Probable Number Research Articles

Reduction of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica in Broth and on Raw Chicken Breast by a Broad-spectrum Bacteriophage Cocktail

Globally, nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes approximately 150 million foodborne illnesses annually; many of which are linked to poultry products. Thus, improving food safety interventions in the poultry sector can reduce foodborne illness associated with prevalent NTS serotypes. Bacteriophages (phages) have shown promise as food-safe alternatives to current antimicrobial practices. However, challenges such as limited host range, bactericidal effectiveness in practical production settings, and the risk of developing host resistance remain as barriers for the widespread use of phages in commercial poultry operations. A broad-spectrum three-phage cocktail was evaluated against S. enterica subsp. enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Kentucky. The impact of multiplicity of infection (MOI) on NTS growth was assessed in broth at 22°C for 18 hours (h). Then, phage cocktail efficacy was evaluated on raw chicken breast samples inoculated with the NTS cocktail and stored at 10°C or 22°C for 0, 1, and 5 days or 0, 4, 8, and 16 h, respectively. Most probable number (MPN) calculations were performed for NTS counts on chicken after phage treatment and storage at 10°C to account for samples with NTS counts below the detection limit. In general, a higher MOI corresponded to reduced NTS growth; however, residual nutrition in growth media and initial NTS contamination level affected samples treated with the phage cocktail at identical MOIs. On chicken, phage cocktail treatment significantly reduced NTS counts at 10°C and 22°C. After storage at 10°C for 5 days, NTS counts were reduced by >3.2 log compared to the control. After storage at 22°C for 16 h, NTS counts were reduced by >1.7 log compared to the control. Overall, the phage cocktail was effective at reducing a diverse set of prominent NTS strains in broth and on raw chicken breast, highlighting its potential for commercialization and use alongside other hurdles in poultry production.

Impedance method application for number detection Escherichia coli in molluscs testing by official laboratory

Bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) have an important role in the transmission of some pathogens responsible for food-borne disease because they are filter-feeding animals capable of greatly concentrating certain pathogenic agents (bacteria, viruses, or parasites) present in the water column, like Escherichia coli. The reference method for E. coli testing in bivalves is the most probable number (MPN) method therefore, as this method has some disadvantages, alternative techniques of equivalent accuracy could be used without the drawbacks of the MPN method such as the direct impedance technique. This method is based on the principle that bacteria produce positively or negatively charged end products causing an impedance variation of the medium that can be used to measure their growth. The present study evaluated the efficiency of the direct impedance measuring technique through a series of laboratory tests performed on 6 kg of clams belonging to two different batches. The preliminary obtained data, compared with the MPN reference method and dd-PCR to validate the alternative method, show that the direct impedance technique has the potential to be used in place of TBX culture for confirming E. coli in MPN assays.

Medium-term storage of calf beddings affects bacterial community and effectiveness to inactivate zoonotic bacteria

Land-spreading of animal faecal wastes -such as animal beddings- can introduce zoonotic enteropathogens into the food system environment. The study evaluated the effectiveness of animal beddings naturally contaminated by calf manure to reduce E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella enterica. The two pathogens were introduced separately as a four strains-cocktail and at high (>6.5 Log10 g-1) concentration into bedding materials, and their inactivation over a 10 weeks-period was monitored by using a Most Probable Number (MPN) enumeration method. Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 was more effective in the bedding inoculated immediately after collection from calf pens than in the beddings inoculated after a 2 months-pre-storage period: E. coli O157:H7 levels were reduced by 6.6 Log10 g-1 in unstored bedding (0.5 Log10 g-1 recovered; 95%CI: 0.0–1.2), and by 4.9 Log10 g-1 in pre-stored bedding (2.2 Log10 g-1 recovered; 95%CI: 1.5–2.8) with a significant (p<0.05) difference between unstored and pre-stored. S. enterica was inactivated less effectively as counts were reduced by one order of magnitude, with no significant difference in inactivation between unstored and pre-stored beddings. Low levels of naturally occurring E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. were detected in the non-inoculated beddings, as well as in the straw prior to use in the animal facility. To better understand the possible biological processes involved, the bacterial community present in the beddings was characterised by short-read 16S rRNA sequencing. Pre-storage of the bedding affected the composition but not the diversity of the bacterial community. Analyses of the key bacterial phyla suggested that the presence of a diverse and stable bacterial community might facilitate inactivation of the introduced pathogens, and a possible role of bacterial orders associated with lignocellulolytic resources. Overall, the study contributed to the understanding of the fate of zoonotic bacteria introduced in animal beddings during storage and identified bedding storage practices pre-and post-use in animal facilities that could be important to prevent the risk of zoonosis dissemination to the environment or to the dairy herds.

