Total Number Of Hours Research Articles

The Influence of Adolescent Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Density among Adult Runners.

This study aimed to determine the influence of sport type and training volume during adolescence on low bone mineral density (BMD) in long-distance runners. In total, 125 competitive long-distance runners (64 males; 21.3±4.2 years, 61 females; 21.4±3.1 years) participated in this retrospective cohort study. We collected training history data during adolescence using a questionnaire and measured BMD of the lumbar spine and whole body using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Male runners with low BMD ran for more hours (p=0.02) and had a smaller proportion of multidirectional loading activity (p=0.03) in elementary school than those with normal BMD. Although female runners with low BMD performed multidirectional activity for more hours in middle school than those with normal BMD (p=0.01), running volume was similar between groups. There was an increasing trend in the total number of hours of physical activity in middle school in female runners with low BMD (p=0.05). These results suggest that avoiding specialization in long-distance running, increasing the proportion of multidirectional sports, and preventing overload during the bone growth phase may reduce the risk of low BMD among runners.

Fever Prevention in Patients With Acute Vascular Brain Injury: The INTREPID Randomized Clinical Trial.

Fever is associated with worse outcomes in patients with stroke, but whether preventing fever improves outcomes is unclear. To determine whether fever prevention after acute vascular brain injury is achievable and impacts functional outcome. Open-label randomized clinical trial with blinded outcome assessment that enrolled 686 of 1176 planned critically ill patients with stroke at 43 intensive care units in 7 countries from March 2017 to April 2021 (last date of follow-up was May 12, 2022). Patients randomized to fever prevention (n = 339) were targeted to 37.0 °C for 14 days or intensive care unit discharge using an automated surface temperature management device. Standard care patients (n = 338) received standardized tiered fever treatment on occurrence of temperature of 38 °C or greater. Primary outcome was daily mean fever burden: the area under the temperature curve above 37.9 °C (total fever burden) divided by the total number of hours in the acute phase, multiplied by 24 hours (°C-hour). The principal secondary outcome was 3-month functional recovery by shift analysis of the 6-category modified Rankin Scale, which is scored from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). Major adverse events included death, pneumonia, sepsis, and malignant cerebral edema. Enrollment was stopped after a planned interim analysis demonstrated futility of the principal secondary end point. In total, 686 patients were enrolled, and 9 were consented but not randomized, leaving a primary analysis population of 677 patients (254 ischemic stroke, 223 intracerebral hemorrhage, 200 subarachnoid hemorrhage; 345 were female [51%]; median age, 62 years) with 433 (64%) completing the study through 12 months. Daily mean (SD) fever burden was significantly lower in the fever prevention group (0.37 [1.0] °C-hour; range, 0.0-8.0 °C-hour) compared with the standard care group (0.73 [1.1] °C-hour; range, 0.0-10.3 °C-hour) (difference, -0.35 [95% CI, -0.51 to -0.20]; P < .001). Between-group differences for the primary outcome by stroke subtype were -0.10 (95% CI, -0.35 to 0.15) for ischemic stroke, -0.50 (95% CI, -0.78 to -0.22) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and -0.52 (95% CI, -0.81 to -0.23) for subarachnoid hemorrhage (all P < .001 by Wilcoxon rank-sum test). There was no significant difference in functional recovery at 3 months (median modified Rankin Scale score, 4.0 vs 4.0, respectively; odds ratio for a favorable shift in functional outcome, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.46]; P = .54). Major adverse events occurred in 82.2% of participants in the fever prevention group vs 75.9% in the standard care group, including 33.8% vs 34.5% for infections, 14.5% vs 14.0% for cardiac disorders, and 24.5% vs 20.5% for respiratory disorders. In patients with acute vascular brain injury, preventive normothermia using an automated surface temperature management device effectively reduced fever burden but did not improve functional outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02996266.

