Number Of Pins Research Articles

Effect of Electrodes Material on the Performance of Batch Reactor Using Plasma Enhanced Technique for Wastewater Treatment

The plasma degradation process of Eosin yellow aqueous solution utilizing AC corona discharge generated above liquid with a type of pin to plate by utilizing multiple needles electrodesis investigated the influence of electrodes material and effect of ferrous sulfate on decoloration and the kinetics of process are discussed. The AC corona discharge plasma was generated in the air gap between tip of needles and the water surface. The experimental results indicate that the decoloration rate increases with using stainless steel electrodes and with increasing the concentration of FeSO4. When dye concentration is 10 mg/L with pH of 3, the air gaps were 0.85 cm and the number of pins were 30, the decoloration rate went up to 97% in 60 min.

Impaired sensorimotor control of the hand in congenital absence of functional muscle spindles.

Patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (HSAN III) exhibit marked ataxia, including gait disturbances. We recently showed that functional muscle spindle afferents in the leg, recorded via intraneural microelectrodes inserted into the peroneal nerve, are absent in HSAN III, although large-diameter cutaneous afferents are intact. Moreover, there is a tight correlation between loss of proprioceptive acuity at the knee and the severity of gait impairment. We tested the hypothesis that manual motor performance is also compromised in HSAN III, attributed to the predicted absence of muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Manual performance in the Purdue pegboard task was assessed in 12 individuals with HSAN III and 11 age-matched healthy controls. The mean (±SD) pegboard score (number of pins inserted in 30 s) was 8.1 ± 1.9 and 8.6 ± 1.8 for the left and right hand, respectively, significantly lower than the scores for the controls (15.0 ± 1.3 and 16.0 ± 1.1; P < 0.0001). Performance was not improved after kinesiology tape was applied over the joints of the hand. In 5 patients we inserted a tungsten microelectrode into the ulnar nerve at the wrist. No spontaneous or stretch-evoked muscle afferent activity could be identified in any of the 11 fascicles supplying intrinsic muscles of the hand, whereas touch-evoked activity from low-threshold cutaneous mechanoreceptor afferents could readily be recorded from 4 cutaneous fascicles. We conclude that functional muscle spindles are absent in the short muscles of the hand and most likely absent in the long finger flexors and extensors, and that this largely accounts for the poor manual motor performance in HSAN III. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We describe the impaired manual motor performance in patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (Riley-Day syndrome), who exhibit congenital insensitivity to pain, poor proprioception, and marked gait ataxia. We show that functional muscle spindles are absent in the intrinsic muscles of the hand, which we argue contributes to their poor performance in a task involving the precision grip.

Perioperative Ketorolac for Supracondylar Humerus Fracture in Children Decreases Postoperative Pain, Opioid Usage, and Length of Stay

Royalty: Zimmer Biomet, Wolters Kluwer (Flynn) Perioperative administration of ketorolac in children undergoing closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for displaced supracondylar humerus fracture will lower pain scores, decrease opioid requirements, and permit earlier discharge from the hospital. This is a retrospective case-control investigation of children (aged 0–18 years) treated with closed reduction percutaneous pinning (CRPP) for closed, Gartland type III extension-type supracondylar humerus fractures at a single children's hospital between 2011 and 2017. Patients who received ketorolac perioperatively were randomly matched 1:2 by sex and age (±1 year) with patients who did not receive ketorolac. Elbow radiographs were reviewed to determine eligibility. Data abstraction included demographic and surgical details, length of stay, inpatient postoperative analgesic administration, pain ratings using the Wong-Baker FACES scale, and complications within 90 days. Differences between groups were compared with 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests. 342 patients were included in the investigation including 114 patients who received ketorolac and 228 controls. Age (mean 6.2 ± 2.4 years) and sex ratio (M:F, 1.28:1) were equivalent between groups. There was also no difference in the operative time or total number of pins between groups. Mean pain rating at 0 to 29 minutes postoperatively was lower in the ketorolac group (0.7 ± 1.9) than in the control group (1.4 ± 2.6, P = .017). Mean pain rating at 30 to 120 minutes postoperatively was also lower in ketorolac group (1.1 ± 2.3) than the control group (1.7 ± 2.8, P = .036). Other pain ratings were not statistically different between groups (Figure 21-1). Patients in the ketorolac group received a lower number of inpatient oxycodone doses (1.0 ± 0.6) than did patients in the control group (1.2 ± 0.5, P = 0.003). Average postoperative morphine doses were not significantly different (0.5 ± 0.6 vs 0.6 ± 0.7, P = .137). Mean postoperative length of stay (LOS) was significantly longer for the control group (20.2 ± 11.2 hours) than the ketorolac group (13.5 ± 8.8 hours, P < .001). There was no difference in the 90-day complication rate between patients in the ketorolac group and the control group (P = .905). •There is a need for improved narcotic stewardship in orthopedic surgery.•The complementary administration of ketorolac reduces postoperative pain and opioid use in children with displaced supracondylar humerus fractures.•Ketorolac use reduces length of stay following CRPP for supracondylar humerus fractures and offers an opportunity for cost savings.

