Number Of Youth Research Articles

비행경험 청소년의 그릿(Grit)이 공격성에 미치는 영향

Although the number of crimes committed by youth has decreased, it cannot be concluded that it has decreased when the number of youth is taken into account. The type of crime is very violent and brutal, and the recidivism rate is also high, making the problem of youth crime even more serious. The main cause of juvenile delinquency is aggression, and in order to reduce juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to pay attention to aggression and prepare measures to reduce it. Among various factors that reduce aggression, studies have reported that grit, a concept similar to resilience, reduces depression and aggression. Therefore, in this study, we tried to verify that depression would have a mediating effect in the process of grit affecting aggression.
 As a result of the study, it was found that grit had a negative effect on depression, and depression had a positive effect on aggression. In addition, it was found that grit had a negative effect on aggression, and in the end, it was found that depression had a mediating effect in the process of grit affecting aggression. Also, in the results of bootstrapping to verify the mediating effect, it was found that grit affects aggression through depression.

“Als het gedrag op de voorgrond staat”: De paradox van probleemgedrag in de jeugdhulp

(EN) Within the field of youth care and child protective services, professionals struggle with the number of youths who are being refused for treatment due to the risk of physical aggression. Their complex behaviour problems have often developed from unsafe or neglecting environments, child abuse, or other interpersonal trauma. Still, the fear of unsafety caused by their aggressive behaviour continually stands in the way of treatment of their externalizing symptoms. The current article addresses this paradox by emphasizing the importance of interpreting this behaviour in relation to the underlying causes, such as traumatic experiences and the development of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Four elements are discussed in order to break this cycle of rejection and unsafety, namely: (1) co-regulation in the dyadic relationship (2) setting boundaries without rejecting the person, (3) trauma treatment, and (4) professionalisation of youth care professionals.

Pendidikan Politik Islam Kepada Kaula Muda Sebagai Upaya Untuk Membentuk Kesadaran Terhadap Agama Islam

Islam is a very universal religion in which Islam carries the mission of rahmatan lil'alamin and brings concepts to humans regarding problems related to a system such as the concept of politics, economy, education and others. Islamic politics is the face of Islam with power and the state that can give birth to political attitudes and behavior as well as a political culture that focuses on Islamic values that focus on attitudes and behavior as well as a culture that uses Islamic adjectives. Islam lays it down as a way of looking after affairs (ri'ayah syu-un al-ummah). Where Islam and politics cannot be separated because Islam without politics will liberate Muslims who are not free and free in carrying out Islamic law. Likewise, politics without Islam will only give birth to a society that glorifies power, position and the worldly. Politics is very important for Muslims, especially young people, namely students who are the future generation of the nation and state must understand Islam both in terms of spirituality and in terms of siyahsiyah (politics). This study uses an approach with a descriptive type of study. Data collection techniques by filling out questionnaires or questionnaires and literature study. The questionnaires were filled out by a number of youths. The results of the study show that there are still many youths who are less literate in the development of Islamic politics and have not implemented it in their daily life. So it is necessary to direct and understand young people through Islamic political education to increase their awareness of the importance of Islamic politics, and can implement it in life.

Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO): Preliminary Results from a Study among Norwegian Youths

Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) is a comprehensive and evidence-based program focusing on youths with serious problem behaviors and their families. The program was developed in the US, and studies indicate that TFCO is an effective treatment program for youths with serious behavioral and emotional problems. The present study aimed to examine treatment changes in behavioral and emotional problems in a sample of 76 Norwegian youths (57.9% boys, mean age = 14.93) who were assigned to TFCO. Data were retrieved from the Routine Outcome Monitoring (ROM) system, used to ensure the program’s national quality, and included measures of risk factors (YLS/CMI), internalizing and externalizing behaviors (ASEBA), in addition to five nationally defined outcome goals. The study included data from intake and the end of treatment. The results showed significant reductions in risk factors and externalizing and internalizing problems. The number of youths who completed all five outcome goals increased over the course of therapy. The results suggest that TFCO might be an effective treatment program for Norwegian youths with severe problem behaviors.