Investigations into Increased Incidence of Severe Gizzard Erosions and Ulcerations in U.S. Commercial Broilers.

During a series of pathology surveys in four production complexes of a U.S. broiler integrator, the technical services veterinarians of an animal health company noted a high incidence of severe gizzard erosions and ulcerations (GEU), prompting further clinical investigation and a battery trial. No growth-promoting antibiotics or ionophore coccidiostats were used during the period of these surveys. All used tribasic copper chloride (TBCC) at ≤120 ppm added copper in broiler rations. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 83% and 67% of gizzard lesions cultured in two complexes, and cecal C. perfringens most probable number determinations were higher in severely affected than in mildly affected or unaffected birds. Histopathology revealed both acellular koilin fusion defects characteristic of copper toxicity, as well as inflammatory cell infiltrates. Intralesional bacilli suggestive of C. perfringens were noted in 78% of affected flocks examined. Species E Aviadenovirus was isolated from one bird in one complex, and that bird had a single intranuclear inclusion body; no other flocks had Adenoviruses isolated or detected on PCR, nor any inclusion bodies. Other viruses detected were thought to be incidental. A pilot study using feed with supplemental copper from TBCC or copper sulfate and challenge with one of the isolated C. perfringens strains reproduced the lesions. A battery study was conducted with an unchallenged negative control group fed a diet with 16 ppm added copper, a group fed the control diet and orally challenged with 108 organisms of a field strain of C. perfringens at 21 and 22 days, and a group treated with the same diet containing 250 ppm added copper from TBCC and orally challenged with C. perfringens. Birds were necropsied at 23 and 28 days. All challenged groups developed lesions, with those receiving both TBCC and C. perfringens having significantly higher gross and histopathological lesion scores than the unchallenged negative controls. Lesions were qualitatively similar to those in the field and contained suspected C. perfringens bacilli. Because the levels of TBCC used in the commercial birds and in the battery trial generally have been considered safe, and because C. perfringens is usually regarded as a pathogen of the lower GI tract, the possible association of these two agents with GEU is a novel observation and warrants further investigation.

Genomic insights into Enterococcus faecium isolates from marine bivalves highlight One Health concerns and healthcare linkages.

Enterococci, especially Enterococcus faecium, are one of today's leading causes of multidrug-resistant infections in hospital settings. The marine environment may harbour enterococci, but its role as an evolutionary niche and as a vector for the spread of enterococci is sparsely investigated. Hence, by applying enterococci in bivalves as a sentinel tool, this study aimed to describe the prevalence of enterocooci along the Norwegian coast and in addition the phylogeny of E. faecium in particular. Enterococci in batch samples of marine bivalves, harvested from 86 different locations, were quantitatively examined by a culture-dependent most probable number (MPN) method. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS prior to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by broth microdilution. In-detail analyses of a representative selection of E. faecium isolates (n=148) were done by Illumina whole-genome sequencing, and assembled genomes were compared to closed E. faecium genomes in the public databases and to genomes from commensal and clinical isolates from Norway. Diversity among E. faecium within the same batch sample of bivalves was also explored. Enterococci were detected in 287 of the 471 examined bivalve samples, but in low concentrations with a median value of <18 MPN /100 g. From positive samples, 479 isolates of enterococci were identified belonging to ten different species, where E. faecium (n=247), Enterococcus hirae (n=114) and Enterococcus faecalis (n=66) were most frequently found. Resistance towards one or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 197 isolates (41 %), none of the isolates showed acquired resistance to vancomycin or linezolid. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high diversity among the E. faecium isolates and showed that the marine niche is dominated by strains from the non-clinical setting belonging to clade A2 (n=85) and B (E. lactis) (n=60). Only three isolates belonged to the hospital-associated clade A1 (ST80 and ST117). Two of these clustered with one isolate from a hospitalized patient and one from a non-hospitalized person. This study demonstrated a high prevalence, but low concentrations of enterococci in bivalves, and low levels of antimicrobial resistance. E. faecium genomes showed high population diversity and that very few E. faecium isolates in bivalves may have arisen from the human healthcare system. A systematic surveillance of target micro-organisms applying methods examining multiple isolates from the same bivalve sample provides important data to assess the enterococcal phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance and the level of faecal pollution in the marine environment.

