasms was registered in the tissue of the FTUMP. In the remaining 69 (70.4%) cases out of 98 observations the spectrum and the expression level of microRNA corresponded to the follicular adenoma. Statistically significant differences in the average number of AgNORs and correlation between the cell area and the number of AgNORs granules were found within the formed subgroups.Discussion Increase of the mean number of AgNORs and the ratio of the nucleus area to the number of silver nitrate granules in the 2nd subgroup in comparison with the 1st one, as well as the appearance of the type II cells testifies to the appearance of the proliferating tumor cells in a new tumor growth and can be considered as prognostic criteria of tumor malignization. These results correlate with the findings of molecular-genetic study. Conclusion The data of the literature and the results obtained by studying the profile and the expression level of a number of microRNAs, morphometric characteristics and counting of thyrocyte nucleus organizer regions may serve as additional criteria for evaluation of the proliferative activity of the follicular epithelium in thyroid neoplasms, in particular to clarify the malignancy potential. Preoperatively diagnosed conditionally malignant FTUMP will allow to justify the necessity and amount of surgical intervention, and if a complex of criteria of conditionally benign FTUMP is revealed, to stick to the waiting tactics and refuse surgical intervention.

Determination of Rutin's antitumoral effect on EAC solid tumor by AgNOR count and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Rutin is one of the flavonoids found in fruits and vegetables. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is critical for the life cycle at the cellular level. In current study, we purposed to demonstrate the antitumoral effect of rutin at different doses through the mTOR-signaling pathway and argyrophilic nucleolar regulatory region. EAC cells were injected subcutaneously into the experimental groups. 25 and 50 mg/kg Rutin were injected intraperitoneally to the animals with solid tumors for 14 days. Immunohistochemical, Real-time PCR and AgNOR analyzes were actualized on the taken tumors. When the rutin given groups and the tumor group were compared, the tumor size increase was detected to be statistically significant (p<0.05). In immunohistochemical analysis, a significant decrease was encountered in the AKT, mTOR, PI3K and F8 expressions especially in the groups administered 25 mg Rutin, in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) and average AgNOR number were determineted, and statistically important differences were detected between the groups in terms of TAA/NA ratio (p<0.05). There were significant statistical differences between the mRNA quantity of the PI3K, AKT1 and mTOR genes (p<0.05). In the in vitro study, cell apoptosis was evaluated with different doses of annexin V and it was determined that a dose of 10 µg/mL Rutin induced apoptosis (p <0.05). In our study, it was demonstrated in vivo and in vitro that Rutin has an anti-tumor effect on the development of solid tumors formed by both EAC cells.

Türkiye'ye endemik Squalius cappadocicus Özuluğ and Freyhof, 2011'un sitogenetik özellikleri

In this study, a detailed chromosome analysis of the endemic Cappadocian Chub, Squalius cappadocicus in Melendiz Stream (Aksaray) was performed. The standard Giemsa staining, C-banding (CBG and CB-DAPI), and Ag-NOR technique were applied. The diploid chromosome number was 50; its karyotype formula was 14M + 16Sm + 10St + 10A. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes weren’t detected in the karyotype of the studied specimens. The number of all chromosomal arms (NF) was 90. In the standard C-banded and CB-DAPI karyotype of the species, dark C-bands were observed in the centromeric region of some bi-armed and acrocentric chromosomes, while slightly centromeric or pericentromeric C-bands were detected in some chromosomes. Three different active Ag-NORs, which were hemizygous, were detected in all samples examined. Two of these active NORs were detected in the bi-armed and the other in the acrocentric chromosome short arm. The Ag-NOR number of this species was evaluated as a feature that distinguishes it from other Squalius species in Türkiye.

Komparativna evaluacija parametara argirofilnih regiona jedarnog organizatora kod benignih i malignih tumora dojke

Aim. The aim of the paper was to evaluate the AgNOR parameters for the discrimination of benign from malignant breast tumors via a new approach - the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA). Material and methods. Three groups, consisting of control (n = 14), benign (n = 18) and malignant (n = 28) participants were included in the study. The AgNOR staining technique was performed and both mean AgNOR number and TAA/NA ratio were evaluated. Results. While the differences between the control and patient groups were statistically significant for AgNOR number (p &lt; 0.001), it was not significant between the malignant group and the benign group for mean AgNOR number (p &gt; 0.05). For the ratio of TAA/NA, the differences between the control and benign group (p &lt; 0.001), control and malignant group (p &lt; 0.001), and malignant and benign patient groups were significant. (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion. We consider that the evaluation of the TAA/NA rate, when compared with the AgNOR number, can be more sensitive and useful tool for distinguishing benign from the malignant breast lesions.