아동양육시설 청소년의 6호 및 소년원 퇴원과 자립

The purpose of this study is to provide policy implications for helping juvenile delinquents who cannot go back to their home after release from juvenile facilities to reintegrate into society. The reason why they cannot go back to their home is mainly due to the fact that they are raised at orphanages or they experienced child abuse at home. This study interviewed 8 youths who were raised in orphanages and currently reside or have experienced of living in shelters. Using qualitative research method, in dept interview, questions to examine what should be addressed for their successful reintegration into society are discussed during the interview. Based on research result, five policy implications are presented. First, early intervention from juvenile facilities is needed to make juvenile delinquents ready to adjust living in shelters. Second, at the initial stages of life in shelter, special emotional care for released youth should be provided. Third, to avoid conflict and violence among youths, the number of youth should be under 7 and the shelter should be single occupancy. Forth, an individually customized plan needs to be developed for busy and meaningful living in shelter. Fifth, as the Child Welfare Protection Act is revised to provide extended support from age of 22 to 24, this act should be strictly applied to the juvenile delinquents who once resided in orphanages.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS SCREENING AND NUTRITION FULFILLMENT EDUCATION IN THE ADOLESCENT FOOTBALL CLUB IN KUBUTAMBAHAN VILLAGE

Background: Adolescent boys are an age group that needs special attention regarding the fulfillment of nutrition to support activity and growth. The sport activity that is often the choice of teenage boys is soccer. This type of sport requires excellent energy and is classified as a strenuous activity
 Purpose: This community service activity aims to carry out early detection of the nutritional status of teenage boys who are members of soccer sports clubs. This activity also provides education to athletes and coaches in Kubutambahan Village.
 Methods: This activity was carried out by conducting a physical examination related to anthropometry accompanied by counseling related to the nutrition of soccer athletes. Educational content related to nutrition before the competition, before the competition and after the competition.
 Results: All athletes of the U21 soccer club in Kubutambahan Village are at the age of 11-16 years. The total number of youth involved in this activity is 21 people. Most (85.71%) had normal nutritional status. While 9.5% are under nutrition and 4.79% are obese.
 Conclusion: Early detection of nutritional status in adolescents who are members of soccer clubs is important to do. Efforts to fulfill long-term nutrition need to involve parents and sponsors in order to realize a balanced nutritional composition.

Institutional Factors Influencing Access to County Vocational Education and Training Institutions in Makueni County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of institutional factors on access to County Vocational Education and Training institutions in Makueni County, Kenya. The study was informed by the existence of a large number of youths in the County who have not enrolled in CVETIs hence leading to high population of idle youths with low or no relevant employable skills which contributes to increased dependency ratio, high unemployment rates, engagement in drug and substance abuse and other social-evils. The study sought to investigate whether, the career guidance services influence access to County Vocational Education and Training Institutions in Makueni County, Kenya. The study was guided by Human Capital Theory (HCT). The study employed descriptive research design. The study targeted 28 registered Public Vocational institutions in Makueni County. The study used stratified simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques to obtain a random sample of 21 managers, 87 instructors and 316 trainees drawn from 21 randomly selected Vocational institutions. Questionnaires, interview schedule and an observation check list were used to collect data. Data were processed and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Descriptive statistics that is, frequency distributions, percentages, means and standard deviations were generated and used in describing and discussing the research findings. Statistical tests were done using a T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% Confidence Interval of the difference (α=0.05). An independent sample t-test was conducted to compare mean difference between if career guidance influence access to county vocational education as well as training institutions and professional qualification of the managers. The findings of the study revealed that, Most of the vocational institutions have no organized and functional career guidance departments to provide in-depth information on individual courses, inadequate career guidance services has an influence on access to CVETIs and trainees’ career progression. Based on this findings the study recommended that the institutions should establish functional career guidance departments to provide in-depth information on individual courses and career guidance on vocational education to be introduced at the lower level of basic education.

Young Transplant Professionals in the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation Region: Challenges and Opportunities.

The power of youth represents the versatility of the Middle East, which has the largest number of youths among other world regions. Therefore, when addressing the future of organ transplantation in this region, the perspectives of young transplant professionals would be invaluable. Organ donation and transplantation in the Middle East face many challenges. These challenges, which would be transferred to young professionals pursuing a career in transplantation, are related to transplant education, training, and the health system itself. Young transplant professionals are seeking a platform that will bring the wisdom of leaders and the energy of youth transplant professionals together. This platform would focus on increasing recruitment and engagement of young physicians and surgeons and decreasing the hurdles mentioned above. A team of young professionals from the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation countries hopes to bring their different perspectives into fruitful actions. Online education, career development, basic science research, and others are potential goals to be tackled. However, achieving this could not be possible without mutual collaborations with other young colleague teams from other transplant societies. Indeed, these actions can improve transplant science globally and in the MESOT region.

