Number Of International Tourist Arrivals Research Articles

Le tasse sul turismo in Europa

Over the last few decades, the tourism phenomenon has been associated with mass consumption worldwide: the figures show an almost constant increase both in the number of international tourist arrivals and in the volume of tourist revenues (UNWTO, 2017). This has resulted in an increasing number of tourists moving to destinations all over the world and, consequently, an increase in negative tourism externalities, such as congestion, increased pollution, overuse of natural resources and so on. via (Rinaldi, 2012). From an isolated phenomenon, the application of a tax on tourism is progressively spread-ing throughout Europe as an instrument that the public administration (local or central) adopts in order to counteract the negative externalities that follow within the territory following the entry of tourists. The revenues deriving from the application of tourism taxes are then (at least in principle) used to compen-sate citizens for any inconvenience caused by the influx of tourists (Rinaldi, 2011).

Tourism and Economic Development in ASEAN 1998-2013

Many countries support government policies to encourage tourism sector, including ASEAN countries, due to an assumption that tourism contributes positively to GDP and poverty reduction. This study investigates that assumption, as well as the correlation between tourism and HDI, by applying panel data regression to eight ASEAN countries (Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Laos Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam,) during 1998--2013. We found that the number of international tourist arrivals as a proxy variable for tourism have a significant and positive correlation with poverty reduction. Tourism is also proven to increase GDP per capita (albeit in a smaller magnitude) and increase HDI (in an even smaller scale). These findings confirmed our hypothesis on the positive effects of tourism. It is recommended that the tourist promotion is continued while studying the best practices to strategically develop the tourism sector in order to strengthen the positive correlation.

INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS AND INCOME FROM FORREIGN TOURISM: WORLD DYNAMICS AND ANALYSIS BY COUNTRIES

Problem Statement and Purpose. The relevance of the study of international tourist flows in the period 1995-2014 is connected with the fact that during these years there have been many global events, which could affect them. So wondering how international tourism reacted to them. Proceeding from this, the purpose of this work is to highlight the global dynamics of international tourist arrivals and receipts, in particular the establishment of a general trend, identifying deviations and explaining them. It is also important to assess these indicators by countries.Data & Methods. The study is based on the methodology of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Bank’s statistical base. In particular, the dynamics of international (inbound) tourism is estimated in natural (arrivals) and value (receipts) indicators proposed by the UNWTO. For consideration of these indicators by countries, a method of mathematical statistics, such as cluster analysis of k-averages, was used.Results. During 1995-2014 the number of international tourist arrivals in the world has more than doubled and reached 1.17 billion in 2014. Receipts from inbound tourism in prices as 1995 for the same period increased by 90% to 918.4 billion US$. At the same time, the positive dynamics of both natural and value indicators has affected by such negative factors, as the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States and the global financial crisis in 2009. In general, international tourism shows a steady growth trend, which can only be broken by serious «cataclysms» in the financial and security sectors, and then for a short time. So, international tourism has the property of rapid recovery.Also, the international tourist arrivals and receipts by countries were considered in this article. In particular, a cluster analysis was conducted for 115 countries of the world for 2008 – the last year before the financial crisis. Thus, France, Spain and the United States are the top-destinations with a noticeable gap from the rest, which together in 2008 accounted for about 20% of international tourist arrivals and 28% of receipts. France has for many years remained the leader in terms of the number of arrivals – almost 80 million, and the United States is characterized by huge receipts – more than 170 billion US$. In general, more than half of the international tourist flows take place in the European tourist region, and the most visited here are Mediterranean destinations.