Isolation and Identification of Phenol-Degrading Bacteria from Iranian Soil and Leaf Samples.

By considering the importance and role of soil in the health of humanity, it is important to remove the presence of harmful compounds, such as phenol. In this study, four types of soil and leaf samples were collected from Kerman, Iran, and the amounts of heterotrophic and degradation bacteria were determined using the serial dilution and most probable number (MPN) methods. The amount of removed phenol was investigated using the Gibbs method with different concentrations of phenol. Then, an isolate with the highest percentage of phenol degradation was identified as the superior strain using 16 sRNA sequencing. The effects of the different factors, such as the carbon source (1% molasses and 1 g glucose), nitrogen source (0.1 g yeast extract), mixed culture, and time (14 and 28 days), on the biodegradation ability of the superior strain was investigated. A total of 18 bacterial strains were isolated from the samples. Isolate B3 had the highest rate (75%) of phenol degradation, at a concentration of 1000 ppm, meaning it was identified as the superior strain. The molecular analysis results identified this isolate as the Comamonas testosteroni strain F4. This bacterium can degrade 89% of the phenol at 30 °C, 180 rpm, and 800 ppm over 28 days. C. testosteroni did not show a favorable phenol degradation ability in the presence of the investigated carbon sources, while this ability was also reduced in mixed cultures. C. testosteroni bacterial strain isolated from soil samples of pistachio orchards in Kerman, Iran, has a favorable ability to biodegrade phenol.

The impacts of spatial–temporal heterogeneity of human-to-human contacts on the extinction probability of infectious disease from branching process model

In this study, we focus on the impacts of spatial–temporal heterogeneity of human-to-human contacts on the spread of infectious diseases and develop a multi-type branching process model by introducing random human-to-human contact mode into a structured population. We provide the general formulas of the generation size, extinction probability, and basic reproduction number of the proposed branching process model. The result shows that the natural temporal heterogeneity (i.e. random contacts over time) can lead to a higher extinction probability while remains the same basic reproduction number and generation size. This is also numerically verified by choosing the real contact distributions from different circumstances of four countries. In addition, we observe a non-monotonic pattern of the differences, against the transmission probability and the mean contact rate, between the extinction probabilities under the constant and random contact patterns. Given the spatial heterogeneity, we show that it can contribute to the increase of basic reproduction number, but also increase the extinction probability of the infectious disease. This study adds novel insights to the course of the impact of heterogeneity on the transmission dynamics and also provides additional evidence for the limited role of reproduction numbers.

Room sterilization using ultra violet lamps in reducing the air germs number of tuberculosis patients’ house

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis can survive in the air, with its ability depending on environmental factors such as Ultraviolet (UV) light. UV light can be generated from sunlight or UV-C lamps, which are utilized for air germ sterilization. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of room sterilization using a UV lamp in reducing airborne germ counts. This experimental research took place from March to September 2023 and employed a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research was carried out in 21 houses of tuberculosis patients in Kupang City. The intervention involved the use of 16-watt and 20-watt UV lamps in two rooms of each house. The variable measured was the airborne germ count, assessed by examining the Most Probable Number (MPN) coliforms, both before and after sterilization (UV light irradiation), calculated through laboratory examination. The collected germ count data were then statistically analyzed using the paired t-test. Room sterilization using a 16W UV lamp effectively reduced the number of room germs (p-value 0.046 &lt; 0.05). Similarly, room sterilization with a 20W lamp significantly reduced the number of room germs in the households of tuberculosis patients (p 0.004 &lt; 0.005). Ultraviolet lamps can be employed for sterilizing rooms in the homes of tuberculosis patients, particularly in cases where sunlight cannot penetrate the house. These lamps can eliminate airborne germs, thereby reducing their count and the risk of disease transmission within the household.