Differing perceptions of the youth and the elderly regarding cultural ecosystem services in urban parks: An exploration of the tour experience

Parks have become important spaces for supplying cultural ecosystem services (CESs) in cities, and satisfying various needs of different age groups in parks has become a critical issue. Many studies focused on the environmental preferences and behaviours of different age groups in parks. However, results revealing the differences in value demand and acquisition between elderly and youth from a landscape spatial environmental perspective are limited. In this study, the same number of youth and elderly volunteers were recruited, according to the value-labelled photo fed back after their self-driven tour in the Huanhuaxi Urban Forest Park in Chengdu, China. In addition, this study explored the relationship between the perceived CES needs of the youth and elderly and the landscape spatial environment in the urban park ecosystem with the help of the Social Values for Ecosystem Services model. Results showed that, in comparison, to obtain recreation value, playgrounds, pavilions and squares were more important for the elderly, whereas topography, rivers, landscape sketches and trails were more important for the youth. Moreover, in terms of the sense of place, lakes and wetlands were more important for the elderly, whereas landscape sketches and playgrounds were more important for the youth. Furthermore, for the delivery of therapeutic value, squares were more important for the elderly. Spatially, the areas of lakes or wetlands with geographical combinations of landscape sketches and flowers were the high-value spots for supplying multiple CESs in urban parks. Then, squares, rivers, playgrounds and forests were the focus areas where the value identification of the two age groups diverges. This study emphasises the differences in demand and acquisition of cultural added value provided by the environment between the young and the old. The study provides a basis for more targeted land management and landscape planning of urban parks.

Rural Transformation and Labor Market Outcomes among Rural Youths in Nigeria

In Nigeria, unemployment in rural areas translates to economic problems, such as high levels of rural–urban migration. Interventions aimed at promoting rural transformation and development are designed to generate employment by promoting the growth of sectors such as manufacturing and services in rural areas. In this study, the General Household Survey (GHS) panel data for the post-planting and post-harvest periods of the 2011/2012 and 2015/2016 cropping seasons for Nigeria was used to investigate developments in rural areas in Nigeria between 2011 and 2015, and identified how these developments influenced labor market outcomes among rural youths. Fixed effect models were employed to control for unobserved heterogeneity that may exist because of the different years in the data used. Key levers of sustainable social and economic development, such as access to finance, health services, markets, and infrastructure such as electricity, were considered. The empirical results from the study revealed that being educated as well as having access to infrastructure and information had positive effects on the number of youths that took up wage/salary employment in the rural areas. The study concluded that the diversification of youths into other sectors would have higher growth effects on the development of rural areas, as they can invest more in agriculture, while also reducing the level of dependence on the sector. The study recommends an increase in budgetary allocations for education and rural development projects, with a special focus on electricity and financial institutions, while increasing access to information on available job opportunities.

Youth Political Participation, Good Governance and Social Inclusion in Nigeria

As the Nigerian population continues to increase, so does the number of youth. The population of youth (18–35 years) in Nigeria is 52.2 million (i.e., about 28% of the total population), which is more than the entire population of Ghana, London and Benin Republic put together. In spite of the prospects that this number holds, young people in Nigeria are largely marginalised from governance, leaving them helpless about their continued exclusion. This is evidenced in the low percentage of youth who hold political and leadership positions in the country. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between youth political participation, good governance and social inclusion in Nigeria. Using a quantitative approach, 1,208 youth aged 18–35 selected from Nairaland participated in the study. Data gathered was analysed using the Spearman correlation coefficient and the result indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between youth political participation and good governance in Nigeria (r s, (1206) = .615, p < .001), and that there is a significant positive association between youth political participation and social inclusion in Nigeria (r s, (1206) = .875, p < .001). It was recommended that government should create Leadership and Democratic Institutes [LDI] across the states of the federation and establish an Online Leadership Orientation Agency [OLOA] to utilise various social networking sites to provide free leadership courses, webinars, and orientation on the art of governance and the promotion of social inclusion among the youth.