Transformation of tourism of the Eastern Ukraine in the context of a conflict

The impact of conflict on tourism has been analized in the paper. The purpose of the work is to identify the transformational changes in the state of tourism in the east of Ukraine as a result of the conflict. Analytical, deductive, statistical, systemic, comparative-geographic methods of research have been used to analyze the main indicators of tourism development. It has been proved that all types of tourism suffer from the conflict, and the total number of tourists was significantly reduced. The conflict has once set a promising direction for the economic development of the eastern regions of Ukraine on the brink of total disappearance. The necessity of studying the experience of eliminating the negative consequences of conflicts on the development of the tourism industry and developing a strategy for its further development in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions has been established. For the first time a comprehensive analysis of the status of Donbass tourism in different periods has been conducted, namely: on the eve of the conflict and during the conflict, which showed that staying Ukraine in a state of a conflict led to the emergence of new social and geographical peculiarities of tourism development in the east of Ukraine. It has been revealed that the conflict leads to instability in the development of tourism, tourists worrying about their safety refuse to visit a country or region. This inevitably leads to a decrease in the number of international tourist arrivals and revenues from tourism, a decrease in the number of tourist objects and collective accommodation facilities. It has been determined that the tourist attractiveness and image of the eastern region was almost lost as a result of the conflict. The main provisions, the actual material and conclusions of the article can be used for further research on the development of tourism in the Donbas and the creation of a concept for overcoming the negative consequences of the conflict in the period of 2014-2018 in Ukraine for the development of the national tourism industry.

Travel health prevention.

All around the world there has been a rapid growth in the number of international travels. According to the World Tourism Organisation the number of international tourist arrivals reached 1,235 billion in 2016 and continues to grow at a high rate. This has been much due to the development of air transport (including low-cost airlines), increasingly common economic migration, a growing number of travellers visiting friends and relatives, and an increase in medical tourism. With tropical destinations becoming increasingly popular among travellers, doctors have seen a rising number of patients who seek medical advice on health risks prevalent in hot countries and health prevention measures to be taken in tropical destinations, especially where sanitation is poor. The risk for developing a medical condition while staying abroad depends on a variety of factors, including the traveller's general health condition, health prevention measures taken before or during travel (vaccinations, antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, health precautions during air, road and sea travel, proper acclimatisation, prevention of heat injuries, protection against local flora and fauna, personal hygiene, water, food and feeding hygiene), as well as the prevalence of health risk factors in a given location. Health prevention is a precondition for safe travel and maintaining good physical health; in the era of a rapid growth in international tourism it has become of key importance for all travellers.

Establishment patterns of non-native insects in New Zealand

Insects comprise the majority of non-native animal species established around the world. However, geographic biases in knowledge hamper an overall understanding of biological invasions globally. A dataset of accidentally introduced non-native insect species established in New Zealand was compiled from databases, entomological literature, and examination of specimens in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection. For each non-native species, the first recorded location and first recorded date of detection was obtained. Excluding intentionally introduced species, there are 1477 non-native insect species successfully established in New Zealand across 16 orders, 234 families and 1017 genera. Four orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera) contributed 77.5% of all established insect species. Herbivores represented the largest feeding guild (47.7%), comprised of polyphagous (48.3%) or oligophagous (39.7%) species. The majority of these species originated in the Australasian (36.7%) and Palearctic regions (24.8%). Regression trees, using a binary recursive partitioning approach, found the number of international tourist arrivals, exotic vegetation cover, and regional gross domestic product were the main factors explaining spatial patterns of recently established species. Gross domestic product best explained temporal patterns of establishment over the last century. Our findings demonstrate that broad-scale analyses of non-native species have important applications for border biosecurity by providing insight into the extent of invasions. In New Zealand, the current trajectory indicates fewer non-native species are establishing annually, suggesting biosecurity efforts are being effective at reducing rates of establishment.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE ASEAN-8: PANEL DATA APPROACH

In an open economy, economic growth is not only supported by international trade but may also be supported through the development of tourism. We can use international tourist arrivals as one of indicators of international tourism. This study aimed to examine the factors that influence international tourist arrivals as well as to analyze the relationship between the number of international tourist arrivals and economic growth in the Southeast Asian regions. This study uses panel data regression to 8 ASEAN countries during the period of 2000 to 2012. The results showed that the variables that identified as the determinant of international tourist arrivals are GDP per capita, secondary education enrollment gross ratio, and life expectancy. Furthermore, the number of international tourist arrivals have a significant effect on economic growth in conform with tourism-led economic growth hypothesis (TLGH). This finding infers that tourism sector could be developed as an effort to increase economic growth.Keywords: International Tourism, Economic Growth, International Tourist Arrivals, TLGH,Panel DataSubject/Object of research: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam,Cambodia, Lao PDR