Pathogenic bacteria contaminant and heavy metal content in peeled green mussels sold in the traditional market in Yogyakarta Indonesia: a case study in 2022

Food is needed to prevent foodborne illness. This study aimed to detect pathogenic bacteria contaminants and heavy metal content in peeled green mussels sold in the traditional market of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This research is a descriptive study with random sampling. A total of 33 samples examined E. coli., and Salmonella sp., contamination based on the most probable number (MPN) method whereas heavy metal content by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Contamination of E. coli., and Salmonella sp., were 33.3% and 9.09% respectively, exceeded by SNI 7388:2009 limits of microbial in food contamination (MPN Salmonella sp., negative/25g and MPN E. coli., <3/g). The levels of Pb and Hg in the food sample were found to be above the limit set by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018, which is greater than 0.5mg/kg. However, the levels of As and Cd were still within the limit allowed by the regulatory agency, which is less than 0.1mg/kg. It’s important to ensure that food products meet the established safety standards to protect consumers’ health and well-being. Peeled green mussels sold in traditional market in Yogyakarta, Indonesia contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and contains Pb and Hg metal.

Evaluation of microbiological safety in bioinputs produced in Mexico

Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological safety of bioinputs produced in Mexico. The main reason for this evaluation is that bioinputs are products made from the region's manures, plant residues and raw materials. The transformation of these raw materials is carried out by microorganisms present. The process goes through three stages: initial, thermophilic and final. The thermophilic stage is critical because weeds and microorganisms with pathogenic potential disappear in processes under optimal conditions.&#x0D; Methodology: 1345 bioinputs samples were received from different states of Mexico. The samples were evaluated for the presence of total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli under the provisions of the Official Mexican STANDARDS, NOM-210-SSA1-2014 and NOM-114-SSA1-1994.&#x0D; Results: It was possible to identify 79% of the samples with Most Probable Number values &lt;3 of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, the minimum permissible by the Official Mexican STANDARD NOM-210-SSA1-2014, also identified 99% of samples free of Salmonella.&#x0D; Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to conclude that the bioinputs produced in Mexico are free of pathogens for humans, which can also be represented as innocuous bioinputs.&#x0D;

A Mechanism and Data Hybrid-Driven Method for Main Circuit Ground Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Traction System

Ground faults can be caused by abnormal grounding of several different modules in the electrical traction drive system, leading to vulnerable train operation. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis of ground faults is of great significance to improve safety and reliability of electric locomotives and electric multiple units (EMU). This paper proposes a mechanism and data hybrid driven method to diagnose the ground faults. Firstly, according to ground fault mechanism analysis, characteristic variables are constructed and several fault features are extracted by using signals selected from existing control system. Secondly, according to historical data, the probability membership function associated with fault features and typical ground fault types is established offline by fuzzy logic theory. Then, the probability information of fault features is fused using Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and a decision-making method based on the basic probability number is applied to classify faults. Finally, field experiments are performed and the results show that compared with canonical correlation analysis (CCA) based method and on-board fault diagnosis method, the proposed method has better performance in the presence of large measurement noise and transient condition changes, and it is also promising for practical applications.

Analysis of Escherichia coli and Total Plate Count of Red Guava Fruit Juice (Psidium guajava L.) Sold in Keboansikep Gedangan Subdistrict Sidoarjo

Red guava can be processed into a juice drink, but it does not rule out the possibility that fruit juice contains disease-causing microorganisms. This study aims to determine the number of Escherichia coli and TPC/Total Plate Count bacteria in red guava fruit juice sold in the Keboansikep, Gedangan, Sidoarjo. The method used is descriptive using a survey technique with a cross-sectional approach. Laboratory experiments are carried out, namely analyzed in the microbiology laboratory sampling using a saturated sampling technique. Samples were examined to compare the analysis results obtained compared to INS 3719:2014 concerning the Quality of Fruit Juice Drinks. Samples were examined using Escherichia coli analysis based on INS 01-2332.1-2006 with the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and Total Plate Count/TPC analysis based on INS 01- 2332.3-2006 with the pour plate method. The test results showed that the Escherichia coli analysis obtained 100% of the samples showing positive with the lowest MPN index of 9 APM/ml to the highest &gt;1100 APM/ml. The results of the PNA analysis obtained 7% of all samples, indicating that it was safe and met the requirements, namely sample 7A with a TPC value of 4.9 x 103 CFU/ml, while 93% of all samples showed that it was unsafe or did not meet the requirements based on INS 3719: 2014. The sample containing the most microbes was sample 5A with a TPC value of 5,1 x 105 CFU/ml

