Number Of Round Trips Research Articles

DAP-CBR: enhancing Bitcoin block propagation efficiency using dynamic compact block relay’s prefilling of transactions

This study examines the potential of BIP-152’s Compact Block Relay (CBR) to enhance the Bitcoin network. This work explores the block propagation efficiency through dynamic prefilling of transactions. In addition, an enhanced CBR model is proposed to reduce superfluous transaction requests, thus improving the block distribution process. The analysis considers the impact of the dynamically prefilled transactions on Bitcoin network scalability, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. We also conduct a comparative study of fixed-size and dynamically sized prefilled transactions to highlight the importance of adapting to network demands. Prefilling a fixed number of transactions without considering demand can cause inefficiencies and strain the network with unnecessary bandwidth use. Indiscriminate prefilling exacerbates these issues by inflating data packets unnecessarily, increasing latency and reducing network responsiveness. Our research indicates that the proposed solution can significantly reduce the number of round-trips between network nodes by an average of 29.77% and block reconstruction latency by 39.10% when compared with the CBR.

Generating clean few-cycle pulses in an all-bulk multipass cell scheme

We theoretically demonstrate the generation of clean few-cycle pulses in a three-stage all-bulk multipass cell scheme. By meticulously selecting the number of round trips and the width of the material used in each cell, we are able to keep the three stages in the enhanced frequency chirp regime. The results show the generation of short and clean pulses, with compression factors approaching 50 with a final duration below 1.5 cycles.

To the question of the study of a vibration device to eliminate seizures during the construction of oil and gas wells

The drilling process is one of the most expensive steps in the construction of an oil well. Therefore, methods that reduce drilling costs without compromising the quality of well construction are always in demand by oil companies. As a rule, specialists in the field of drilling seek to increase the rate of penetration, reduce the number of round trips, eliminate accidents due to tool breaks, ensure uniform weight on bit, reduce time spent on eliminating complications, etc. Among these approaches, a special place is occupied by the technology of using vibration devices to prevent sticking of the drill string. The article presents theoretical studies of the operation of the device for dynamic impact on the bottomhole, allowing to assess the influence of design factors on its operation. The performed studies allow us to recommend the use of the device in a single bottomhole assembly to create pulsating flushing and dynamic loading of the bit. The obtained research results can be used in the design of downhole assemblies of various sizes with hydraulic vibrators for drilling wells. Keywords: Well Drilling; Horizontal Section; Sticking; Weight On Bit; Device; Vibration; Friction.

Cycle Numbers of Cell Surface Recycling Receptors

The cycle number (nc) of a recycling receptor is defined as the average number of round trips (cell surface–endosome–cell surface) the receptor can make before it is degraded. This characteristic parameter of recycling receptors can be easily determined from the receptor’s half-life (t½, the time in which 50% of the receptor is degraded) and cycling time (Tc, the time a receptor needs to complete a round trip). Relationship analyses revealed that nc increases linearly with increasing t½ and decreases exponentially with increasing Tc. For commonly observed t½ and Tc values, it was calculated that recycling receptors have nc values of <300. In addition, it was found that recycling receptors in cancer cells have generally smaller nc values (<100), whereas recycling receptors in normal cells have larger nc values (>100). Based on this latter finding, the cycle number nc may be a useful criterion for distinguishing between cancer and normal cells.

A pilot study of digital bedside cards in the emergency room of a medical centre in Taiwan

The emergency room (ER) digital bedside card is a simple and important invention. It can be directly connected to the hospital information system to display important patient information in real time, reduce the workload of ER staff, improve their satisfaction, and provide useful information for patients and their families. We conducted a prospective study of ER staff using questionnaires and conducted Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare before and after ER digital bedside card implementation in the Tamsui MacKay Memorial Hospital. Sixty participants of the ER staff joined the study before and after digital card implementation. After the ER digital bedside card was set up, the number of round trips from the nursing station to the ER bedside and the number of common questions asked by patients and their family members were significantly reduced. The cards reduced the response time for frequently asked questions by patients and their family members and significantly improved the satisfaction of ER staff. Our study showed that ER digital bedside cards reduced the workload of ER staff, provided patients and their families with useful information, and greatly improved ER staff satisfaction. This marks an important milestone in the future development of smart ER.