The Relationship between Tourism and Economic Development in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region: Panel Cointegration and Granger Causality

This paper examines the causal relationship between tourism and economic development. Tourism is considered in two ways; number of international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. The data are collected from the five Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) countries i.e. Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam; and the Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China. The sample period is semi annual data from 2000 to 2012 and is also estimated by a panel data approach. This study finds a long-run relationship is unidirectional running from the number of international tourist arrivals to economic development; and from economic development to tourism receipts. The short-run causality is unidirectional running from the international tourist arrivals to economic development only. This study suggests that the GMS countries should concentrate on tourism marketing promotion and expand economic development, especially in tourism investment such as enhancing the tourism and hotel industry to meet international standard for tourism sustainability as an entire region.

The end of growth in residential tourism destinations: steady state or sustainable development? The case of Calpe

This article discusses how the slowdown in the real estate market during the most recent economic and financial crisis has affected residential tourism destinations on the Spanish coast. The afore-mentioned crisis, which gave rise to a standstill in residential activity, coincided with the turbulences experienced in the competing destinations of Northern Africa, which brought about a record number of international tourist arrivals to Spain. The resulting situation enables us to explore the future scenario of all the Spanish destinations that, due to the depletion of available land, are reaching their maximum levels of urban growth. Examining the case of Calpe, a destination which is representative of the Spanish Mediterranean, the study analyses whether the foreseeable dynamics for the future are conceptualized in the favourable terms that characterize “sustainable development” or, on the contrary, exhibit negative implications which the classic economists refer to as the “steady state”.

Proyección de la demanda de turismo internacional en Puno: un enfoque SARIMA

An important component contributing to the economic growth of the Puno region, particularly in the province of Puno, is tourism, the number of international tourist arrivals in Puno has been showing a moderate upward trend as a result of some programs and promotion introduced by The governments of Peru to attract international tourists to the country. This study attempts to model and forecast tourism demand in Puno using monthly seasonal series for the period January 2003 to December 2015, using the seasonal ARIMA procedures of Box-Jenkins, known as SARIMA. The study shows the following findings: The demand for tourists to the region of Puno is a series of stationary time in a deterministic trend with a strong pattern of seasonality, which could be due to the season in the country of origin. The unit-root contrast of Zivot-Andrews determined that the series presents a structural break in October 2010 when in contrast it is considered only the trend and a structural break in the month of February 2012 when in the contrast we consider both the intercept As the trend. The results of the study also show that the number of international tourist arrivals will continue to increase moderately in the near future, suggesting that regional and national government authorities make investments in the sector and make efforts to promote attracting more tourists foreign.

FDI-led tourism growth hypothesis: empirical evidence from Croatian tourism

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the causal relationship between the foreign direct investment (FDI) stock in tourism and the number of international tourist arrivals in the Republic of Croatia in the period from 2000 to 2012. The study uses quarterly time series data from 2000(1) to 2012 (4). The augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test was carried out to test the stationarity of variables. The Johansen co-integration test was used to test a long-term relationship between the variables, and given the absence of the same, the vector autoregression (VAR) model is set up. The Granger and Toda–Yamamoto test was conducted to test a short-run causality between the selected variables. The results indicated a one-way short-run causality relationship running from FDI in tourism to international tourism arrivals at a high significance level of 1%. The research results emphasise the need to establish a favourable macroeconomic environment, as well as a policy of incentive investment measures specifically targeted at the tourism sector. This would enhance the conditions for higher FDI inflow essential for qualitative and quantitative positioning of Croatian tourism compared to competing destinations.

Does International Tourism Affect Transnational Terrorism?

Studies focusing on the relationship between transnational terrorism and tourism examine the effect of terror on tourism, while this study looks at a different question: does international tourism affect transnational terrorism? We hypothesized that the higher the number of international tourist arrivals to a country, the higher the number of terror attacks, and examined this effect from four distinct aspects: perpetration by foreign attackers against local victims, perpetration by local attackers against foreign victims, perpetration by foreign attackers against foreign victims, and perpetration of terror attacks against foreign private parties. We conclude that there is an inverse U relationship between number of arrivals and number of attacks perpetrated by foreigners, and also a robust significant relationship between number of arrivals to a country and terror attacks in which both the attacker and the victim are foreigners. However, it is not unequivocal whether this is a positive linear or an inverse U relationship.