Investigation of heat transfer from a totally blocked fuel subassembly of fast breeder reactor with 7 and 19 pin bundles

Abstract Liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactor is emerging as an important future power source. It uses sodium as the primary coolant, due to its favourable neutronic properties, high boiling point and large heat transfer coefficient. It is essential to continuously monitor adequacy of fuel pin/fuel subassembly cooling, so that sodium does not reach its boiling point. Sodium boiling within the fuel subassembly leads to large coolant flow reduction (as the density ratio of sodium liquid to sodium vapour is very high), under-cooling of fuel pins and hence damage to fuel subassembly. Development of partial flow blockage in the fuel pin bundle is possible due to the compact nature of fuel pin arrangement within the fuel subassembly, with small hydraulic diameter (typically, ∼3 mm), despite the elaborate design provisions and coolant chemistry control. In the safety analysis, a total flow blockage is usually considered as an upper bound of all the partial blockages. The present work investigates the power level at which liquid sodium reaches its boiling point for different sizes of fuel subassembly. A porous body model has been developed based on local pressure-drop correlations for the axial/cross flow through fuel pin bundles. The model considers the total flow blockage situation in the fuel subassembly wherein the fuel pins and sodium (within the blocked subassembly) are considered as heat generating orthotropic porous medium. The proposed porous body model has been compared with a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model describing the same blockage condition. The commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT 15.0 has been used for the computational purpose. It has been found that the trapped liquid sodium coolant inside the blocked subassembly reaches its boiling point (1153 K at atmospheric pressure) at lower power input per pin in a 19 pin bundle model than that in a 7 pin bundle. This is traced mainly due to the fact that as the number of pins in the subassembly increases, the surface area of the hexcan wall (which is the ultimate heat sink) increases leading to enhanced heat dissipation in large size subassemblies. However, as the number of pins increases, the internal resistance for radial heat transfer increases, leading to increased sodium temperature inside the subassembly. These two competing effects determine the peak sodium temperature in the subassembly. Since the later effect is dominant, the permissible heat generation per pin decreases as the number of fuel pins in the bundle increases.

Designing Digital Circuits in Multi-Valued Logic

In the last few decades we have witnessed an increase in CPU performance, which has been made possible thanks to the increase in the clock frequency and the increase in the number of transistors in the unit of space. In the last few years, however, we reached the limit for the clock and for the miniaturization of the transistor grid. Beyond this growth new problems arose such as the disposal of the produced heat and the minimum distance to be respected between elements for the electrical signals transfer. So the chip makers, to further increase the processing power of the processors, started to insert more cores on the same chip. The presence of several cores undoubtedly improves performance and improves consumption, but the ability to transfer data between cores and components remains limited by the number of pins of the cores themselves. Furthermore, it is necessary to manage the synchronization between cores during the access to common resources and all those multi-core architectures typical problems. This article provides a different approach to improve the computing capacity of the CPUs that is based on the extension of the binary system in a multi-value coding system or, commonly, called MVL. Although this direction has already been explored, the idea behind the study is in the representation of the generic function in the MVL domain. This representation has a link to the binary system and a surprisingly greater simplicity of the corresponding digital circuits (combinatorial and sequential). A different mathematical approach is thus provided for the realization of the multivalue logic gates. This could enable the use of different data encoding systems no longer linked to the voltage value of a signal but to other physical quantities as it happens at present, for example, in the world of telecommunications.