CHANGES IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TRAINING OF FUTURE DOCTORS IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERNIZATION OF MEDICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

World integration processes and globalization trends have set the tasks of modernization and involvement in the European and world educational space for higher medical education in Ukraine. The periods of changes in the total number of hours and the emergence of independent work in the curricula of pharmacological training of future doctors, which corresponded to Ukraine's accession to the Bologna Process and subsequently to the European Education Area (EEA), are highlighted. The curricula for the study of pharmacology over the past 55 years have been analyzed. The problems that arose in the context of changes in the curriculum, which led to a redistribution of the number of hours in the study of disciplines, are revealed. The directions of resolving the discrepancies between the amount of material and the features of the curricula are characterized. Key words: pharmacological training, modernization of higher medical education, European educational area (EEA), work programs, curricula, classroom, independent work

Gender-based division of household labor: a study of selected districts of Bangladesh

PurposeAs women perform most household chores and other nonproductive work, gender-based division of labor in the home has now been identified as a barrier to gender equality. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of gender distribution of housework especially for women and investigate the factors influencing the total hours spent on house chores in Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a quantitative approach based on survey data obtained from 200 households in the Madaripur and Gopalganj districts of Bangladesh. To analyze the obtained data, the partial least squares (PLS) regression was used.FindingsAccording to this study, demographic and socioeconomic factors of women, and gender are influencing the total hours spent in housework. Women were observed to have a positive relationship with empowerment but a negative relationship with social perception. Social perception was further observed to have a significant impact on the total number of hours expended by women on house chores.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that the importance of sharing the burden of household work be taught in schools and community-based awareness programs so that it becomes ingrained as a social and cultural practice. Furthermore, the government should conduct a proper assessment that recognizes unpaid housework by women as an important factor in inclusive sustainable development.Originality/valueIssues of inequality in the division of labor in household activities are barely recognized in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study collected primary data to assess the effects of gender on the distribution of housework. The findings of the study will help policymakers and academicians to better understand the gender-based division of household labor.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2023-0195.

Promoting training by research in chemistry curriculum on the basis of the STEAM concept

The article includes analysis of the modernized 2019 Chemistry Curriculum. The elements of the curriculum have been highlighted, at the same time their weight in relation to the total number of hours per class and learning cycle has been analysed. At the same time, we found the role of the teacher in correlating the objectives of the assessment, which have the role of forming in students their own competences and guiding them towards success, which denotes the quality of the instructional-educational process, which depends on the quality of professional training and the means of teaching that would arouse the interest of students and also prepare them for life.

PHYSICAL TRAINING PLANNING FOR WEIGHTLIFTERS BEGINNERS IN A WEEKLY TRAINING MICROCYCLE

Weightlifting training requires a high level of physical preparation, and this concept became essential at all activity cycles. As the results of participation in competition are increasingly in demand, optimal work output can only be achieved in the presence of superior indices of special physical preparation. Physical training planning throughout the training period is particularly important, but especially at the initial stage. Thus, the forms of planning the physical preparation of beginner weightlifters in a weekly training microcycle are based on significant concepts and theoretical-practical approaches essential for the effective preparation of weightlifters at this stage. The planning of the physical preparation of beginner weightlifters in a weekly training microcycle is designated by the complexity of the development of the functional and motor capacities of an athlete and is carried out within a well systematized and organized training process, this process being represented by a set of theories, concepts, notions, methods, principles and legalities. Therefore, the process of planning the motor activity of weightlifting athletes at the early stage is represented by certain scenarios of training lessons, being developed depending on the main objectives of forming a strong functional base and requires permanent increase of efforts in order to achieve high sports results. The planning of physical training in a weekly training microcycle is reflected in: the number of training sessions per day (morning and afternoon training); the number of training sessions per week (total of 11 training sessions: for Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday two training sessions (morning and afternoon) and for Saturday only the morning session. The total number of hours is represented by the 60 min ceiling for one hour of training (one astronomical hour) where the morning training constitutes 1.5 hours and the afternoon training constitutes 2.5 astronomical hours.In the structural architecture of the planning of the training process a significant role is played by the experimental didactic project of the training lesson. The didactic project contains in a detailed form the whole scheme of the programme of actions that are planned to be learned. This planning unit is also notable for the fact that the respective compartments also describe the method of action which influences the execution of the planned movements.In their content, the didactic projects of the training lessons preserve the essence of the instructional approach in order to form the motor skills and the set of previously acquired skills, mastered at the moment, and with a future perspective, giving the didactic project a system status, on the basis of which the multiannual training process is built.

