Number Of Officers Research Articles

Attitudes, knowledge levels and behaviors of Islamic religious officials about organ donation in Turkey: National survey study.

The most important factors affecting the decision of organ donation are socioeconomic, educational, cultural, and religious factors. To evaluate Islamic religious officials' attitudes and behaviors toward and level of knowledge on organ donation and transplantation. This study surveyed 2350 Islamic religious officials in Turkey. To ensure a representative sample, we used and modified the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics. Based on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-II, Turkey was divided into 26 regions. The number of Islamic religious officials in each city and town in each of the 26 regions was proportionate to the population. A stratified sampling method based on demographic factors, such as age, marital status, and educational level, was used. Data were collected by PRP Research and Consultancy Company using computer-assisted personal interviewing. Of the 2350 religious officials surveyed, 59.9% were in the age group of 35-54 years; 84.7% had either a bachelor's or a master's degree; 99.7% never donated an organ; and 75.4% were not considering donating in the future. About 22% of the religious officials said religious belief was their reason for not donating; 45.3% did not indicate any reason. Although 41.5% of participants considered cadaveric organ donation as the best source of organ transplantation, 36.3% deemed living donor transplantation as the best option. Meanwhile, 52.9% of participants considered donating an organ from a brain dead relative in case they were asked for permission; 80.1% considered donating to a relative, if necessary; 81.6% considered undergoing organ transplantation, if necessary. About 83.7% of participants deemed organ donation as a proper human behavior; 60.5% believed that it is allowed by Islam; 55% said they preach for organ donation at their mosque; and 41.1% said their views of organ donation were influenced by their leaders in society. Religious officials are unsure whether or not organ donation is respectful of their religious belief, but they consider donating an organ if a relative need to undergo organ transplantation.

Potensi Penyimpangan Hukum Dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2020

The development of the Corona Virus Disease-2019 (Covid-2019) was followed-up by the Government by issuing a Government Regulation in lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 (Perpu Number 1 of 2020). The formulation of the problem to be answered in this research is what is the potential for legal irregularities in Government Regulation in lieu of Law Number 1 Year 2020? The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach. The results show that there is a potential for legal irregularities in this Perpu. The deviation in the form of a Perppu contradicts a number of Articles in the Legislation. These violations have the potential to give rise to legal uncertainty, because the Perpu is only temporary, namely until the completion of the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak phenomenon which cannot be ascertained when it will end. On the other hand, this Perpu provides enormous powers for a number of officials to take preventive measures that do not correlate directly with the Covid-19 pandemic problem, one of which is liquidity assistance to banks that are both systemically and non-systemically affected. In addition, all officials are given the right to immunity not to be prosecuted both criminal and civil and the decisions issued are not the object of the PTUN dispute, meaning that there is no checks and balances mechanism in the government. Thus, the suggestion given is to revise this Perpu.

Implementation of Superior Rubber Seeds Program as A Community Empowerment in the North Kayong District West Borneo

This research has in mind to find out and analyze the government policies namely Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number: 04/Permentan/OT.140/I/2009 concerning Guidelines for Managing Social Assistance Funds for Agriculture. The method used in this research is qualitative, supported by descriptive research. The results showed that the implementation of a superior rubber seeds assistance policy in the North Kayong District was influenced by communications, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structures. The communication that was performed while executing a superior assistance program was not properly performed. Factors affecting resources are the minimum number of field extension officers to advise and assist farmers in the management of superior rubber seeds, no suitable facilities and infrastructures are available yet, in particular fertilizers and medicines, as well as adequate funding and impact on the fulfilment of facilities, infrastructure, and operational field officers. From sources of information, there is a factor that rubber farmers do not have enough information to properly manage seeds' assistance. Disposition of policy implementers has been very good in providing assistance and counseling but the results are not optimal due to the limited number of officials and were not supported with adequate incentives. The bureaucratic structure in implementing the superior rubber seeds assistance program in Rantau Panjang Village, Simpang Hilir District looks good as there is no long-range of controls and the procedure for submitting assistance is not too complicated. The recommendations of this research are increasing the number of field extension workers, increasing the budget allocation for superior rubber seeds assistance programs under the needed, increasing the commitment of officers by providing additional incentives according to workload. The importance of these farmers' self-help so that they have a sense of belonging to this program. Keywords: Implementation, Agricultural Social Assistance DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/10-5-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