Blockchain-based mobile fingerprint verification and automatic log-in platform for future computing

Door locks and user authentication are the major issues in the current banking industry. There are a number of user future computing techniques, and security is especially essential to these methods. Existing digital door locks have the problem of opening easily with a stolen PIN number or by electrical shock. Thus, this study proposed and implemented an integrated automatic log-in platform based on mobile fingerprint recognition by applying the blockchain theory. As a result of this research, a convenient, integrated automatic log-in platform with powerful security has been constructed using a smartphone-based fingerprint recognition function. There are three major functions of the platform. First, it is possible to authenticate the user in PC, mobile device, and IoT environments through fingerprint recognition. Second, the platform includes SDK to develop application software for user authentication and IoT services. Last is its strengthened security using the blockchain theory to prepare against tampering/forging/leaking of a user’s fingerprint information by hackers.

Remove Welding Residual Stress for CFETR Vacuum Vessel by Trailing Ultrasonic Impact Treatment

The China fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) vacuum vessel is welded by narrow gap TIG (NG-TIG) welding, and the welding residual stress of the CFETR vacuum vessel can be redistributed by trailing welding ultrasonic impact treatment. In order to investigate the feasibility of the residual stress removing scheme, and to obtain the optimal trailing ultrasonic impact treatment technological parameters in the process of removing welding residual stress, a welding model that similar to vacuum vessel welding seam is established by using ABAQUS software, a NG-TIG welding heat source subroutine which is written in FORTRAN language used to simulate NG-TIG welding. According to the welding simulation results, a trailing welding ultrasonic impact treatment model is established, and the effects of the impact pin number, the impact method, the impact pin diameter and the impact frequency on welding residual stress are studied. The results show that the longitudinal residual stress in welding seam and its adjacent area and the lateral residual stress in the whole region have been obviously decreased by different trailing welding ultrasonic impact processes, and have made the tensile stress in the welding seam and its adjacent area has been changed into compressive stress, which can provide theoretical guidance and reference for actual production.

EFFECT OF STRAIGHT-LINE MECHANISM DESIGN ON THE LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN A CYCLOIDAL GEAR

In the cycloidal gear, the torque is transmitted to the planet gears via an eccentric shaft with central bearings mounted on it. A straight-line mechanism is used to output the torque from the planet gears to the output shaft, a mechanism which consists of rotational sleeves mounted on the pins rigidly connected to the output shaft disc. These sleeves roll off in the holes of the planetary wheel. The forces generated in the straight-line mechanism affect the distribution of forces in the cycloid gearing and the amount of force loading the central bearing. The article presents the influence of the number of bolts of the straight-line mechanism on the load distribution in the cycloidal gear. The research carried out with the simulation program has shown that the smaller the number of pins, the greater the fluctuation of the force acting in the central bearing and the greater unevenness of force distributions in the cycloidal gear. This unevenness may cause a decrease in fatigue life of the meshing and central bearings.

DESIGN, FABRICATION &amp; ANALYSIS OF A GEARLESS POWER TRANSMISSION MECHANISM FOR SKEW SHAFTS

The main aim of this review paper is to give detail study about the gearless power transmission mechanism at right angle (900) with the help of L-shape rod (EL-BO ROD) of uniform diameter, Dimension (Identical rod). The mechanism is very important defining application in replacement of gear. It is mainly based on the theoretical, analytical and Finite Element Method (or FEA). Figuring of various parameters such as number of pins, material, dimension difference of component, speed and torque. Gearless power transmission for skew shafts minimize the losses, costs and save the time and space. This system countenance the changing in the orientation of shaft during motion which is very interesting and bewitching about this mechanism. Odd pins or links like 3, 5, 7, 9…must be used in this system and each links are fixed in the drilled hole at both ends of the shafts due to which motion is transferred. Functionally the system is very smooth and work effectively with a very minimum amount of power losses. Keywords: Driving Shaft, Driven Shaft, Bearing, Elbow Rod, Supporting Frame and mechanism

RESULTS OF NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE STRESSED-DEFORMED STATE OF THE JOINT CONNECTION OF WOOD CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CFRP DOWEL PINS

A comparative analysis based on a series of numerical simulation experiments in the ANSYS software for determining the bearing capacity and the optimal arrangement of CFRP dowel pins in the joints of wooden structures. As variable parameters, the number of pins in the joint and the angles of pasting dowels into the wood are taken. Generalized conclusions are drawn on various configuration options with the selection of optimal de­sign performance parameters for the same load. The voltage distribution iso-poles are shown, the dependence curves of the controlled parameters are plotted for each case considered. A comparative analysis of the stress- strain state of the compound with the results of calculations is carried out according to the procedure stipulated by the current norms and rules of the strength. Recommendations are given on the arrangement of dowels, as well as on the improvement of joints with the use of composite materials.