Lesson Learned: Developing Life Skills in Youth for Reducing Inequality and Elevating the Quality of Life in Highland Rural School Dormitories of Omkoi District, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Background: Youth dormitory management in Thailand’s education system reveals evidence of discrimination. This is due to the high deviation in educational policy in aspects such as high cost or budget of educational management with dormitory provision in some programmes, when compared to the lower number of youth who receive the benefits of these programmes. Moreover, some programmes are not fair in the selection criteria and had the objectives that responded only to a specific group of population. Objective: The objectives of the study were to implement a group intervention programme in life skills development for youth in highland rural school dormitories of Omkoi District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Methods: This study used a qualitative research method to recruit and select 30 participants. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions were used to collect data from the participants. The thematic analysis method was used for analysing the collected data. Results: The findings revealed three themes: 1. The result of analysing and synthesising the context, 2. the result of developing the model, and 3. the result of the life skills development activity programme for youth who lived in the school dormitories. Conclusion: Further studies would be required in order to compare the situation between rural and urban areas. Furthermore, youth life skills development programmes should be developed in the appropriate contexts. Moreover, the researcher must pay more attention to the society and culture of the target audience in order to achieve development that would be consistent with the area.

‘I loved to be included’ (Proverbs 1:8–19): The Church and Tiv Christian Youth Development

This article examined the warning against evil companions in Proverbs 1:8–19 and the role of the church in addressing the involvement of Tiv youths in crime in Benue State and its implications for actions. Wicked people were zealous in seducing others into the paths of destruction. Would young people shun temporal and eternal ruin? This was the reason for Solomon’s instruction in Proverbs 1:8–19. He admonished his son with the caption ‘hear,’ which presented the son with a choice. However, Solomon implored the child to refuse to take any step in destructive paths of evildoers. The persuasive nature of the pericope was important in addressing the growing crime rate amongst Tiv youths in Benue State. Most youths in Tiv communities were being enticed into joining criminal gangs, secret cults and rituals in order to make quick wealth. Unfortunately, the number of youths in these immoral acts such as YahooYahoo amongst Tiv youths kept on increasing in the midst of the growing number of churches in most Tiv societies. Rhetoric analysis was used as the methodology. As part of recommendations, parents should instruct, discipline and stop their children from engaging in acts that lead to death. The youths should also avoid evil companions to avoid falling into trouble.Contribution: Youths are the leaders of tomorrow, which makes admonition to youths a necessity for the growth of the Tiv Society. Proverbs 1:8–19 provides roadmaps that Tiv leaders and the church could adopt in preserving morality among Tiv youths.

‘I loved to be included’ (Proverbs 1:8–19): The Church and Tiv Christian Youth Development

This article examined the warning against evil companions in Proverbs 1:8–19 and the role of the church in addressing the involvement of Tiv youths in crime in Benue State and its implications for actions. Wicked people were zealous in seducing others into the paths of destruction. Would young people shun temporal and eternal ruin? This was the reason for Solomon’s instruction in Proverbs 1:8–19. He admonished his son with the caption ‘hear,’ which presented the son with a choice. However, Solomon implored the child to refuse to take any step in destructive paths of evildoers. The persuasive nature of the pericope was important in addressing the growing crime rate amongst Tiv youths in Benue State. Most youths in Tiv communities were being enticed into joining criminal gangs, secret cults and rituals in order to make quick wealth. Unfortunately, the number of youths in these immoral acts such as YahooYahoo amongst Tiv youths kept on increasing in the midst of the growing number of churches in most Tiv societies. Rhetoric analysis was used as the methodology. As part of recommendations, parents should instruct, discipline and stop their children from engaging in acts that lead to death. The youths should also avoid evil companions to avoid falling into trouble. Contribution: Youths are the leaders of tomorrow, which makes admonition to youths a necessity for the growth of the Tiv Society. Proverbs 1:8–19 provides roadmaps that Tiv leaders and the church could adopt in preserving morality among Tiv youths.

Anthropometrics, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, And Explosive Strength Of Men’s And Youth’s Mexican National Beach Handball Teams