Travelers' health problems and behavior: prospective study with post-travel follow-up.

BackgroundThe annual number of international tourist arrivals has recently exceeded one billion, yet surprisingly few studies have characterized travelers’ behavior, illness, and risk factors in a prospective setting. Particularly scarce are surveys of data spanning travel, return, and follow-up of the same cohort.This study examines behavior and illness among travelers while abroad, after return home, and at follow-up. Patterns of behavior connected to type of travel and illness are characterized so as to identify risk factors and provide background data for pre-travel advice.MethodsVolunteers to this prospective cohort study were recruited at visits to a travel clinic prior to departure. Data on the subjects’ health and behavior were collected by questionnaires before and after journeys and over a three-week follow-up. In addition, the subjects were asked to fill in health diaries while traveling.ResultsThe final study population consisted of 460 subjects, 79 % of whom reported illness during travel or on arrival: 69 % had travelers’ diarrhea (TD), 17 % skin problems, 17 % fever, 12 % vomiting, 8 % respiratory tract infection, 4 % urinary tract infection, 2 % ear infection, 4 % gastrointestinal complaints other than TD or vomiting, and 4 % other symptoms. Of all subjects, 10 % consulted a doctor and 0.7 % were hospitalized; 18 % took antimicrobials, with TD as the most common indication (64 %). Ongoing symptoms were reported by 25 % of all travelers upon return home.During the three-week follow-up (return rate 51 %), 32 % of respondents developed new-onset symptoms, 20 % visited a doctor and 1.7 % were hospitalized.Factors predisposing to health problems were identified by multivariable analysis: certain regions (Southern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, and Eastern Africa), female gender, young age, and long travel duration.ConclusionsDespite proper preventive measures like vaccinations, malaria prophylaxis, and travel advice, the majority of our subjects fell ill during or after travel. As the symptoms mostly remained mild, health care services were seldom needed. Typical traveler profiles were identified, thereby providing a tool for pre-travel advice. The finding that one third reported new-onset illness during follow-up attests to the importance of advising clients on potential post-travel health problems already during pre-travel visits.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1682-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Cross-Country Analysis on the Impact of Tourism on Threatened Plant Species

This study used a sample of 106 countries to investigate the link between the number of threatened plant species and tourism which was proxied by the number of international tourist arrivals. In the analysis, we also include GDP per capita, population growth, and land under crop, which act as the control variables. We find that using OLS, the number of international tourist arrivals, population growth rate and land cultivated with crop increases the number of threatened plant species, while GDP per capita reduces the number of threatened plant species. Our further analysis using quantile regression indicates that tourism affected positively the number of threatened plant species for all quantiles (0.05 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.90 0.95); crop production (positively) at middle quantiles (0.50 0.75); GDP per capita (negatively) at lower quantiles (0.05 0.25); and population growth (positively) at middle quantiles (0.50 0.75). Our analysis clearly indicates that using estimates from OLS may have serious “bad” policy implications on the number of threatened plant species, compared to the quantile method that can capture properly the dimension of the threatened plant species. As for tourism, our study supports the effort for biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism worldwide.

Tourism and Biodiversity Loss: Implications for Business Sustainability

The purpose of this study is to investigates the impact of tourism on biodiversity loss in a sample of 141 countries. In the analysis, we measure tourism using the numbers of international tourist arrivals, while biodiversity loss is proxy using the numbers of threatened species – birds, fishes, mammals and plants. We also include GDP per capita, population growth, protected areas, and crop production, which act as the control variables. We find that using robust standard error estimator the number of international tourist arrivals, population growth rate, protected areas and crop production increases the numbers of threatened species, while GDP per capita reduces the numbers of threatened species. One policy implication of this study is that since businesses in the tourism industry depend on the very existence of biodiversity, then biodiversity conservation should become the essential factor for business sustainability.