The upgraded Cheng and Todreas correlation for pressure drop in hexagonal wire-wrapped rod bundles

The Cheng and Todreas (detailed) correlation (CTD) for wire-wrapped rod bundle friction factor published in 1986 has been identified in Chen et al. (2014) as the most used correlation for design and safety analyses for the Generation IV Sodium Fast Reactor(SFR). Since its publication in 1986, sixteen additional wire wrapped fuel bundle experiments have been performed worldwide providing data to supplement regions of minimal data in the bundle test data base. Based on this valuable new data, the CTD correlation has been refined in the following three aspects and renamed the Upgraded CTD (UCTD) Correlation.1.The laminar to transition boundary Reynolds value has been significantly reduced. As well, a new laminar boundary equation is adopted which gives much lower value for the laminar boundary (RebL) as a function of P/D.2.The transition region equation for bundle friction factor modified by Chen et al. (2013) to make the friction factor trajectory smoother moving through the turbulent boundary now has the exponent λ reassessed to the value of 7.3.The UCTD is now applicable to 7-pin bundle geometry. This has been achieved by adjusting the bundle average friction factor predicted by CTD for most bundle geometries such that the bundle fiction factor increases as the pin number increases. The cause of the previous inverse behavior was identified as the formulation of the wire drag and wire swirl empirical constants. A new process for finding these empirical constants is proposed and the constants set is calibrated by an 80 bundle data set. For Rehme’s set of twenty 7 pin bundle experiments, the mean error prediction is now 9% which is about the measurement uncertainty and improved from 26% with CTD.The new correlation incorporating the above three improvements to the original CTD correlation is designated as the Upgraded CTD (UCTD) correlation. For the available 118 wire-wrapped bundles with pin number greater than 7 bundles, UCTD predicts the data in the transition and turbulent regimes with a mean error of 0.95% and a 90% confidence interval of ±14.8%, while both the CTD and the Rehme correlations (REH) have 1.5% higher values of this index. For the 27 available bundles with laminar data,(none of which are as small as 7 pin bundles) the performance of UCTD is slightly better than CTD with mean and RMS values of −2.0%, and 9.5% versus −3.0%, and 9.6%. (The REH correlation is not applicable to the laminar regime).A web-based numerical code of the UCTD correlation which incorporates these advances has been provided on the web for convenient design and research use.

On the complexity of design tasks for Digital Microfluidic Biochips

Digital Microfluidic Biochips (DMFBs) is an emerging technology aiming at the automatic processing of biological assays. Experiments are conducted by routing droplets of liquids on a grid. Determining a routing is the first step in the design process. A particular routing is carried out by actuating the cells of the DMFB grid in a certain manner. These actuations are controlled by microcontrollers having a limited number of output pins. Thus, it is usually not possible to control each cell separately, but multiple cells have to share a common control pin leading to the pin assignment problem.In recent years, a wide range of heuristic as well as exact approaches has been proposed to solve these problems. While the NP-completeness of routing and pin assignment has already been conjectured in the literature, we present the first actual proofs. Thus, the use of general-purpose approaches like SAT solvers is indeed justified. We additionally prove the NP-completeness for variants of the routing problem.

Medial comminution as a risk factor for the stability after lateral-only pin fixation for pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture: an audit.

Background and purposeClosed reduction and lateral-only pin fixation is one of the common treatment methods for displaced supracondylar fracture in children. However, several risk factors related to the stability have been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the medial comminution as a potential risk factor related to the stability after appropriate lateral-only pin fixation for Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fracture.MethodsSixty-seven patients with type III supracondylar fractures who were under the age of 12 years were included. Immediate postoperative and final Baumann and humerocapitellar angles were measured. Pin separation at fracture site was evaluated to estimate the proper pin placement. Presence of the medial comminution was recorded when two pediatric orthopedic surgeons agreed to the loss of cortical contact at the medial column by the small butterfly fragment or comminuted fracture fragments. Factors including age, sex, body mass index, pin number, pin separation at fracture site, and medial comminution were analyzed.ResultsMedial comminution was noted in 20 patients (29.8%). The average pin separation at fracture site was significantly decreased in patients with medial comminution compared to patients without medial comminution (P=0.017). A presence of medial comminution was associated with a 4.151-fold increase in the log odds for the Baumann angle changes of more than average difference between immediate postoperative and final follow-up angle (P=0.020).ConclusionWhen lateral-only pin fixation is applied for Gartland type III supracondylar humerus fracture in children, the medial comminution may be a risk factor for the stability because of the narrow pin separation at fracture site. We recommend additional medial pin fixation for supracondylar humerus fracture with medial comminution.