Mutations in Exons 8 and 11 of c-kit Gene in Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors and Their Association with Cell Proliferation.

Simple SummaryMast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common skin tumors in dogs with variable clinical behavior ranging from benign lesions to those causing widespread metastasis. Prognostic factors have been intensively studied in cutaneous MCTs but are less commonly investigated in subcutaneous MCTs as the majority are benign. Activating mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, a gene that regulates proliferation and differentiation of mast cells, occur commonly in canine cutaneous MCTs and are strong predictors of prognosis. c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The goal of this study was to identify the prevalence of c-kit mutations in exons 8 and 11 in 216 canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate their association with other prognostic factors, including mitotic count, histologic grade, KIT pattern and proliferation markers. We detected c-kit mutations in exons 8 and 11 in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. c-kit mutations in exon 11 were associated with histologic high grade and a high mitotic count, suggesting that these parameters can predict the biological behavior of subcutaneous MCTs in a similar manner as in their cutaneous counterparts.The prognostic significance of internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit has been well-described for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs), but c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate its association with histologic grade, KIT pattern, and proliferation markers. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, mitotic count, Ki67 index, AgNOR number, Ki67xAgNOR score, KIT pattern, and histologic grade (two-tier system) were retrospectively recorded for 216 dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit were detected in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. Exon 11 mutations were significantly associated with Kiupel high grade (p < 0.001) and increased mitotic count (p < 0.001) compared to subcutaneous MCTs with no mutations in exons 8 or 11 (p = 0.002) or subcutaneous MCTs with a mutation in exon 8 (p = 0.001). There was no significant association of either c-kit mutation with KIT patterns or proliferation activity. This study identified a higher prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in subcutaneous MCTs than previously reported. Like their cutaneous counterpart, subcutaneous MCTs with exon 11 mutations were more likely to be histologically high grade and have a higher mitotic count, whereas such associations were not observed in subcutaneous MCTs with exon 8 mutations.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of AgNORS in OSMF leukoplakia and OSCC

Background: Oral cancer is one of the most significant reasons of death in India. The quantitative and qualitative assessment of AgNORs parameters has been used in oncology for both diagnostic and prognostic objectives. The number and distribution of AgNOR in the nucleus (configuration) were helpful in detecting and predicting the prognosis of various neoplasias. Aim: To assess the biologic aggressiveness of leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma and quantitative and qualitative analysis of AGNORs in OSMF, Leukoplakia and OSCC. Materials and Methods: The study samples were distributed in four different groups:-Group- I: - Control group, 10 sample of normal mucosa. Group II: – 30 histopathologically proven samples of leukoplakia. Group III:-30 histopathologically proven samples of oral submucousfibrosis. Group IV: - 30 histopathologically proven samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The number of dots per nucleus was used to count AgNORs. Images were taken with a digital camera linked to a labomed572 Binocular Photo Microscope with an X100 oil immersion objective lens. The photos were categorised, copied, and saved to a computer.

Arjirofilik Nükleolar Organize Edici Bölgeler Non ST Elevasyonlu Miyokard İnfarktüsünde Hipoksik Yanıtın Yeni bir Belirteci Olabilir mi?

Objective: Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of acute coronary syndrome and its’ incidence is similarly high to ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are located of the secondary structure of acrocentric chromosome and composed of proteins and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) some of which are argyrophilic. We aimed to investigate the change of AgNOR proteins, which increase in hypoxia, in patients with NSTEMI.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 125 participants, 63 patients with NSTEMI and 62 volunteers without any acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. Echocardiography was performed and both mean AgNOR Number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) were detected for each individuals.&#x0D; Results: The mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA ratio were significantly higher in the NSTEMI group than control (p

Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions as New Biomarkers in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