Illness and injury of travellers abroad: Finnish nationwide data from 2010 to 2012, with incidences in various regions of the world

The number of international tourist arrivals reached 1,000 million in 2012. Assessment of travellers' health problems has relied on proportionate morbidity data.Given the lack of data on number of visitors to each region, incidences have been impossible to calculate.This study, largest yet reporting travellers' health problems, is the first to present incidence of illness and injury. Data on Finnish travellers with health problems abroad during 2010 to 2012 were retrieved from the database of an assistance organisation,SOS International, covering 95% of those requiring aid abroad. The numbers were compared with those of Finnish travellers in the database of the Official Statistics of Finland. The SOS International database included 50,710 cases: infections constituted the most common health problem (60%), followed by injuries(14%), diseases of skin (5%), musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (5%), digestive tract (3%),and vascular system (2%). Gastroenteritis (23%) and respiratory infections (21%) proved the most frequent diagnoses. Overall incidence of illness or injury was high in Africa (97.9/100,000 travel days; 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI): 53.1–145.5), southern Europe plus the eastern Mediterranean (92.3; 95% BCI: 75.4–110.1) and Asia (65.0; 95% BCI: 41.5–87.9). The data show significant differences between geographical regions, indicating the main risks and thus providing destination-specific tools for travelers' healthcare.

International Tourists Arrival to Thailand: Forecasting by Non-linear Model

The aim of this study is to provide non-linear forecasting models for prediction of the international tourist arrival to Thailand by using data from period 1998-2014(Feb.). The seasonal unit root test (HEGY-test extent version) was carried out to test this data. Based on this testing is found that the number of international tourist arrivals to Thailand was affected by seasonal unit root process for during period of this study. Therefore, both the MS-VAR model and AR model are employed to predict this data for future of Thailand. The empirical results from this research was concluded that in high seasonal period can be use AR (2)-MLE, AR (2)-MLE-bootstrapping, and AR(1)-ME-bootstrapping to predict the number of international tourist arrivals to Thailand for future years. However, in low seasonal period only AR(1)-ME-bootstrapping can be used to predict the number of international tourist arrival to Thailand for future years.

Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Seven Mediterranean Countries: A Panel Data Approach

This paper examines the relationship between economic growth and tourism development in seven Mediterranean countries. The purpose is to investigate empirically the long-run relationship between economic growth and tourism development in a multivariate model with tourism real receipts per capita, the number of international tourist arrivals per capita, real effective exchange rate, and real GDP per capita using the new heterogeneous panel cointegration technique. In pursuit of this objective, the tests of panel cointegration and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) are conducted, using panel data. The data used in this study are annual, covering the period 1980–2007.

Tropical Diseases in Travelers

1st Ed , (xiv) + 485 pp , hardcover, USD 167.00 , ISBN 978‐1‐405‐18441‐0 . Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, UK : Eli Schwartz , 2009 . With a record number of international tourist arrivals expected in 2010 1 and with a myriad of health and safety risks confronting travelers today, those health professionals in the frontline of travel medicine need access to a definitive reference textbook of tropical diseases. The first edition of Tropical Diseases in Travelers is well positioned to respond to this challenge to inform both the pre‐travel and post‐travel health consultation. The first edition of Tropical Diseases in Travelers has a dedication, a table of contents, a list of contributors, a foreword by Alan Magill (ISTM President 2009–2011), acknowledgments, 43 chapters organized into three main parts, two appendices, and a comprehensive index. There are …

The Determinants of the Travel Demand on International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand

The purpose of this study is to develop a travel demand model of international tourist arrivals to Thailand and to assess the impact of crisis incidents on Thailand's tourism industry. A 20-year (1987–2006) annual time series data of “number of international tourist arrivals”, “exchange rate”, “promotion budget”, and dummy variables of “Asia financial crisis”, “special promotional campaigns”, “SARS” and “tsunami” were used to develop the travel demand model by performing a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that travel demand of international tourist arrivals to Thailand could be explained by “exchange rate”, “promotion budget”, “Asia financial crisis” and “SARS”.