Non-technical Skills in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Improvement and Evaluation of a New Course Introduced to the Curriculum at a Medical School in Poland in 2018 to 2019

Non-technical skills (NTS) are important skills in emergency medicine and should be a necessity even at the stage of medical studies. The aim of this study was to assess how increasing the number of non-technical skills hours influenced the results of non-technical competences among medical students. In this investigation, 296 Polish medical students in the sixth year at Medical College in Krakow, Poland were included in the study. The students were divided into two research groups: I in 2018 and II in 2019. The groups differed in the number of total hours that focused on non-technical skills, in 2018: 60 hr, and 2019: 120 total hours. Non-technical competencies were assessed at the Crisis Resource Management station using sudden cardiac arrest scenarios. In 2018, the median was 20 points and the average of the points obtained in this group was 19.53 points (SD 5.39 points). In 2019, the median was 26 points and the average of points was 25.07 points (SD 5.23 points). Students who had more non-technical skills classes (120 hr) scored more points on the OSCE exam than group I (60 hr) ( p &lt; .001). The median of points in non-technical competences depended on the number of teaching hours in which the main emphasis was on the development of these skills. This investigation demonstrates that more teaching hours dedicated to improving the non-technical skills of students corresponded to better results on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenarios.

Linking sedentary behavior and mental distress in higher education: a cross-sectional study.

Sedentary behavior among university students could negatively affect their mental health. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of mental health (anxiety and depression) and sedentary behavior between gender in Health Degrees at the University of Zaragoza. Cross-sectional descriptive study. Sample of 257 University students who completed an online questionnaire. Sedentary behavior was assessed with the SBQ questionnaire. Anxiety and depression were assessed with the GADS questionnaire. The Mann-Whitney U test and multiple linear regression models were used. In comparison to men, female students with symptoms of anxiety spend more time in total engaged in sedentary behaviors (10.56 ± 4.83) vs. (7.8 ± 3.28; p < 0.001) and mentally-passive sedentary activities [2.24 (1.57) vs. 1.15 (0.90; p < 0.005)]. Female students at risk of depression also spend more hours engaged in mentally-passive sedentary behaviors in comparison to men (8.28 ± 50.70 vs. 1.27 ± 1.02; p = 0.009). Female students at risk of anxiety and/or depression spend more time engaged in sedentary activities in comparison to male students. The risk of anxiety and depression is associated with the total number of hours a day spent engaged in sedentary behaviors and with mentally passive behaviors, but not mentally active behaviors.

Academic performance of Grade 8 learners in science during face-to-face class at General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School

This study aimed to investigate the academic performance of Grade 8 Science learning during face-to-face classes in General Emilio Aguinaldo National High School – Imus City for the School Year 2022-2023. The research involved analyzing data gathered from 238 learners to draw conclusions. The study explored various aspects related to attendance, engagement, quality of teaching, cla2rity of explanations and examples, access to learning resources, study habits, motivation and interest in science subjects, the impact of face-to-face classes on motivation, parental involvement in inquiring about progress, learning engagement during face-to-face classes, and the correlation between grades in science and hours spent studying. The findings revealed that most learners actively engaged in face-to-face classes, with high attendance rates and positive perceptions of teaching quality. Most respondents reported having access to necessary textbooks and learning materials, although some reported lack of access. Study habits showed that many learners regularly reviewed science material outside class, indicating active engagement. Regarding motivation and interest, most respondents expressed some interest in science subjects, and face-to-face classes were reported to enhance their motivation to learn and excel in the subject. Parental involvement varied, with some parents or guardians rarely inquiring about their child's progress in science while others inquired occasionally or frequently. Overall, learners had positive perceptions of face-to-face learning engagement, with a strong agreement regarding the helpfulness of face-to-face interactions and provided resources. The study found no significant correlation between grades in science and the total number of hours spent studying, suggesting that other factors may influence academic performance. Areas for improvement were identified, including ensuring equitable access to learning resources and addressing lower levels of engagement and clarity for some learners. These findings provide valuable insights into the learning and engagement patterns of Grade 8 Science learners and can inform strategies to enhance their educational experiences.