(1) Background: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an inflammatory disease in which neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes accumulate in the ischemic myocardium and have important functions. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are the site of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. We aimed to evaluate AgNOR proteins, which have never been studied in patients with STEMI in the literature. (2) Methods: A total of 140 participants (75 with STEMI and 65 volunteers without any diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome) were included in this study. Echocardiography was carried out, and mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) were evaluated for all individuals. (3) Results: The mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA ratio were significantly higher in the STEMI group than the control (p < 0.001). Statistically significant relations between both TAA/TNA ratio and mean AgNOR number and interventricular septal thickness, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, HDL, hemoglobin (g/dL), WBC (µL/mL), monocytes, neutrophils, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were detected (p < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant relation between LDL (mg/dL) and mean AgNOR number (p = 0.005) was detected. (4) Conclusion: Both AgNOR protein amounts increase depending on the hypoxia that occurs in STEMI. The AgNOR proteins may thus be promising markers in STEMI.

АНАЛИЗ СВЯЗЕЙ МЕЖДУ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ АРГИРОФИЛЬНЫХ ЗОН В ПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ ИНТАКТНЫХ ЛИМФОЦИТОВ У ГИБРИДОВ ДОМАШНЕЙ ОВЦЫ И АРХАРА

The purpose of this study is to determine the relations between AgNOR characteristics, obtained by means of computer analysis, in populations of intact lymphocytes of hybrid sheep of different genotypes and to select parameters for functional assessment of nucleoli. The AgNOR state was studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes of hybrid sheep of three genotypes: purebred F1 Romanov sheep with argali (group 1), hybrids carrying 3/4 of Romanov sheep blood and 1/4 of argali blood (group 2), and hybrids with 7 / 8 blood of domestic sheep and 1/8 of argali blood (group 3). The number of argyrophilic zones (AgNOR), their total area (ΣSNOR), their average color density (DNOR), and average color density of the nucleus (DN) and its AgNOR-free area (DF) were taken into account. Parameters which characterize argyrophilic zones and the correlation coefficients between them were calculated in the samples of lymphocytes obtained from hybrids of different genotypes and from their generalized population. The study of the preparations was carried out on the equipment of the Altami company (Russia, S.-P.). Image processing and analysis were performed using the Image Scope 1.0 software (SMA, Russia, M.). The closest correlations exist between parameters of color density, which confirms an equal possibility of using them in assessing the state of argyrophilic zones. It was found that the correlation coefficients between different compared features have values from close to 0 to 1.0. The number of AgNORs in a cell, their total area and average density are characteristics that complement each other, since they are weakly correlated with each other. To assess the state of the nucleus -forming system, it is advisable to take into account mutually complementary features: the number of AgNORs, their total area, as well as the average optical densities of AgNOR (DNOR). The average nucleus density, closely correlated with DNOR values, can serve as an alternative to this parameter.

May Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Regions Be Used as a Biomarker for the Detection of the Degree of Ischemic Damage Instead of Tunel in Testicular Torsion?

Background and Objectives: It is of great importance to obtain information about the severity of ischemic damage and duration of testicular torsion for an effective treatment strategy. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are sites of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. Post-silver staining NORs are termed “AgNOR”. Since AgNORs clearly reveals the self-renewal potential of cells damaged in ischemic events, we performed the current study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in four groups as control, sham, early, and late T/D. In the surgical groups, testes were corrected after a 4-h ischemia period. Testicular tissue samples were taken on the third day after detorsion in group 1, 2, 3, and on the tenth day after detorsion in group 4. TUNEL and silver stainings were applied to all samples. Results: The differences were significant among the groups for both mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA). Moreover, the differences between control and early torsion-detorsion (T/D), between control and late T/D, between sham and early T/D, between sham and late T/D, and between early T/D and late were statistically significant for AgNOR amount. Furthermore, statistically significant differences among the groups for an average number of apoptotic cells per tubule and the percentage of apoptotic tubule values were detected. Discussion: The apoptotic index gives the ratio of cells that are damaged and will die in a programmed way and cells that remain intact, rather than show the viability of the returning testicle. However, by measuring cells that regenerate with AgNOR, we can show not only those that survive but also cells that can repair themselves. Conclusion: AgNOR proteins are usable for the early observation of ischemic injury levels. The amount of AgNOR protein can enlighten us about the extent of testicular damage after T/D treatment. It may also help the physician in the development of effective treatment strategies for cases.