Analysis of the cause of destruction of the repair welded joint of a coiled tubing pipe

The article presents the results of studies of the destruction of coiled tubing after repair with the formation of a transverse weld using fusion welding without subsequent heat treatment. The design features of the repair welded joint are considered. A description of the operating conditions of the tubing is presented – ambient temperature, working fluid temperature, pressure, working fluid flow rate, number of round trips, as well as the characteristics of the working environment containing chloride salts, hydrochloric acid solution and gaseous nitrogen (with a high percentage oxygen content). To determine the cause of the failure and identify the corresponding defects, the method of visual-measuring control, determination and analysis of the results of measurements of the hardness and chemical composition of the material of the pipe and weld, mechanical tests were used. Particular attention was paid to fracture analysis, detection of defects in the form of pores, as well as metallographic studies of the microstructure of the welded joint. The ability to use manual arc welding for pipe repair in case of failure, as well as the identification of possible defects obtained during the repair and operation of coiled tubing, allows you to more quickly repair equipment and ensure an increase in its service life, eliminating unwanted downtime. The use of additional heat treatment and well-prepared surfaces for welding by cleaning and degreasing has a significant impact on the quality of the welded joint and leads to minimal formation of defects (pores, microcracks) that affect the further operation of the equipment as a whole, operated under tensile stress conditions during repeated static bending coiled tubing.

Quantitative evaluation and removal of periodic error caused by ghost reflections in a double-path homodyne interferometer

This paper discusses periodic error caused by ghost reflections in a double-path homodyne interferometer, which is difficult to be removed by so-called Heydemann’s method due to its unique frequency. The mechanism of the periodic error is represented by a theoretical equation established focusing on the number of round trips of a measurement light path. Based on the theory, it was found that specific periodic errors are caused by the measurement light reflected on one surface of an optical element. To evaluate the presence and removal of the periodic error, the self-evaluation method, which was extended to include ghost reflections, was applied. Experimental evidence shows that a wedge provided on that surface prevents unwanted reflections and reduces the periodic error to approximately 2 pm.

The Concept of Motion in Ancient Greek Thought: Foundations in Logic, Method, and Mathematics

<i>The Concept of Motion in Ancient Greek Thought: Foundations in Logic, Method, and Mathematics</i>

Feasibility assessment of immunization carpool model for &amp;lt;2 years children in rural Pakistan

Abstract Almost 20 million children globally do not get routine vaccines, 1.4 million of which reside in Pakistan. Immunization coverage in rural settings of Pakistan, comprising &amp;gt;60% population, is lower than their urban counterparts. Barriers such as distant-centers, lack of transportation, and restrictions on women to travel alone, exacerbate the problem. We introduced immunization carpool services in rural settings to facilitate vaccination of &amp;lt; 2 years children. Low-coverage immunization clinics were selected based on availability of vaccinators and vaccines in Shikarpur, a rural district in Pakistan. Local transport providers were identified and vehicles were rented-in. Community mobilization was done through awareness sessions and branding vehicles. Data was recorded on the number of round trips and immunization visits facilitated by each vehicle. Details of children transported and feedback on carpool services were captured from caregivers. Immunization coverage was calculated using the government's electronic immunization registry data. Between January to October 2020, 6 vehicles were deployed, which provided free transport services in 98 catchment areas of 4 immunization clinics. On average, each vehicle completed 420 (SD: 58.2) round trips and facilitated 781 (SD: 171) immunization visits. A total of 2,391 children were enrolled, 1,182 (49.7%) of them were females and 1,197 (50%) aged &amp;lt;6months. Enrolled children compared to non-enrolled at the same immunization clinic, showed 19.1% higher coverage rate for penta-3 (81% vs 68%, p &amp;lt; 0.00) and 23.6% for measles-2 (73% vs 57%, p &amp;lt; 0.00). Immunization timeliness among enrolled children increased by 4.8% for penta-3 (9% vs 4%, p &amp;lt; 0.00) and 18% for measles-2 (25% vs 7%, p &amp;lt; 0.00). Reported advantages of services include time-saving (92%), cost-saving (79%), and reduced dependence on family members (95%). Immunization carpool service is well-accepted by rural women and can improve immunization coverage and equity in rural areas. Key messages Provision of commuting options can overcome accessibility barriers and has the potential to improve immunization coverage and timeliness. Free transport services for rural women could aid in promoting gender equity and reducing urban-rural disparities.