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE TURBINES

The turbine is the main part of the aircraft engine responsible for converting fuel into energy to drive the propeller blades. The article is devoted to the maintenance and repair of an aircraft turbine, including the basic procedures and techniques used to detect and correct defects and damage in the turbine. It also describes the process for diagnosing and analyzing turbine failures, and how to prevent such failures from occurring in the future. Turbine maintenance is critical to flight safety, and the article can be useful to both aviation professionals and the general public interested in aviation and technical issues. Reliability and resource, as practice shows, depend more on the number of load cycles and thermal cycles associated with starts, stops and changes in the engine operating mode than on the total number of hours of operation. The turbine is the most important unit of the engine, which determines its service life and reliability of operation. Cooled rotor blades make it possible to increase the working temperature of the gas in front of the turbine or to use less scarce materials for the manufacture of blades. Currently, two types of cooled rotor blades are mainly used: frame and composite blades.

The Impacts of Delaying School Start Time on Sleep and Academic Performance in the Adolescent Population

Sleep has a significant impact on the physical and mental health of adolescents. However, most adolescents face sleep deprivation and a range of adverse consequences. The policy of delaying the start of school has gained the attention of many researchers in the last two decades in response to the problem of improving sleep quality and increasing the total number of hours of sleep among adolescents. This paper assesses the influences of delayed school start times on adolescent sleep and related outcomes, identifies the limitations and shortcomings of this policy implementation, and the available research data, provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of delayed school start times, and offers suggestions for the future direction and prospects of this policy implementation.

Chronic Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load in Varsity Athletes across a Six Month Sport Season.

The relation between specific sport practice and possible spine modifications is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sports on the spine in adult varsity athletes across a six month sports season. Forty-four athletes (24.5 ± 3 years) were divided into two groups according to the typology of the sport practiced: the symmetric sports group (S, 22 athletes: track and field running, n = 14; cycling, n = 8), and the asymmetric sports group (A, 22 athletes: tennis, n = 22). The participants' spines were evaluated with Formetric® 4D rasterstereographic analysis at the beginning (BL), in the middle (INT), and at the end (FIN) of the season. Twenty-five parameters were measured in an average 4D modality. The results showed that the intervention factor (BL vs. FIN) had a significant effect on dimple distance (p < 0.05) and on left lateral deviation (BL vs. FIN and INT vs. FIN, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Statistical differences were found for the sport typology factor for pelvic antero-retroversion and right lateral deviation. For left lateral deviation, no modulation was found for the sport typology. Asymmetric versus symmetric sport loads showed small statistical differences in a non-professional sample of adult athletes. The practice of asymmetric sports should also be encouraged without exceeding the total number of hours per week.