Determination of the Relationship Among Cell Proliferation, Metabolic Activity and Stage of Pregnancy by AgNORs as Markers in Bovine Placenta

Nucleolus Organizer Regions (NORs) are defined as nucleolar components containing argyrophilic proteins selectively stained by silver methods (AgNORs). Several investigations have shown the AgNOR quantity and area represent a valuable parameter of cell kinetics, since they reflect the level of activity and cellular proliferation. This article addresses an evaluation of the functional activity and relation between days of pregnancy and proliferative capacity of trophoblastic mononucleate and binucleate cells from bovine placentomes. Both the number and size of AgNORs were determined in different phases of gestation by silver nitrate staining in conventional histological slides. The results showed a significant increase (from 1 to 12 AgNORs) in the number of AgNORS per trophoblastic mononucleate cell in the 3rd trimester, with predominance of 4-6 AgNORs/cell. In the 1st and 2nd trimesters, the number ranged between 1 and 9 AgNORs/cell, with predominance of 1-3 AgNORs. No significant differences were observed between the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, but in the first, in binucleate cells (19-27 and 10-18 AgNORs/cell, respectively) - this number was higher than the one registered in trophoblastic mononucleate cells in the same period. Thus, AgNORs can be used as markers of the proliferative placental cell cycle and established a relation between number of AgNORs and days of gestation. This relation can be used for diagnoses and prognoses of several placental pathologies, including pregnancy losses from manipulated embryos.

Morphological and Functional Activity Dynamics of Blood Lymphocytes in Large White Breed Pigs in Postnatal Ontogenesis and during Pregnancy

The purpose of the study was to research the activity of nucleolar organizers of blood lymphocytes in large white breed pigs in postnatal ontogenesis and during pregnancy. The prepared blood smears were stained with silver nitrate (AgNO3) and additionally stained with azur and eosin. By measuring the parameters of the nucleus and nucleolar organizers’ activity (AgNORs), the changes in the morphological and functional state of the protein synthesizing apparatus of blood lymphocytes in large white breed pigs in postnatal ontogenesis were evaluated. It was found that the area of lymphocyte nuclei in newborn piglets was 83.72±3.37 mm2. By the age of three months, the area of the lymphocyte nuclei of pigs significantly increased by 13.41% (p⩽0.05) and amounted to 96.69±2.57 mm2, at the age of six months this indicator was 15.78% more than at the age of three months (114.80±3.69), by the age of nine months the number of AgNORs significantly (p⩽0.05) decreased by 11.32% compared to six-month-old animals (101.80±2.97). From 1 to 4 units of AgNORs are detected in the lymphocyte nuclei. By the age of three months, the total area of nucleolar organizers’ zones decreased by 29.30% (p⩽0.05), and by the age of twelve months increased by 16.72% (p⩽0.05) compared to the previous age period. A slight increase in the area of the lymphocyte nucleus was observed in pigs after delivery by 9.15% (p⩽0.05). After delivery, the number of AgNORs in pigs significantly increased by 11.26% (p⩽0.05). During pregnancy, from 1 to 3 AgNORs were detected in pigs with a total area of 4.29±0.27 to 4.33±0.30 microns. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the functional state of lymphocytes undergoes obvious changes in postnatal ontogenesis and during pregnancy, this can be seen in alterations in the area of their nuclei, the number and total area of AgNORs.

Silver Dots – A Screening and Prognostic Aid in Oral Health

Proper histopathological grading and typing of a tumour plays a significant role in evaluating and assessing the clinical management and prognosis of the tumour. Microscopically sometimes it is difficult in categorizing a tumour into benign or malignant as histopathology does not depict all the features which are of diagnostic and prognostic value. The present study aims :To evaluate the proliferative index of the oral epithelial cells taken from a buccal smear. Materials &amp; method : A total of 90 subjects were included with 30 subjects in each category of normal, smokers and tobacco chewers. The smears were collected from buccal mucosa and applied on the glass slides followed by fixation with alcohol for 30 min and staining of the slides with AgNOR staining as proposed by Bukhari et al (2007). Results: The AgNOR number where more in smokers when compared to normal subjects and was statistically significant. Similarly in chewers it was also comparatively higher when compared to normal and statistically significant. But the AgNOR counts between smoker and tobacco chewer, showed a mean difference of 0.6 and was not statistically significant.