Effect of mixing cereal and legume straws on yield of grey oyster mushroom under controlled conditions

In Zimbabwe, yield of oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) grown on sole substrates of maize or sorghum straw is low, <75% biological efficiency translating to less than a kilogramme of fresh mushroom per kg of dry substrate. This study aimed at determining the effect of mixing sorghum or maize straw with various proportions of bean straw, on the yield of grey oyster mushroom. Maize and sorghum straws were singly mixed with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% bean straw, followed by a spawning rate of 5%. Eighteen days after incubation in a dark room, bags were hanged in a mushroom growing house with controlled temperatures (25-26oC). Mixing bean with maize straw had a significantly higher oyster mushroom yield (1, 229 g) than with sorghum straw (1,138 g); leading to biological efficiency of 83 and 74%, for maize straw and sorghum straw, respectively. Yield and biological efficiency decreased from 1,357 to 977 g plot-1 and 97 to 61%, respectively, when the proportion of bean straw was increased from 0-100%; while number of days to second and third harvest increased. There were significant interactions (P<0.05) for the number of pins, days to second and third harvest, between maize or sorghum straw with bean straw. Maize straw gave better performance with high percentages of bean straw than sorghum straw. Results showed that maize straw mixed with 20% bean straw produced better yield of grey oyster mushroom. Key Words: Biological efficiency, maize straw, Pleurotus ostreatus

Pin number theft recognition and cash transaction using sixth sense technology in ATM/CDM

Nowadays peoples using credit/debit card for cash transaction for their daily needs. Meanwhile for deposit and withdrawal of huge amount the consumers use the automated teller machine or cash deposit machine. Due to this the crime related to ATM like pin number theft, fraud calls etc increasing day by day. This paper aim to reduce the risk related to pin number theft. We proposed a sixth sense technology which can access by our gestural interface to do the normal operation for cash transaction rather than touching the pin number plate which will be helpful for eliminating the theft related with pin number tracking. The experimental prototype model is designed and the results are verified and presented in this paper.

Vibration analysis for the development of resonant microbeam high-resolution vibrotactile haptic display

One type of assistive device for the blind has attempted to convert visual information into information that can be perceived through another sense, such as touch or hearing. A vibrotactile haptic display assistive device consists of an array of vibrating elements placed against the skin, allowing the blind individual to receive visual information through touch. However, these approaches have two significant technical challenges: large vibration element size and the number of microcontroller pins required for vibration control, both causing excessively low resolution of the device. Here, we propose and investigate a type of high-resolution vibrotactile haptic display which overcomes these challenges by utilizing a ‘microbeam’ as the vibrating element. These microbeams can then be actuated using only one microcontroller pin connected to a speaker or surface transducer. We propose that this approach could solve the low-resolution problem currently present in all haptic displays. In this paper, we present the results of an investigation into the manufacturability of such a device, simulation of the vibrational characteristics, and prototyping and experimental validation of the device concept.

Stress-testing the ALFRED design - Part III: Safety margins evaluation

The advancement of the design of the Advanced Lead-cooled Fast Reactor European Demonstrator (ALFRED) beyond the conceptual phase, passes through the analysis of the impact of uncertainties, notably to what concerns safety-related conditions. Compliancy of plant safety to Design Extension Conditions is, according to IAEA and in line with the meaning itself of these beyond-design conditions, usually investigated by best estimates only. Due however to the demonstration nature of ALFRED, it was decided to assess the actual safety performances of this system even in ultimate conditions. To this regard, the emphasis was put on unprotected events like the UTOP (unprotected transient of over-power) and ULOOP (unprotected loss of offsite power, resulting from the combination of a loss of flow and loss of heat sink under unprotected conditions), pinpointed as the most challenging situations sought for the plant. The purpose of the present work, which has been divided in three parts, was then to assess the ultimate ALFRED safety margins against failure of the key core components and systems (Part III). To target this objective, the evaluation of uncertainties coming, on one hand, from nuclear data was performed at first, to retrieve their impact on the reactivity coefficients, thereby on the transient behavior driven by the latter (Part I); then, uncertainties from material properties, fabrication procedures, operation and measurement, and computational tools were propagated to assess their influence on the thermal-hydraulics of the system (Part II). In this work the efforts of Parts I and II are merged together and the effect of uncertainties on safety margins and salient parameters assessed. The retrieved uncertainties are propagated to the expected number of pins experiencing fuel melting during an UTOP and to the clad time-to-failure during an ULOOP. The former has been found to be quite affected by uncertainties, but still under limits not directly posing hazards to the people and the environment, even when extremely conservative assumptions are put forward; the latter shows a milder response to uncertainties, but always guaranteeing more than an order of magnitude of safety margin relative to WENRA recommendations.