Handball (HB), a team/ball sport, requires high levels of aerobic fitness and explosiveness. HB, like soccer and volleyball, can also be played on the beach. Beach handball (BHB) requires two teams of four players who play in a 27 x 12 m area for two sets of 10 minutes. BHB is a relatively new sport. In 2004, the first world beach handball championship took place. In Mexico, the number of youths who play it has been increasing. Although an abundance of anthropometric and fitness performance data is available for HB players, this is not the case for BHB players. Practitioners in BHB would benefit if this kind of data were at their disposal. PURPOSE: To explore differences in anthropometrics, cardiorespiratory fitness, and explosive strength between players of the men’s and youth’s Mexican national BHB teams. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from 34 male players: 21 youth (Yu) (age: 14.71 ± 0.561ys; weight: 67.00 ± 11.01 kg) and 13 elite (El) players (age: 26.38 ± 6.00ys; weight: 87.25 ± 14.98 kg). Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was calculated by performing a time trial over a set distance of 2 km, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) via a 12-min Cooper test, and explosive leg strength via counter movement jump (CJM). Statistical analyses included t-tests in SPSS. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: The groups presented differences in a) weight (Yu 67.00 ± 11.01 vs. El 87.25 ± 14.98; p = 0.00), b) BMI (Yu 21.15 ± 2.40 vs. El 26.25 ± 4.19; p = .001), and c) VO2 max (Yu 45.61 ± 5.95 vs. El 50.65 ± 7.16; p = 0.045), but not in a) height (Yu 1.77 ± 0.08 vs. El 1.82 ± 0.06; p = 0.064), b) CMJ (Yu 30.49 ± 5.61 vs. El 30.46 ± 4.99; p = 0.990), or c) MAS (Yu 14.43 ± 1.54 vs. El 14.07 ± 1.53; p = 0.506). CONCLUSION: The scores of the selected variables offer a preliminary investigation of the differences in anthropometrics, cardiorespiratory fitness, and explosive strength between players of the elite´s and youth’s Mexican national HBH teams. Body composition (fat vs. fat-free mass) is related to BMI, VO2 max, CMJ, and MAS. Therefore, future research should investigate a) why elite´s and youth’s test scores are not different in regard to MAS and CMJ, b) body composition, and c) how the latter translates into fitness test scores and performance metrics. Possible limitations may include cross-sectional design and small/unequal sample sizes.

Adapting the SAFETY-Acute Intervention to Improve Quality of Care for Suicidal Youth in Emergency Rooms and Medical Floors

ABSTRACT Hospitals and emergency departments (ED) are experiencing an increased number of youths with suicidality. Safety interventions used in the ED and on medical floors have not been systematically examined. In this paper, we present the implementation and feasibility of the brief SAFETY-Acute intervention (SAFETY-A), adapted for use by our consultation – liaison psychiatry service. SAFETY-A is a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) family intervention for youth, developed for an ED setting. We implemented SAFETY-A in the ED and on medical floors to determine disposition of a patient to an inpatient hospital versus a lower level of care. We adapted SAFETY-A to use clinically with youths in the ED and medical floors at the Children’s Medical Center in Dallas, Texas. In this report we analyze clinical outcomes of SAFETY-A with patients 10–17 years old (N = 333), who presented to the ED and medical floors with suicide ideations (SI) or suicide attempts (SA). SAFETY-A proved to be feasible and acceptable based on clinicians’ reporting. Safety planning and home safety education were reported as the most effective components of the intervention. Patients who completed SAFETY-A were more likely to be recommended to lower levels of care than patients who did not complete all components of SAFETY-A. SAFETY-A implemented in our consultation-liaison service was associated with reduced inpatient referrals and disposition to a lower level of care. SAFETY-A shows positive outcomes as an acceptable and feasible intervention in a pediatric hospital consultation-liaison program.

Hosting the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games and wellbeing among Canadian youth

ABSTRACT Research question Although research traction is increasing, intangible social impacts are still difficult to measure and relatively under-researched compared to their tangible economic counterparts. Thus, the current study examines the question: what were the associations between hosting the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games, social wellbeing (i.e. sense of belonging), and subjective wellbeing (i.e. life satisfaction) among Canadian youth? Research methods Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (n > 1,000,000), a time series analysis of youths’ (aged 12–19) reports of perceived sense of belonging to their community and perceived life satisfaction across four time points before and after the Vancouver Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games at the national, provincial, and regional levels was conducted. Research findings The number of youths who reported a strong sense of belonging to their community significantly increased in the host region of North Shore after the Games concluded (2011–2012 to 2013–2014). The number of youths who reported a strong sense of belonging to their community and high life satisfaction significantly increased from 2007–2008 (pre-event) to 2009–2010 in the host region of Richmond. Implications This study provides preliminary evidence that mega-sport events might positively affect wellbeing of youth living in regions that house venues for the event. The study also demonstrates the temporary nature of positive social impacts. Suggestions for how to help create situations where positive social impacts are more likely, and to help maintain the wellbeing benefits of mega-sport events for youth populations are offered.

Gender Diverse Youth: Opportunities to Identify and Address Systemic Inequities.