Policies Concerning Urban Safety and Urbanization in Istanbul

Taking Newman’s “Defensible Space Theory into consideration, data presented in this article was collected by the International Strategic Research Organization as part of the four year, 2008 – 2012, Istanbul Urban Safety Project. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in the study. Quantitative methods included a large questionnaire survey administered to two samples: households and workplaces; together with analysis of secondary data. The qualitative dimension comprised semi-structured, open-ended interviews with a number of senior officials involved in urban safety in Istanbul. This study argues that the state has abandoned its regulatory role within democratic urban politics; instead taking urbanization measures to further advantage the privileged elites at both a local and national level. Furthermore, it proposes that undemocratic urbanization policies are legitimised mainly on the basis of earthquake anxiety, together with some unsubstantiated issues such as security concerns, criminalization and marginalization.

The Change in Attitude of the Lithuanian Political Elite towards Poland in 1934–1939

The Change in Attitude of the Lithuanian Political Elite towards Poland in 1934–1939 The present article analyses the efforts of the political elite of Lithuania to change the policy towards Poland in 1934–1939. The beginning of the changes is related to geopolitical changes, first of all, the coming of the National Socialists to power in Germany in 1933 and the German-Polish Agreement in 1934. Reacting to this, President Antanas Smetona appointed Stasys Lozoraits as the new Minister of Foreign Affairs, who did not have a negative attitude towards Poland. In addition, other famous society members expressed the opinion to soften the attitude towards Poland; after Stasys Raštikis was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief in 1935, a large number of officials supported this opinion. Still, the processes were not changing immediately: the Lithuanian press was still dominated by the image of a Pole as an enemy despite the fact that diplomats and officials saw Germany, which was getting increasingly stronger, as the main threat. The political elite gradually perceived that Lithuania could not regain Vilnius in the nearest future, but there was a real threat to lose Klaipėda, the gate to the sea.These factors preconditioned the first changes. In 1937, in the plans of the Lith-uanian army, Germany was viewed as the main threat, and questions were raised that an agreement with Poland had to be made. It was difficult to achieve this; there-fore, the relations were established by an unpleasant way, after the Polish ultima-tum. This situation provoked a considerable moral and political crisis in Lithuania. The first Lithuanian Army volunteer, an officer, and diplomat Kazys Škirpa, who was renowned as the supporter of the “hard line” towards Poland, was appointed as the first envoy to Poland, while Aloyzas Valušis, the son-in-law of President Anta-nas Smetona was appointed as a military attaché. K. Škirpa attempted to change the relations with the Polish colleagues towards a more constructive direction and warned them about the aggression of Germany and its real plans. The heads of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sometimes had to stop the initiatives of the envoy, being afraid that society could understand them in a wrong way. For instance, the arrival of the influential members of the Polish political elite to Kaunas was post-poned due to the start of winter, as it was explained.After the Munich Conference, Germany posed even more threat to Europe, particularly to Klaipėda. Poland was not interested in Lithuania losing the port, and this was one more reason for closer contacts. In order to soften the pressure from Germany, Lithuania sent K. Škirpa to Berlin, as he had many acquaintances among the authorities of the Third Reich. For the sake of strengthening relations with Poland, it transferred the diplomat and the signatory of February 16 Act, Jurgis Šaulys, to Warsaw, who was a strong supporter of renewing relations with Po-land. Despite this, Germany annexed Klaipėda, while a closer connection between Lithuania and Poland was not created. Still, especially after the annexation of Klaipėda Region, Lithuanian society was much more favourable towards Poland. This was highlighted by the Lithuanian and Polish media, which described the visit of the Commander-in-Chief of the Lithuanian Army General, Stasys Raštikis, who was particularly popular in society, in a very warm way. The visit, which took place in May, 1939, was possibly the warmest episode in the Polish-Lithuanian relations during the whole interwar period.

Can Employee Training Influence Local Fiscal Outcomes?

Employee training is often viewed as essential for incorporating performance management practices into public organizations, but few studies directly link training programs to subsequent changes in organizational outcomes. Typically, evaluations of the impact of training and management innovations more broadly focuses narrowly on improvements at the mean of the distribution, ignoring isomorphic pressures that may spur divergent responses at opposite tails of the distribution. We examine these notions by testing whether training local government personnel on the use of financial performance information in decision-making influences fiscal outcomes. Specifically, we compare the outcomes of North Carolina local governments whose employees participated in training on a new fiscal benchmarking tool at the University of North Carolina School of Government to peer governments that did not participate. Municipal governments with at least one trained employee experienced modest changes, on average, across most of the financial ratios reported in the benchmarking tool. By comparison, the dispersion of the reported outcomes declined considerably among municipal governments whose employees participated in training in comparison to control governments. The strength of this response increased with the number of public officials trained. The results indicate that employee training can facilitate the use of performance benchmarking systems in public sector decision-making. They also suggest that benchmarking without explicit performance targets may encourage convergence toward the average outcome.