Discrete Element Modeling of Vibration Compaction Effect of the Vibratory Roller in Roundtrips on Gravels

Abstract This paper aims to study the vibration compaction mechanism of the vibratory roller on gravels using a two-dimensional discrete element method. The roadbed model was established by gravel particles with irregular shapes, which was closer to reality. The performance parameters of the vibratory roller, such as operating frequency and rolling velocity, were investigated to explore their influences on the operating efficiency of the vibratory roller in roundtrips. The frequencies of 15 Hz and 17 Hz were proved to be the optimal frequency and resonance frequency in the current simulations, respectively. The vibratory roller could achieve a better vibration compaction effect with less power consumption at the optimal frequency. In addition, the number of roundtrips and power consumption should be considered in the selection of the optimal rolling velocity. The movement direction and the contact force distribution of gravels were illustrated by the displacement field, velocity field, as well as the contact force chains. Our results provide a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of gravel particles and their interactions with the vibratory roller.

Estimated Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Maximal Oxygen Uptake Based on Multistage 10-m Shuttle Run Test in Healthy Adults.

We aimed to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model to estimate the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) based on a multistage 10 m shuttle run test (SRT) in healthy adults. For ANN-based VO2max estimation, 118 healthy Korean adults (59 men and 59 women) in their twenties and fifties (38.3 ± 11.8 years, men aged 37.8 ± 12.1 years, and women aged 38.8 ± 11.6 years) participated in this study; data included age, sex, blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body composition (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), percent skeletal muscle, and percent body), 10 m SRT parameters (number of round trips and final speed), and VO2max by graded exercise test (GXT) using a treadmill. The best estimation results (R2 = 0.8206, adjusted R2 = 0.7010, root mean square error; RMSE = 3.1301) were obtained in case 3 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, SBP, DBP, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT), while the worst results (R2 = 0.7765, adjusted R2 = 0.7206, RMSE = 3.494) were obtained for case 1 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT). The estimation results of case 2 (using age, sex, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, number of round trips in 10 m SRT, and final speed in 10 m SRT) were lower (R2 = 0.7909, adjusted R2 = 0.7072, RMSE = 3.3798) than those of case 3 and higher than those of case 1. However, all cases showed high performance (R2) in the estimation results. This brief report developed an ANN-based estimation model to predict the VO2max of healthy adults, and the model’s performance was confirmed to be excellent.

Statistical Analysis of the Effectiveness of Wearable Robot

In this paper, we present a new statistical approach for evaluating the time-dependent effectiveness of wearable robots without real work. In total, 10 subjects participated in three phases of the experiment; not equipped with a wearable robot without any load, not equipped with the wearable robot with a 15 kg load, equipped with the wearable robot with a 15 kg load. A higher limb wearable robot called LEXO-W was utilized. We measured the time taken to complete a 10 m round trip 10 times as a lap time, and each participant was measured multiple times under all conditions. An increasing number of round trips causes an increment in lap times. In particular, the load-carrying group showed a rapid upward trend in lap time over the number of round trips. However, the robot-assisted group showed a slightly upward trend of lap time over the number of round trips. This study statistically shows that the LEXO-W helps reduce physical fatigue by using repeated measure ANOVA analysis. Furthermore, we employed the generalized additive model(GAM) model to predict and evaluate the effectiveness of the wearable robot.