Water Quality Assessment of Lower Usuma Dam Water from Treatment plant to points of Consumption in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

This study investigated and compared the bacteriological, physicochemical and heavy metals concentrations of drinking water quality of Lower Usuma Dam from treatment plant to the points of consumption in three Area Councils (Bwari, Abuja Municipal and Gwagwalada) of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Most probable number technique was employed for coliform detection. Molecular characterization of isolated bacteria was carried out. Seven out of the 26 water samples analyzed in this study were contaminated in the range of 7 MPN/100ml to &gt;23 MPN/100ml. Physicochemical parameters such as colour, pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity and seven heavy metals were also determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed that Bwari had the highest value for colour, 16.67 Pt.Co while AMAC had the least with 1.00 Pt. Co, Gwagwalada had the highest pH value (7.33±0.12) and Bwari the lowest pH of 6.77±0.06. Bwari also had highest temperature of 30.23±2.80oC while AMAC recorded the least (27.29±0.26oC). Turbidity ranged from 1.86 to 2.83 NTU. The highest level of the other parameters [(TDS 54.27 mg/L, conductivity 90.10 µs/cm, total hardness 34.00 mg/L, total alkalinity 28.00 mg/L, Cl– 20.82 mg/L)] was observed in water samples from Gwagwalada Area Council. Gwagwalada recorded the highest values for iron and zinc at 0.09mg/l and 0.003mg/l respectively. Copper concentration was highest in AMAC (0.043mg/l) and lowest in Bwari area council (0.007mg/l). There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in the concentration of Cr detected in all the water samples. There is need for provision of adequate sanitation facilities and improvement on monitoring of distribution system in order to maintain drinking water quality and prevent water borne disease outbreaks.

Feasibility Analysis of the Food Safety Standard Accreditation for the Local Dessert Enterprise at Chiang Rai, Thailand : A Case Study of the Sticky rice in Coconut enterprise

The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of a food safety standard accreditation based on a sticky rice in coconut enterprise in Chiang Rai, Thailand. One enterprise was included for the purposive sampling of this study. The methodology consists of the assessment of the details for the production process, and the physical and environmental assessment. To assess the biological contamination, the most probable number or MPN method were used for the cleanliness for the production process, and the water quality. The results illustrated that they are lacking in personal hygiene training, a wastewater treatment system, and one-way entrance and departure. Therefore, to minimize the wastewater pollutants from their process, they should implement the basic treatment, such as a grease tap. Additionally, they should construct the entry and exit as a one-way, reducing the likelihood of cross-contamination. To improve the excellent practices for food safety on their production process, they should also receive training in food sanitation and safety

Microbial Quality of Some Fresh-Cut Ready-to-Eat Fruits Sold in Some Markets and Bus Terminals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

The consumption of fruits is an important source of vitamins and micronutrients. Despite their health benefits, fruits have been linked to food-borne infections, particularly when untreated animal excreta are used in their cultivation and not properly washed before consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the parasitological, fungal, and bacteriological quality of some fresh-cut ready-to-eat fruits sold in markets and bus terminals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. A total of 270 fresh-cut ready-to-eat fruits, including pineapples, watermelon, pawpaw, sugarcane, and tiger nuts, were sampled from both stationary vendors and hawkers from six different locations in the Kumasi Metropolis. Samples were analysed for the presence of bacteria, fungi, and intestinal parasites using the Microbial Methods in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) of the United States Food and Drugs Administration (2001). The pour plate technique was used to culture and grow bacteria and fungi, while the most probable number (MPN) table was employed for bacteria and fungi count. The total coliform counts ranged from 2.32 to 3.15 log cfu/g; faecal coliform counts ranged from 1.58 to 2.58 log cfu/g; enterococci count ranged from 1.06 to 1.90 log cfu/g; and fungal count ranged from 2.57 to 3.73 log cfu/g. There was a significant difference in the mean faecal coliform and enterococci counts for all fruit samples. Tiger nut had the most bacteria, while watermelon was the most fungi contaminated fruit. Shigella spp. was the commonest bacteria contaminates of fresh-cut ready-to-eat fruits sold in Kumasi. Giardia lamblia was the most abundant parasite detected. Fresh-cut ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables sold in markets and bus terminals in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, are contaminated with bacteria, parasites, and fungi. These findings emphasize the need for public awareness and proper hygiene practices to reduce the risk of food-borne illnesses associated with the consumption of fresh-cut fruits.