Excise duties on alcohol and alcohol-containing products: fiscal importance, problems of taxation and ways for their solution

The subject of this research is the excise taxation of alcohol and alcohol-containing products. The author examines the fiscal role of excise alcohol and alcohol-containing products and carries out its assessment in the relative value. Special attention is given to the analysis of existing problems with regards to taxation of these products, as well as the measures aimed at improvement of taxation mechanism. The author notes that the key problems lie in misconduct of taxpayers due to application of illegal schemes and concealment of the actual production output, which leads to negative consequences in part of tax revenue. Having analyzed different views of the economists pertaining to the vectors of improvement of taxation mechanism, the author present the original conclusions and recommendations of the possible ways of addressing the problems. It is underlined that only the implementation of effective measures can help to active stable increase in tax revenue and decrease in the number of offences by participants of the market.

Perspective directions of the use of smart technologies for the modern urban environment development

The subject of the study is the research of the influence of the modern digital technologies, creating favorable conditions for the qualitatively new level of the population living, on the development of the urban environment. The object of the research is the determination of the perspective directions of the use of smart technologies with of the modern urban environment development. The methods of system analysis of the key directions of the use of digital technologies for the implementation of the “smart city” concept and generalization of various information sources, including analytical data were used during the article preparation. Grouping of the key directions within the implementation of “smart city” concept in the modern economic conditions is result of the research. The conclusion was drawn, that the “smart city” concept will help to achieve such purposes as the improvement of quality of life, decrease in number of offenses, more economical use of resources and so forth.

Representation of Opportunities and Areas for Agro-tourism Development in Rural Areas (Case Study: Villages of Tehran Province)

Purpose- Agro-tourism and the development of farm-based tourism businesses have emerged as a creative and innovative approach to rural tourism, which exploits the potentials and capabilities of agricultural activities as unique opportunities for employment and development and poverty alleviation. The purpose of this study is to identify opportunities and areas for Agro-tourism development in rural areas of Tehran Province. Design/methodology/approach- This is an applied research that adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of the rural areas of Tehran Province, of which 8 towns and three villages from each town were selected as the sample. Data collection was conducted using both library and field survey methods; however, the main focus of the research was on field studies, which involved a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. The questionnaires were prepared for three groups of villagers, tourists, and officials separately. The sample size for villagers was determined using Cochran formula (n=261). Also, since the exact number of tourists and officials was not known, the sample size of these two groups was selected using purposive method (n=31 and n=20, respectively). Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean and frequency) and inferential statistical methods (Chi-square test, one-sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test). Findings-The results suggest that government support and infrastructure improvement, the organization of local festivals related to farm products, the participation of tourists in harvesting, the direct presence of tourists in farming, job creation, and promotion of rural income levels are the most factors that influence Agro-tourism development in rural areas of Tehran Province. According to the results, showed all respondents agreed on the positive impact of the studied measures on Agro-tourism development.

HACKER SEBAGAI AKTOR NON-NEGARA

In 2013 it was revealed that wiretapping had been done by Australian intelligence towards a number of high-ranking officials in Indonesia. This invited the reaction of Indonesian hackers to destroy thousands of important sites in Australia and it is getting a reply from Australian hackers. Of course this is a bad precedent for Indonesia's relationship with Australia. Since its presence in international politics, hackers have been considered non-state actors. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The purpose of this study is to describe the phenomenon of cyber warfare carried out by both parties as an attempt to attack and maintain the country's sovereignty over their respective versions. The conclusion in this study is the mirror of this cyber war case that hackers are included as non-national actors for their contribution in international politics.