Инженерная графика в свете расставания с болонским соглашением

The situation that has developed as a result of the signing by Russia of the Bologna agreement is considered and an attempt is made to evaluate the prospects for leaving it. It is noted that the introduction of undergraduate and master's master has broken a classic domestic system of higher education. A reference is made to the work of specialists who predicted serious problems of building undergraduate in the sphere of professional activity. In relation to graphic training, two aspects are considered: undergraduate and competency -based approach to education. The undergraduate has greatly cut off not only the audit load, but also the total number of hours to study disciplines. The specified deficit gave rise to the exclusion of drawing geometry from a number of educational standards. This trend was paid attention to, in particular, Bulgarian colleagues. The result is the loss of the theoretical basis of the departments teaching graphic disciplines. The investigation is a loss of independence, unification with other departments. Due to the fact that employers in the field of equipment perceived the undergraduate as unacceptable engineers, unsuitable attempts were made to introduce engineering undergraduate. The deficiency of the auditor's load crushed mentoring - the invaluable quality of domestic education. It is especially important when working with 1-2 courses, due to the lack of graphics at school, insufficient training in the field of geometry, a small emphasis on analytics in the educational process. Attention is drawn to the “quiet revolution” that occurred in domestic education in connection with a competency -based approach. The educational process is built from the result to training i.e. In the opposite direction in relation to the classical scheme. Now the main in training is the employer. The relationship, mutual understanding between it and the university, the individual department unambiguously determines the quality of education. A possible dictate can turn a number of aspects of the educational process into formal or ineffective. Examples are given. In terms of forecasts, it is noted that the undergraduate will not disappear at the same time, and the specialists in the field of graphic training are faced with training using innovative approaches in the educational and production educational process within the framework of a specialty.

Factors Responsible for the Performance of Final-Year Dental Surgery Students in Their Professional Examinations in Nigeria.

Little is known about the factors responsible for the academic performance of clinical dentistry/dental surgery students, particularly those in their finals in Nigerian universities. The objectives of the study were to identify the subjective factors that may affect the performance of dental surgery finalists at the undergraduate level in Nigerian dental schools and to proffer realistic suggestions to improve dental surgery education. A cross-sectional survey of final-year dental surgery students in Nigeria was conducted using a well-structured validated online questionnaire distributed randomly through online platforms. Descriptive and inferential data analysis was done with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Chi-squares and Fischer's exact values were calculated. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Consent was obtained from all participants. Sixty-nine final-year dental surgery students completed and submitted the questionnaire. The hours spent on clinical hands-on-dental practice, dental surgery lectures/clinics attendance, and impact of particular course lecturers were the top three most agreed factors influencing the performance of dental surgery students in their examinations. A significant relationship (P = 0.027 [<0.05]; X2 = 4.873) exists between gender and the perception in that the greater cumulative number of study hours was alluded to significantly influencing performance in examinations. More females unlike males indicated that the total number of hours studied does not affect performance. A statistically significant association (P = 0.004 [<0.05]; X2 = 13.274) was also found between age grades and the influence of repeating an examination on performance. A majority of the respondents across all age grades indicated that repeating students do not always perform better or even pass the examinations. A majority of the respondents across all age grades indicated that those that have completed a degree before medical school do not always perform better in examinations. This finding also had a statistically significant association (P = 0.048 [<0.05]; X2 = 7.886). There is a need to coordinate efforts in the management of dental institutions to ensure that adequate attention is given to the dental surgery students at every stage of their training. Creation of dental surgery mentorship programmes may also help in the overall quality of the programme.

Las remesas internacionales y la participación en la fuerza laboral en Costa Rica: Explicando Resultados Contradictorios

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of remittances on labor force participation and labor supply decision of women in Costa Rica based on an analysis of data from the Costa Rica national survey, Encuesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples (Household Survey for Multiple Purposes) in 2007. The labor force participation decision is analyzed with a Probit model. The determinants of total number of hours worked is investigated with the Heckman selection model. The labor force participation decision on female household heads is found to be affected by remittances and the frequency, reduce labor force participation rates as much as 20 percent. The effect of remittances on the number of hours supplied is found to be weaker. Those households, which receive no remittances or only receive remittances infrequently, supply 3.5 hours more per week. However, we fail to find that frequent remittance receiving household heads supply fewer hours. We find evidence that the number of hours supplied is affected by the frequency of remittances for the poor, but not the extremely poor.