366 Effects of Acidosis Bout Events on Animal Growth and Development, and the Effectiveness of Liver Abscess-Controlling Antibiotic on Diminishing Its Incidence

Abstract Ruminal acidosis is a common metabolic disorder that affects feedlot and dairy cattle and occurs when the supply of organic acids from fermentation exceeds its absorption, accumulating acid content in the rumen. Virginiamycin (VM) has inhibitory effects on primary liver abscess-causing bacteria. In feedlot animals, dietary VM has been shown to reduce rumen acidosis and improve feed conversion actively. This study evaluated ruminal pH over 150 days on feed (DOF) of growing and finishing beef cattle and investigated the relationships between ruminal pH and growth and development outcomes and the effectiveness of the continuous or intermittent provision of VM in 120 Angus-crossbred steers. Steers received VM (240 mg/d) as follows: no VM (T000); VM in the last 50 d (T001); VM for the last 100 d (T011); VM in the first 50 d (T100); VM in the first 100 d (T110); and VM for 150 d (T111). Animals were fed a grower-type diet (metabolizable energy [ME]: 2.45 Mcal/kg; crude protein [CP]: 12.2 % dry matter basis [DM]) for 50 d before the adaptation of a finisher-type diet (ME: 2.60 Mcal/kg; CP: 10.6% DM) over a 17-d period. The finisher-type diet was fed for the remaining 84 days. On d -1 and d 82 each animal received an indwelling pH bolus to record ruminal pH at 10-min intervals. Acidosis bout event was categorized as if the pH stayed below 5.6 for 3 hours. Data were analyzed using a random coefficient statistical model, binary data was analyzed using the logit link function and correlations were analyzed using PROC CORR in SAS (Table 1). Duration under pH 5.8 and 5.6 tended to have a negative correlation with gain to feed (G/F; P ≤ 0.080), and % of the time that pH remained below 5.6 when under 5.8 was negatively correlated with G/F (P = 0.007) and tended to have a negative correlation with average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.081). Similarly, acidosis bouts event and duration of bout event (DURB) tended (P ≤ 0.074) to have a negative correlation with G/F, while ADG was negatively correlated (P = 0.035). The number of acidosis bout events and probability of acidosis bout events to occur increase linearly (R2 = 0.89, P &amp;lt; 0.001, and R2 = 0.77; P &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) as DOF progressed. The probability of an acidosis bout event decreased by 46% for the T111 treatment compared with T000 (35.43% vs. 18.82%; P = 0.049). Acidosis bout event seems to affect the growth and development of beef steers negatively, and it appears to be more critical as DOF progress. Administration of VM at 240 mg/d throughout the whole feeding period seems to reduce the incidence of acidosis bout events.

Plastic bio-mitigation by Pseudomonas mendocina ABF786 and simultaneous conversion of its CO2 byproduct to microalgal biodiesel

Bio-mitigation of plastics by microorganisms generates carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be utilized for algal biomass generation. Pseudomonas mendocina ABF786, reportedly the most efficient plastic-degrading bacteria, was screened using the modified most probable number technique. This study highlights the use of an integrative prototype for the production of microalgal biomass (Chlorella vulgaris) in combination with bio-mitigation of plastics, which serves a dual purpose: (i) increased plastic-degradation capability by microorganisms (53%–85% increase in plastic weight loss) due to removal of CO2 feedback inhibition and (ii) increased algal biomass generation (200%–237%) due to supply of extra CO2 from plastic degradation to the algal cultivation flask. Whole-genome sequencing and functional annotation confirmed that all the genes involved in the mineralization of plastic to CO2 are present within the genome of P. mendocina ABF786. Using two or more microbial cultures for remediation may increase the process efficiency.