„Ieškau jūsų mylistos pono po visas keturias pasaulio šalis…“ Antano Kazimiero Sapiegos laiškai Merkinės administratoriui Vaitiekui Kuževskiui

“I AM LOOKING FOR YOUR GRACE IN ALL FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD…” LETTERS OF ANTONI KAZIMIERZ SAPIEHA TO ADMINISTRATOR OF MERKINĖ WOJCIECH KURZEWSKI (1720–1732) Researchers have focused for decades on the epistolographic legacy of individuals from various social groups. Letters are a valuable ‘complement’ for other sources, serving as an ‘insight’, giving the narrative a multi-voice, and, depending on the author’s social position, can provide many valuable details unfelt in other types of sources. Correspondence of public officials usually receives most attention from the researchers, because it reveals the mechanisms of the functioning of power. However, letters of the social elite also reveal different aspects of everyday life, including administration of domains, which have gained importance. The basis for this article became the letters by the elder of Merkinė, Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha (1689–1739), to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, kept in the Manuscript section of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Due to his humble duties and difficult financial situation A. K. Sapieha cannot be considered one of the most prominent members of the Sapiehas family, although his persistent ambition to stay out of the “margins” of public life and, in particular, his involvement in 1733–1736 whirlwind of interregnum events, indicates that he was an extraordinary person. This is evidenced by his wide circle of correspondents, among whom we find not only close relatives but also a number of state officials and top hierarchs of the Church. Aspirations of the elder of Merkinė to participate in the political life of the state have already been noticed by the researchers, however his daily economic activities have not been researched at all. Analysis of the letters from the 1720–1732 period by the elder of Merkinė Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha to Wojciech Kurzewski, administrator of this domain, reveal a significant part of A. K. Sapieha’s daily life, i.e. the nature of administration of the domain, which required considerable effort, attention and time from the elder of Merkinė. The article deals with the subject matter of letters, economic activities carried out in the eldership of Merkinė, and requirements for the administrator. All of this provides an opportunity not only to reconstruct the relationship between Sapieha and Kurzewski, but also to see the broader issues that each major landowner has faced (or may have faced). Keywords: eldership of Merkinė; Antoni Kazimierz Sapieha; Wojciech Kurzewski’s correspondence; domain administration.

Driver Pattern Identification in Road Crashes in Spain

Extracting driver collision patterns by gender and age regarding offences, collision type and injury severity is very useful in road safety, providing a better understanding on behavior of the different driver groups. Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is the tool proposed for distributing and projecting 145,904 drivers according to 8 offence variables on a 2D map. Thus, drivers who are close in the original 8D space (one dimension per offence variable), will remain so in the projected one (2D). Multivariate driving and collision patterns are explored to support the development of future measures to improve road safety. Tests of proportions are used for shedding light on clusters where driver offence is present. Finally, the SOM results were compared for validation with those of the standard K-Means clustering technique. The results show that the characteristics of road crashes and the severity of injuries depend jointly, i.e., in multivariate (pattern) terms, on gender, age, type of collisions and offences. There are relevant multivariate driver behavior differences in both the type of collisions (and therefore their severity) and the type and number of offences with regard to gender and age of the driver. This research unveils different multivariate driver behavior patterns, providing information about their relative importance (proportion), which helps in road policy decision making in terms of development of prevention measures. The results help in decision making through a potentially better allocation of resources as carried out by road safety regulating offices such as the Spanish Traffic General Directorate (Direccion General de Trafico, DGT).

Z problematyki trybów ścigania

The article discusses prosecution upon motion and the related modifications and suggestions put forward by legal scholars as a consequence of amendments to the Criminal Code and other statutes in recent years. Special attention is devoted to selected types of offences, whose method of prosecution changed. An analysis is conducted of the arguments in favour of changing the method of prosecuting and of the influence the change of such method has on the increase in the number of offences. Using the example of the offence of breach of domestic peace, the author presents a conception whereby the prosecution method depends on whether the act is the basic type of the offence or a less serious form of the offence. The example of the offence of criminal threat is used to indicate an original suggestion of a ‘movable’ method of prosecuting, which suggestion appeared in the context of the Criminal Code Bill of 1963. The author also identifies problems relating to the methods of prosecuting offences against sexual freedom and decency, which offences are defined in Chapter XXV of the Criminal Code. These remarks concern the offence of rape, whose method of prosecution changed as a result of the amending statute of 13 June 2013 and since than rape is prosecuted ex officio.