Levelling the Photovoltaic Power Profile with the Integrated Energy Storage System

The extensive penetration in the energy mix of variable renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, guarantees boosting of the transition toward a decarbonized and sustainable energy system as well as tackling of climate targets. However, the instability and unpredictability of such sources predominantly affect their plant production. Thus, utility-scale energy storage is required to aid in balancing supply and demand and, as a result, to prevent unbalances that might cause issues at different grid levels. In the present study, the authors’ patented energy storage technology, known as Integrated Energy Storage System (I-ESS), is combined with a 10 MWp solar plant. The PV plant and the I-ESS unit function as a Virtual Power Plant (VPP). The selected VPP management strategy attempts to optimize the daily hours during which the plant supplies steady power output. Numerical simulations show that the VPP plant can effectively smooth the PV peak and manage the power supply. In particular, by the definition of a novel metric expressing the ratio between regular hours of power provided to the grid plus the energy stored in the backup unit and the total number of hours in a year, the results show that the VPP regularity is relatively high in terms of PV output, ranging from a low of 50% in December to a high of 87% in August. Thus, the proposed VPP arrangement seems to be a promising technology for pushing toward the carbon-neutral transition.

&lt;독서대회&gt;를 활용한 ‘창의적 글쓰기 교육’의 단계적 접근방식과 기대효과 연구 - 전문대학에서의 활용성을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to design a step-by-step approach to creative writing education in junior colleges and to share educational outcomes. As "recruitment of students" and "employment rate of graduates" are directly related to the school''s existence, it is virtually very difficult to include regular subjects based on writing within a limited educational period of a vocational college consisting of two or three years. Looking at the studies so far, there are many cases of model research and application to ''creative writing'' in university education. However, since most of the studies are the results derived based on four-year universities, it is difficult to find studies focusing on writing education methods, especially specific application plans, in junior colleges. This study shared the writing curriculum using the "in-school reading competition" conducted by A junior college in Korea and discussed the expected effect based on the "university writing" class, which is mainly arranged with two credits among most junior college curriculums. Students participated in a reading contest by utilizing task scores within regular subjects and went through a three-week preparation process with the instructor. Through this process, there was a positive educational achievement in acquiring an approach to writing and a creative writing method, and students'' satisfaction was also very high. It is not limited to the division of writing, but the professor checks all the processes of book selection, preparation, and actual writing during class, and at the same time, feedback in the preparation process before writing alleviates learners'' fear of writing, and based on active thinking, finished works were derived through reading activities. Through the results of this study, it will be able to be used in related lectures at each vocational university. In particular, it is a model that can be applied immediately to lecture time, and it can be implemented without burden, and the number of hours required out of the total number of hours is about 4 hours, and for two credit classes, it is two to three weeks. This is a very reasonable and efficient plan that can be implemented in junior college, and at the same time, it is expected to have high expectations in terms of performance.

The Effect of Night Float Rotation on Resident Sleep, Activity, and Well-Being.

Night float call systems are becoming increasingly common at training programs with the goal of reducing fatigue related to sleep deprivation and sleep disturbance. Previous studies have shown that trainees obtain less sleep during the night float rotation and have decreased sleep efficiency for several days after the rotation. The impact on physical and emotional well-being has not been documented. Twenty-seven anesthesia residents were enrolled in a study using wearable sleep and activity trackers and National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (NIH PROMIS) surveys for sleep disturbance, fatigue, and positive affect to record data the week before ("baseline"), during ("night float"), and 1 week after ("recovery") their night float rotation. Each subject's data during the night float week and recovery week were compared to his or her own baseline week data using a paired, nonparametric analysis. The primary outcome variable was the change in average daily sleep hours during the night float week compared to the baseline week. Average daily rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, daily steps, and NIH PROMIS scores comparing night float and recovery weeks to baseline week were prespecified secondary outcomes. NIH PROMIS scores range from 0 to 100 with 50 as the national mean and more of the construct having a higher score. There was no difference in average daily sleep hours between the night float and the baseline weeks (6.7 [5.9-7.8] vs 6.7 [5.5-7.7] hours, median [interquartile range]; P = .20). Residents had less REM sleep during the night float compared to the baseline weeks (1.1 [0.7-1.5] vs 1.4 [1.1-1.9] hours, P = .002). NIH PROMIS fatigue scores were higher during the night float than the baseline week (58.8 [54.6-65.1] vs 48.6 [46.0-55.1], P = .0004) and did not return to baseline during the recovery week (51.0 [48.6-58.8], P = .029 compared to baseline). Sleep disturbance was not different among the weeks. Positive affect was reduced after night float compared to baseline (39.6 [35.0-43.5] vs 44.8 [40.1-49.6], P = .0009), but returned to baseline during the recovery week (43.6 [39.6-48.2], P = .38). The residents slept the same number of total hours during their night float week but had less REM sleep, were more fatigued, and had less positive affect. All of these resolved to baseline except fatigue, that was still greater than the baseline week. This methodology appears to robustly capture psychophysiological data that might be useful for quality initiatives.