Intensity pattern types in broadband Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) lasers operating beyond the ultra-stable regime

We report on the formation of various intensity pattern types in detuned Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) lasers and identify the corresponding operating conditions. Such patterns are a result of the complex laser dynamics and serve as an ideal tool for the study of the underlying physical processes as well as for model verification. By numerical simulation we deduce that the formation of patterns is related to the spectral position of the instantaneous laser lineshape with respect to the transmission window of the swept bandpass filter. The spectral properties of the lineshape are determined by a long-term accumulation of phase-offsets, resulting in rapid high-amplitude intensity fluctuations in the time domain due to the narrow intra-cavity bandpass filter and the fast response time of the semiconductor optical amplifier gain medium. Furthermore, we present the distribution of the duration of dips in the intensity trace by running the laser in the regime in which dominantly dips form, and give insight into their evolution over a large number of roundtrips.

Nonlinear beam matching to gas-filled multipass cells

Gas-filled multipass cells are an appealing alternative to capillaries to implement nonlinear temporal compression of high energy femtosecond lasers. Here, we provide an analytic expression for stationary beam coupling to multipass cells that takes into account nonlinear propagation. This allows a constant beam size on the mirrors and at the cell waist, thereby making the optical design more accurate, for example to avoid optical damage or significant ionization. The analysis is validated using spatio-temporal numerical simulations of the propagation in a near-concentric configuration. This is particularly important for multipass cells that are operated in a highly nonlinear regime, which is the current trend since it allows a lower number of roundtrips, relaxing the constraint on mirror coatings performance.

Nonlinear transition between PT-symmetric and PT-broken modes in coupled fiber lasers.

We present a systematic analysis of the stationary regimes of nonlinear parity-time (PT) symmetric laser composed of two coupled fiber cavities. We find that power-dependent nonlinear phase shifters broaden regions of existence of both PT-symmetric and PT-broken modes, and can facilitate transitions between modes of different types. We show the existence of non-stationary regimes and demonstrate an ambiguity of the transition process for some of the unstable states. We also identify the presence of higher-order stationary modes, which return to the initial state periodically after a certain number of round-trips.

Sustainable IoT Sensing Applications Development through GraphQL-Based Abstraction Layer

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are mostly comprised of power-constrained devices, therefore the most important consideration in designing IoT applications, based on sensor networks is energy efficiency. Minor improvement in energy conservation methods can lead to a significant increase in the lifetime of IoT devices and overall network. To achieve efficient utilisation of energy, different solutions are proposed such as duty cycling optimization, design changes at the MAC layer, etc. In this paper, we propose a new approach to overcome this challenge in cloud-based IoT sensing applications, based on integration of an abstraction layer with constrained application mechanism. To achieve energy conservation and efficient data management in IoT sensing applications, we incorporate modules of efficient web framework with cloud services, in order to minimize the number of round trips for data delivery and graph-based data representation. Our study is the first attempt in the literature, to the best of our knowledge, which introduces the potential of this integration for achieving the aforementioned objectives in the target applications. We implemented the proposed interfacing of abstraction layer in constrained applications, to develop a testbed using Z1 IoT motes, Contiki OS and GraphQL web framework with Google cloud services. Experimental comparisons against baseline REST architecture approach show that our proposed approach achieved significant reductions in data delivery delay and energy consumption (minimum 51.53% and 52.88%, respectively) in IoT applications involving sensor network.

Sustainable IoT Sensing Applications Development through GraphQL-Based Abstraction Layer

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are mostly comprised of power-constrained devices, therefore the most important consideration in designing IoT applications, based on sensor networks is energy efficiency. Minor improvement in energy conservation methods can lead to a significant increase in the lifetime of IoT devices and overall network. To achieve efficient utilisation of energy, different solutions are proposed such as duty cycling optimization, design changes at the MAC layer, etc. In this paper, we propose a new approach to overcome this challenge in cloud-based IoT sensing applications, based on integration of an abstraction layer with constrained application mechanism. To achieve energy conservation and efficient data management in IoT sensing applications, we incorporate modules of efficient web framework with cloud services, in order to minimize the number of round trips for data delivery and graph-based data representation. Our study is the first attempt in the literature, to the best of our knowledge, which introduces the potential of this integration for achieving the aforementioned objectives in the target applications. We implemented the proposed interfacing of abstraction layer in constrained applications, to develop a testbed using Z1 IoT motes, Contiki OS and GraphQL web framework with Google cloud services. Experimental comparisons against baseline REST architecture approach show that our proposed approach achieved significant reductions in data delivery delay and energy consumption (minimum 51.53% and 52.88%, respectively) in IoT applications involving sensor network.