Falta de atenção ao conduzir veículo automotor como causa de acidentes de trânsito nas rodovias federais brasileiras

Distracted driving (DD) of a motor vehicle is considered an increasing risk factor for land transport accidents. To identify the tendency in the number of victims in DD accidents and in the number of offences due to cell phone use on Brazilian federal highways, as well as analyze the DD category in depth as it is being used in the country. A time series study with data on accidents with victims, made available by the Federal Highway Police, whose cause was distracted driving, from 2007 to 2016 and data on offences for driving using a cell phone. There was a tendency towards a monthly increase in the number of distracted driving accident victims in the country up to mid-2011 (percentage monthly variation - PMV = 0.57%), followed by a significant decrease (PMV = -0.45%). Macro-regions showed similar behavior, except in the Southeast. There was a monthly increase in the number of offences caused by drivers using cell phones from 2007 to 2013. There was a tendency towards monthly increases in the number of victims of distracted driving in Brazil and in most macro-regions up to 2011, followed by a subsequent downward tendency. The inaccurate nature of the expression "distraction" compromises the quality of the data and, consequently, the adequate estimation of victims attributable to this risk factor. The cell phone-driving dyad could be the root cause of accidents with victims caused by distracted driving in the country.

Resolving Tensions Between Disability Rights Law and COVID-19 Mask Policies

As states reopen, an increasing number of state and local officials are requiring people to wear face masks while out of the home. Grocery stores, retail outlets, restaurants and other businesses are also announcing their own mask policies, which may differ from public policies. Public health measures to stop the spread of the coronavirus such as wearing masks have the potential to greatly benefit millions of Americans with disabilities, who are particularly vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19. But certain disabilities may make it difficult or inadvisable to wear a mask. Mask-wearing has become a political flashpoint, putting people with disabilities at risk. There are reports emerging that people with disabilities have been challenged, excluded from retail establishments, and even threatened with arrest for not wearing masks. Some anti-mask activists encourage their followers to falsely represent themselves as disabled to confound mask requirements, which has the potential to amplify skepticism and mistrust of people with non-obvious disabilities. Reports of violent conflict over mask-wearing add to these tensions. The first lawsuit challenging a mask requirement under federal disability rights law was filed in late May, and more are likely to follow. Federal laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability and require appropriate modification of public and private mask-wearing policies to accommodate the needs of individuals with disabilities. These laws, like other civil rights statutes, remain in force during the pandemic and should operate as a check against any discrimination that might result from a mask requirement. However, misunderstanding of and noncompliance with these laws limits their effectiveness. This article provides the first expert analysis of the federal disability law framework that applies to mask policies issued by state and local officials, as well as by stores, restaurants and other businesses that serve the public, and the often confusing interaction between public and private policies. It argues that contrary to some popular assumptions, mask policies can be employed in a manner consistent with the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act. Finally, it offers specific recommendations for the design and implementation of mask policies in manner that accommodates both the rights of people with disabilities and developing scientific knowledge of efforts to slow the spread of COVID-19.

Причины и условия совершения противоправных деяний в современном обществе: теоретико-правовые аспекты и некоторые пути решения

As a result of everyday social activities, people constantly come into relationships with each other. This type of relationship may not be regulated at all (exist on the basis of morals, traditions, etc.), or it may not exist without a certain legal regulation, which is supported by the power of the state. Violation of these regulations constitutes an offense. Offenses have negative consequences for various spheres of public life, they cause damage to both society and the state. In modern conditions, there is a tendency to increase the number of offenses in society. This situation stimulates the study of the causes and conditions of committing offenses, both of certain types of offenses, and of all illegal acts in general. The work considers the main causes and conditions of offenses, and also provides a clear distinction of such terms as “cause”, “condition” and “reason”. The main role in the fight against offenses, including the activities to identify and eliminate the causes and conditions of committing illegal acts, belongs to law enforcement agen-cies. But in the current circumstances, this is not enough, so it is necessary to pay attention to other mechanisms and ways to eliminate the causes and conditions of violations and effectively use them.

АДМІНІСТРАТИВНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ ПОСАДОВИХ ОСІБ МИТНИХ ОРГАНІВ ЗА ПОРУШЕННЯ ПОРЯДКУ НАДАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ: ПРОБЛЕМНІ АСПЕКТИ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

The article considers the problematic issues of bringing to administrative responsibility Ukrainiancustoms officials for violation of customs subjects’ information rights. The consequences ofnon-fulfilment and/or improper fulfilment of the Customs Code of Ukraine on advising on thepractical application of certain provisions of customs legislation, as well as on the improperproviding of information on customs rules to interested persons are analyzed. The grounds andpossibilities of bringing to administrative responsibility for violation of the procedure of customsconsulting and informing by customs authorities are compared. The legal provisions on suchliability are compared, depending on whose right (individuals or legal entities) to informationhas been violated by customs officials. The procedural features of bringing customs officers tosuch responsibility are analyzed, including the factors that complicate or make it impossible tobring them to justice. The author concludes that it is actually impossible to bring customs officialsto administrative responsibility for failure to provide customs advice, if it is initiated by a legal entity. These legal relations do not belong to the scope of the Law of Ukraine “On Citizens’Appeals”. It is emphasized the possibility of applying administrative penalties to customs officialsonly for violation of provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Access to Public Information” inthe context of informing about customs rules. Based on the analysis of statistics, a conclusionabout the inefficiency of the entities authorized to draw up protocols on administrative offensesunder Article 212-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine is made. The reasons ofthe inefficiency are the small number of such entities compared to the number of offenses, lackof prompt response for notification of violations, complicated procedure for such response, etc.The author proves the invalidity of some provisions of the Customs Code on the responsibility ofcustoms officials and suggests ways to solve this problem.

Development of Low-Cost Auto Robot for Plastic Floating Garbage Collection using IoT

Nowadays, there is still much plastic waste floating in the sea and rivers, causing a limited number of officials to take care of this waste is not thoroughly. In this paper propose to develop the low-cost auto robot from waste materials based on Internet of Things for grabbing and collecting the floating garbage in the closed of water pool. The sensors and motors were mixed to control the robot on water surface and collect the plastic floating waste which is detected by sensors. To classified the floating garbage, the Fast Approximation Nearest Neighbor algorithm was applied to system in the web platform. The activities for garbage collection were submitted to social media such as LINE notify application. As a result, the auto robot system has the accuracy value at 94.4% and 98.8% for stationary mode and cover mode respectively.

Recidivism and predictors of recidivism among female high level persistent offenders after a special court order for persistent offenders in the Netherlands

Previous research has shown that female persistent offenders have multiple psychiatric and psychosocial problems, such as substance use disorders, other mental disorders, financial problems and housing problems. The present study examined recidivism and predictors of recidivism in a sample of 74 Dutch female high level persistent offenders who had been subjected to a special court order for persistent offenders, called ISD [Inrichting Stelselmatige Daders]. The criminal records were studied to gain insight in the criminal charges against women after release from the ISD. Results showed that 43% of the persistent female offenders had registered justice contacts within one year after release, of which the majority concerned non-violent property offences. However, the number of offences was found to be significantly reduced after their release. No offence-related, demographic, substance-related, psychiatric or personal history characteristics were found to be predictive for general recidivism.

On the Practice of Implementing Non-Formal Adult Education in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

The article discusses the practice of implementing non-formal education for adults at the place of residence in the national and regional conditions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Highlights strategy of education, aimed at the development of the human personality through ongoing education throughout their lives. Formal, non-formal, and informal models of education are considered, as well as the priority of non-formal adult education in modern conditions compared to formal and informal education, its features and characteristics are revealed. The conceptions of learning are substantiated, which are revealed by the methods of interviewing local residents, through conversations with them. Describes the structure, content, forms, and methods of learning, considering national mentality, authentic culture, national traditions of the locals. Point out educational and design workshops as the most justified in real life, when time dictates to man a renewal of thought and activity. Non-formal education eliminates inhibition in the minds of students, motivates them to improve the quality of life, to increase vitality. All types of activities of adult students are aimed at developing a social project that solves the problem, which is most acute for them. Their involvement in the development, and then in the practical implementation of the project, which is high-demand here and now in local conditions, is an effective mechanism that removes people's thinking from a passive state, increases their social and economic activity, enterprise, and cultural level. Aftereffect of non-formal education reflects such factors as an increase in the number of public associations in the field, growth in the number of families with moderate means, increase in the number of registered marriages, rates of birth of children, reducing the number of offenses, the number of drinkers, the emergence of strong farms, increased business activity, business enterprise of people, the desire of local residents to improve houses, courtyards, tyolbe (modern Yakut neighbor-rural community), naslegs and uluses The high motivating power of non-formal education is affirmed, which increases the general culture and gives a tangible impulse to the formation of the civil type of human behavior. It is concluded that non-formal education at the place of residence, the content of which is organically integrated into the context of real-life, activates the processes of formation of the local community, local development, and the formation of civil society.