Analysis of parameters characterizing argyrophilic zones in intact lymphocytes of domestic sheep (&lt;i&gt;Ovis aries L.&lt;/i&gt;, 1758) and their hybrids with argali (&lt;i&gt;Ovis ammon L.&lt;/i&gt;, 1758)

Relevanceand research material. The study of the characteristics of the nucleolus in cells of various tissues allows us to assess the intensity of the processes of protein proliferation and biosynthesis in animals. In interphase cells, the nucleoli correspond to argyrophilic zones (AgNOR) stained with silver nitric acid. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of AgNOR in sheep interphase lymphocytes of different genotypes based on computer analysis and to select parameters for functional evaluation of nucleoli. AgNOR status was studied in peripheral blood lymphocytes from hybrid sheep four genotypes: purebred Romanov sheep, and their F1 hybrids with argali (groups 1 and 2), hybrids, bearing 3/4 of Romanov sheep blood and 1/4 blood argali (group 3), and hybrids that had 7/8 of domestic sheep and 1/8 blood argali (group 4). The number of argyrophilic zones (AgNOR), their total area (SSNOR), their average color density (DNOR), and the average color density of the core (DN) and its AgNOR-free area (DF) were taken into account.Results. Image processing and analysis were performed using the Image Scope 1.0 program. The average AgNOR value in the studied groups of sheep ranges from 2.64 (group 1) to 3.50 in hybrids in groups 2 and 3. There were no significant differences in the value of SSNOR between the groups. In terms of DN and DF, all hybrids were significantly inferior to purebred sheep (р&lt; 0.001). In terms of DNOR, the sheep of group 2 were significantly inferior to the animals of the other groups (р&lt; 0.001). When evaluating the state of the nucleolus-forming system, it is advisable to take into account the AgNOR number, as well as the average optical densities DN and DF.

Testis Torsiyonunda Rapamisin Tedavisinin Antioksidan Enzim Değişiklikleri ve AgNOR Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Objective:Testicle torsion/detorsion cause ischemia. Rapamycin has immune suppressive and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Nucleolar-organizing regions(NORs) are loops of ribosomal DNA. Methods: To evaluate mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area(TAA/TNA) ratio and the relation between these proteins and rapamycin in the Torsion/Detorsion process of testes. The six groups as control, sham, early and late torsion-detorsion (ETD&amp;lt;D) groups, and early and late rapamycin treatment groups (ETD+R&amp;lt;D+R) were included. The TAA/TNA and mean AgNOR number of testes cells and biochemical analysis of GPx, SOD, and TBARS activities were detected. Results: Significant differences were detected among the groups for mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA(p&amp;lt;0.05). For both mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA, significant differences were found between control and ETD, between control and ETD+R, between control and LTD, between control and LTD+R. Also, a statistically significant relationship between both mean AgNOR numbers and TAA/TNA of testes cells and all the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, TBARS, and GPX) were detected(p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: We may obtain information about the levels and duration of testes injury considering the levels of these proteins. Thus it can be said that these proteins may be used in the development of new and more effective therapeutic approaches to prevent the negative effects of T/D injury.

Age and AgNor-A morphometric study

To investigate and correlate total AgNOR area/Total nucleus area (TAA/TNA) values in buccal epithelial cells of healthy individuals in different age groups. In present study 50 healthy individuals are included with age ranging 10 to 60 years. These are divided into 5 groups. Group 1-10-20 year, Group2-20- 30year, Group3-30- 40year, Group 4-40-50-year, Group 5-50-60 year. Oral epithelial cells collected with the help of cyto brush from buccal mucosa. Smears were prepared on clean glass slides and fixed with 95% alcohol. Fixed slides Smears were stained with AgNOR stain. Statistically significant correlations were found between mean TAA/TNA values and age p &lt; 0.001 for linear and p &lt; 0.0001 for polynominal regression, and between AgNOR number and age, p &lt; 0.001 for linear. There is a significant correlation between age and AgNOR amount (ribosome biosynthesis rate) in buccal epithelial cells of healthy individuals. AgNORs in buccal epithelial cells may be used for detection of age