Energy minimization for an electric bus using a genetic algorithm

Background and methodsThis paper addresses, in simulation, energy minimization of an autonomous electric minibus operating in an urban environment. Two different case studies have been considered, each involving a total of 10 different 2?km bus routes and two different average speeds. In the proposed method, the minibus follows an optimized speed profile, generated using a genetic algorithm.ResultsIn the first case study the vehicle was able to reduce its energy consumption by around 7 to 12% relative to a baseline case in which it maintains a constant speed between stops, with short acceleration and deceleration phases. In the second case study, involving mass variation (passengers entering and alighting) it was demonstrated that the number of round trips that can be completed on a single battery charge is increased by around 10% using the proposed method.

Optimization of Grain Flows in the “Field-Elevator” Chain During the Harvesting of Grain Seeds in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Grain transportation from a combine harvester to a post-harvest grain processing center (hereinafter referred to as “elevator”) in Kazakhstan has its own specific features: significant grain transportation distances of more than 5 kilometers, country roads without a special paving, uneven and rough terrains, large field sizes, uncertain grain transportation routes from the field to the elevator. This reduces the speed of grain transportation, increases the time spent on transportation, requires a lot of vehicles, and makes difficulties in ensuring the coherent interaction of transport vehicles and combine harvesters. It is especially important to take this into account when transporting seeds on seed farms that use the pre-sowing seed irradiation technology to increase the productivity of seeds. ( Research purpose ) To classify the regions of Kazakhstan by the scale of grain production, determine the parameters of typical seed farms and to calculate their optimal parameters of grain transporting with simultaneous grain irradiation during transportation, minimizing mutual downtime of combine harvesters and transport vehicles during grain crop harvesting in the Republic of Kazakhstan. ( Materials and methods ) The study was carried out using the most typical for Kazakhstan SK-5M Niva combine harvesters and a GАZ-53 vehicles. The vehicle body was equipped with lowfrequency electromagnetic radiators and a special leveling device for grain input from a combine harvester through the grain auger. The authors developed a methodology for choosing the parameters of zonal typical farms based on the following parameters of the transport grain flow: the trip duration along a “field – elevator – field” route, the number of round trips per day, loading capacity of a vehicle; duration, volume, range and speed of transportation, and the coefficient of capacity utilization. It has been revealed that the round trip duration is the most variable parameter. ( Results and discussion ) The authors have proposed an algorithm for calculating the parameters of typical (model) seed farms in Kazakhstan based on statistics obtained from the Statistical Office of the Republic. Three categories of grain-producing regions were distinguished, for each of which the number of seed-growing farms was determined: 171 – for category I, 128 – for category II, 282 – for category III, with a total of 581 farms. The average area of each farm amounts to 2760; 656, and 276 hectares, respectively; round trip periods last for 68.4; 49.5, and 35.5 minutes. ( Conclusions ) It has been determined that the total demand for grain seeds in Kazakhstan is about 2 million tons. The authors have calculated the required number of seed farms, which equals 581. The total demand for vehicles equipped with low-frequency electromagnetic irradiators has been estimated as equaling 5700 units.

Stimulated Excitation by Seeding with Cherenkov Radiation in an Optical Cavity

By seeding with narrow-band Cherenkov radiation from a dielectric loaded waveguide(DLW), stimulated excitation in an optical cavity is presented. The evolution and energy loss of the field oscillating in the optical cavity is analyzed by theoretical and numerical calculation. The results show that the high order TM modes of the Cherenkov radiation can be better preserved after a large number of roundtrips in the optical cavity and this scheme offers a potential method of realizing high power Terahertz radiation source in a compact facility.