* Abbreviations: GD — : gender diverse SOGI — : sexual orientation–gender identity A significant number of youth are the victims of systemic and interpersonal discrimination as a result of claiming identities that are minoritized in the United States. Researchers in prevalence studies estimate that in the United States, 14% of high school youth identify as Black, 25% as Hispanic, and 1.8% as transgender.1,2 Black and Hispanic children are more likely to live in poverty and to be uninsured compared with their white peers.2–4 Transgender individuals face significantly higher risk of poverty, homelessness, and victimization compared with their cisgender peers; race and ethnicity only compound these outcomes.5 Current literature likely underestimates the prevalence and racial diversity of gender diverse (GD) individuals in the United States. Data from the Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law, a leading research center on sexual orientation, gender identity law, and public policy, reveal that there is overrepresentation of white respondents in some of the largest transgender surveys to date.5–8 Previous experience with rejection, victimization, and transmisogyny may cause GD persons not to self-identify. Limited sexual orientation–gender identity (SOGI) data options further exclude GD individuals who do not identify as cisgender or transgender or whose gender identity falls outside a binary (female or male) model of gender. In this issue of Pediatrics , the study “Prevalence of Gender Diverse Youth in an Urban School District” by Kidd et al9 contributes a unique and more accurate reflection of the distribution of GD youth and also reflects the growing appreciation of the complexity of adolescent identity formation: a major developmental task that paves the way to a healthy adulthood. Authors of this study also offer more nuanced opportunities to consider the intersection of race and gender in adolescent identity formation. They found that 9.2% of those in the urban … Address correspondence to Michelle Forcier, MD, MPH, Director Gender, Sex and Reproductive Justice Programming at Open Door Health, 7 Central Street, Providence, RI 02907. E-mail: mforcier1205{at}gmail.com

Inter-class Concomitant Pharmacotherapy in Medicaid-Insured Youth Receiving Psychiatric Residential Treatment.

Background: Concomitant pharmacotherapy has become increasingly common in the treatment of youth, including in psychiatric residential treatment facilities (PRTF) despite limited efficacy and safety data. Research is reported on the prevalence of any class and interclass concomitant pharmacotherapy, specific class combinations of psychotropics, and changes in number of medications from admission to discharge for Medicaid insured youth treated in PRTFs in one mid—Atlantic state.Methods: Medicaid administrative claims data were examined for youth under age 18 years who were discharged from one of 21 PRTFs during calendar year 2019. Descriptive statistics were calculated to examine patterns of service utilization 90 days prior to admission. The rates of concomitant psychotropic use at admission were compared to the rates at discharge. Logistic regression models were used to examine covariates associated with discharging on 4 or more medications.Results: Fifty-four % of youth were admitted on either two or three psychotropics, while 25% were admitted on four or more psychotropics. The proportion of youth admitting and discharging on 2 or 3 medications was stable. There was a 27% increase in number of youth discharging on 4 medications with a 24% decrease in those on a 5- drug regimen. Only the number of medications prescribed at admission was found to be significant (p < 0.001), with more medications at admission contributing to probability of discharging on 4 or more medications.Conclusions: Concomitant pharmacotherapy is common in PRTFs. These findings support the practice of deprescribing and underscore the need for further research.

The youth e-cigarette epidemic: New estimates of JUUL Labs' revenue from youth users in the US.

INTRODUCTIONPast 30-day e-cigarette use increased by 78% among high school students from 2017 to 2018, an increase attributable to pod-style devices. JUUL Labs (JUUL) insists they do not market their product to teenagers. We created several scenarios to estimate the percentages of JUUL’s net revenue from adults and youth in the US in 2018.METHODSWe used the number of youth (aged 12–17 years) and adults (aged ≥18 years) who reported using JUUL in the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study wave 4 (Dec 2016–Jan 2018) to estimate the youth proportion of JUUL users. As a sensitivity analysis, we also used data from the nationally representative Truth Longitudinal Cohort (TLC) study to estimate the youth proportion of JUUL users. Based on this percentage, we then applied several scenarios to estimate JUUL’s net revenue from youth in the US in 2018.RESULTSFrom the PATH Study, 31% of JUUL users were youth (aged 12–17 years). In the TLC study, 30% of current JUUL users were aged 15–17 years. Given that JUUL’s net revenue was $1.3 billion in 2018, we calculated that JUUL made between $130 million and $650 million of its net revenue from youth, depending on consumption scenarios.CONCLUSIONSA substantial proportion of JUUL’s profits in 2018 were a result of use by youth. It could be required that all e-cigarette companies actively ensure that use by youth is below a pre-determined small fraction of their sales, requiring that a high penalty be paid by those that fail to do so.