Analysis of coliform bacteria contamination in drinking water refill in Ambon City

In recent years, refillable drinking water businesses have grown rapidly in several cities in Indonesia, including Ambon City. On the one hand, Refillable Drinking Water Depots (DAMIU) support efforts to realize a healthy society by expanding the reach of clean water consumption, On the other hand, DAMIU tend to be problematic when faced with business interests. Feces contain coliform bacteria which is an indicator of water contamination. This study aims to determine the presence of coliform bacteria in Ambon City. The samples used in the study came from three sub-districts of refill drinking water depot sources, namely the Teluk Dalam sub-district, Nusaniwe sub-district, and Baguala sub-district. Microbiological testing of refill drinking water using MPN (most probable number) method. The MPN test results showed that three refill drinking water samples were not contaminated with coliform bacteria because there was no turbidity or gas formation in the Durham tube for gas-forming bacteria. This indicates that the three refill drinking water samples tested microbiologically have good quality and are safe for consumption, because in 100 ml of water no coliform bacteria were found in accordance with Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/Per/IX/2010 regulations on the requirements and supervision of water quality, which states that the microbiological requirements for drinking water are MPN Coliform /100 ml sample = 0. There are no coliform bacteria in the refillable drinking water depot in Ambon City so the water is suitable for consumption

Multiple drug resistant enterobacteria from biofilms in some tap water supplies in a Nigerian university

Tap outlets have been found to contain biofilms, which are a consortium of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. These microorganisms, especially Gram negative bacteria, could be pathogenic and highly resistant to antibiotics, leading to an increase in the prevalence of diseases worldwide. The university community depends on water from boreholes for consumption and domestic uses; as such, the need to identify the Gram negative bacteria is expedient. The main objective of this research is to determine the potability of the water released from the taps, and ultimately reduce the incidence of biofilm-related water infections. Water samples were collected from five boreholes and five tap outlets were swabbed with a sterile swab stick. Coliforms were estimated from the water samples using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. Gram negative bacteria were isolated and identified from the swabbing using standard bacteriological and biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates were also determined, and the genes responsible for the multiple antibiotic resistance were identified using the DNA extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods. Bacterial counts of the samples ranged from 6.0×105cfu/mL to 1.4×106cfu/mL. MPN values of the tap water samples ranged from 4 to 1100+cfu/100mL, which exceeded the WHO standards of water quality. A total of 31 bacteria were isolated, of which 8 (25.8%) were Pseudomonas sp, 7 (22.6%) were Proteus sp, 4 (12.9%) were Klebsiella sp, 4 (12.9%) were Escherichia coli, 3 (9.7%) were Enterobacter sp, 3 (9.7%) were Citrobacter sp and 2 (6.5%) were Salmonella sp. All the bacteria showed multiple drug resistance to different antibiotics used, especially the cephalosporins. The gene found to be responsible for the cephalosporin resistance was the TEM - 445. Tap swabbing and water samples were found to contain a high value of coliforms (4 – 1100cfu/100mL), showing heavy faecal pollution, many of which could be pathogenic microorganisms that renders the water unfit for human consumption. The presence of these multidrug resistant microorganisms in the tap outlets could pose a serious threat to public health.

The Influence of Sanitation and Hygiene Systems on The Existence of Escherichia Coli Bacteria in Products of Pindang Fish at Kusamba Centers, Klungkung, Bali

Hygiene and sanitation are essential factors in fish processing to ensure food availability and safety. Escherichia coli causes foodborne illness, originating from pindang fish from the Kusamba breeding center, Klungkung Regency, Bali. Availability and security of food cover cleanliness are essential to hygiene and sanitation, where Escherichia coli indicates food contamination. This study aims to determine the bacteriological quality of boiled pindang products and the effect of sanitation and hygiene on the presence of E. coli in pindang products conducted at the Fish Preservation Center in Kusamba Village, Klungkung, Bali in November-December 2022. The study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach and analysis. The laboratory uses the MPN (Most Probable Number). I was preparing a handling strategy with a SWOT analysis. The results showed that environmental sanitation and personal hygiene had a significant effect. MPN test results obtained a positive percentage of 93.1% and a negative of 6.9%. Of the 44 hospital wards, the results could have been better in environmental sanitation at 11.3 %, equipment sanitation at 6.8%, and personal hygiene at 8.1%. The implementation strategy to minimize the presence of E.coli bacteria is maintaining the unity of the quality system by carrying out sanitation and hygiene, starting from raw materials, processes, and products.