A study on implementation of human-friendly system for providing safety management in IOT environment

This paper suggests the Human-friendly integrated system on the basis of IoT, which can prevent a Haenyeo at work under the sea from an unexpected accident. This system can process thedata based on the stored data, after building the database of the information from Smart Taewak. As a united software, IoT based Haenyeo Safely Managing Software (IOTHSMS) is composed of Data Collection Module, Server Device, Emergency Alarm Module, and Monitoring Program, providing service in various ways. Smart Swimming Goggles collect the information on Haenyeo’s activities and gives it to Smart Taewak, which transmits the data to IoTHSMS server. IOTHSMS needs to access to a PC or a Mobile Phone. IOTHSMS divides the information into the location and the condition of Haenyeo to indicate the POSITION information of Haenyeo at work and services provided by privileged permission. The STATE information of Haenyeo is separated into recent information and statistic one. IOTHSMS should not only have a function to manage user’s information but also the authority to modify PIN number, telephone number, mobile phone number, affiliated fishing village fraternities, and emergency call number in specifically. This study improves the former goggles and Taewak as Smart goggles and Smart Taewak with an IoT technology, the device to understand and analyze the state and the location information of a Haenyeo every real time by measuring her body condition and diving information.

Cross-modal attention modulates tactile subitizing but not tactile numerosity estimation.

Debate remains about whether the same attentional mechanism subserves subitizing (with number of items less than or equal to 4) and numerosity estimation (with number of items equal to or larger than 5), and evidence is scarce from the tactile modality. Here, we examined tactile numerosity perception. Using tactile Braille displays, participants completed the following three main tasks: (1) Unisensory task with focused attention: Participants reported the number (1~12) of the tactile pins. (2) Unisensory task with divided attention: Participants compared the numbers of pins across the upper and lower area of their left index fingers, in addition to reporting the number of tactile pins on their right index fingers. (3) Cross-modal task with divided attention: Participants reported the number of tactile pins and compared the numbers of visual dots across the upper and lower part of a (illusory) rectangle that overlaid the tactile stimuli. We found that performance of subitizing rather than estimation was interfered with in dual tasks, regardless of whether distractor events were from the same modality (tactile modality) or from a different modality (visual modality). Moreover, a further test of visual/tactile working memory capacity revealed that the precision of tactile subitizing, in the presence of a visual distractor, was correlated with the capacity of visual working memory, not of tactile working memory. Overall, our study revealed that tactile numerosity perception is accounted for by amodal attentional modulation yet by differential attentional mechanisms in terms of subitizing and estimation.

Multicast Testing of Interposer-Based 2.5D ICs

Interposer-based 2.5D integrated circuits (ICs) are seen today as a precursor to 3D ICs based on through-silicon vias (TSVs). All the dies in a 2.5D IC must be adequately tested for product qualification. However, due to the limited number of package pins, it is a major challenge to test 2.5D ICs using conventional methods. Moreover, due to higher integration levels, test-application time and test power consumption for 2.5D ICs are also increased compared to their 2D counterparts. Therefore, it is imperative to take these issues into account during 2.5D IC testing. In this article, we present an efficient multicast test architecture for targeting defects in dies, in which multiple dies can be tested simultaneously to reduce the test-application time under constraints on test power and fault coverage. We also propose a test scheduling and optimization technique that can be utilized with the multicast test architecture. By considering the trade-off between test-application time, test-power budget, and test quality, the proposed technique provides test schedules with minimum test-application time under constraints on power consumption and fault coverage. Compared to previous work, the proposed technique can reduce test-application time by up to 53.4 for benchmark designs while achieving higher fault coverage. Since the loss in fault coverage due to multicast testing is extremely small, we can use top-off patterns to achieve full fault coverage for the dies at negligible additional cost.