Инженерная графика в свете расставания с болонским соглашением

The situation that has developed as a result of the signing by Russia of the Bologna agreement is considered and an attempt is made to evaluate the prospects for leaving it. It is noted that the introduction of undergraduate and master's master has broken a classic domestic system of higher education. A reference is made to the work of specialists who predicted serious problems of building undergraduate in the sphere of professional activity. In relation to graphic training, two aspects are considered: undergraduate and competency -based approach to education. The undergraduate has greatly cut off not only the audit load, but also the total number of hours to study disciplines. The specified deficit gave rise to the exclusion of drawing geometry from a number of educational standards. This trend was paid attention to, in particular, Bulgarian colleagues. The result is the loss of the theoretical basis of the departments teaching graphic disciplines. The investigation is a loss of independence, unification with other departments. Due to the fact that employers in the field of equipment perceived the undergraduate as unacceptable engineers, unsuitable attempts were made to introduce engineering undergraduate. The deficiency of the auditor's load crushed mentoring - the invaluable quality of domestic education. It is especially important when working with 1-2 courses, due to the lack of graphics at school, insufficient training in the field of geometry, a small emphasis on analytics in the educational process. Attention is drawn to the “quiet revolution” that occurred in domestic education in connection with a competency -based approach. The educational process is built from the result to training i.e. In the opposite direction in relation to the classical scheme. Now the main in training is the employer. The relationship, mutual understanding between it and the university, the individual department unambiguously determines the quality of education. A possible dictate can turn a number of aspects of the educational process into formal or ineffective. Examples are given. In terms of forecasts, it is noted that the undergraduate will not disappear at the same time, and the specialists in the field of graphic training are faced with training using innovative approaches in the educational and production educational process within the framework of a specialty.

Anatomy teaching in Saudi medical colleges- is there necessity of the national core syllabus of anatomy.

Curricular updates in medicine resulted in changes in gross anatomy teaching. We aim to find the trends and methods of gross anatomy teaching in medicine programs in Saudi Arabia. Further, examine whether the data would help to discuss whether a core Anatomy syllabus is required. A survey questionnaire based on the earlier studies, was sent to the anatomy faculty of 25 medical colleges to collect the data on the pedagogic and dissection/laboratory approaches, inclusion of radiological, clinical, surface anatomy sessions, and the total number of hours allocated for anatomy education. A total of 15 responses were received from different medical colleges of which nine provided complete details. A wide variation in the component and mode of delivery of anatomy was observed. The number of hours for the anatomy course ranged from 89 to 388 hours. These data will provide an update on gross anatomy teaching approaches, which will help in making informed decisions in course revisions and adopting the best practices. The variations in anatomy course with short duration raises concern about whether the essential learning outcomes are achieved to prepare a skillful and safe clinician? do we require a core syllabus of Anatomy to be adopted at the national level to achieve the essential learning outcomes? The Anatomical Society, UK has developed core syllabi of Anatomy for undergraduate medical, dental, nursing, and pharmacy students, which can serve as a guide in developing the core syllabus of Anatomy for medicine in Saudi.