Number Of Dead Animals Research Articles

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT DAN TERTUNDA FRAKSI BUTANOL DAUN AKAR KAIK-KAIK (Uncaria cordata (Lour) Merr.) PADA MENCIT PUTIH (Mus musculus L.)

Uncaria cordata is a plant that is used to treat diabetes and has antioxidant properties. Research has been carried out on Acute and Delayed Toxicity Tests of Butanol Fraction of Leaves of Kaik-Kaik Root Plant (Uncaria cordata (Lour) Merr.) on Male White Mice (Mus musculus L. This study aims to determine the effect of acute toxicity of the butanol fraction of the leaves of kaik-kaik root by determining the LD50 value. Observations made in this test were the number of dead animals, toxic symptoms, and observations of the organs of the test animals. Observations were made for 24 hours to determine the LD50 value to 14 days after administration of the test preparation. In the observation of toxic symptoms, there were no tremors, seizures, salivation, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, sleep, and coma in each experimental animal. In the relative weight parameters of organs consisting of the heart, liver and kidneys, there was no effect of this fraction, and there was no change when compared to the control group. The results showed LD50 values > 5000 mg/kgBB are considered relatively harmless and potentially as standardized herbal medicine

Impact of Vaccination on the World Epizootic Situation Plague of Small Ruminants

According to OIE and FAO data in 2009-2019, there have been 2,884 outbreaks of plague of small ruminants (PPR) worldwide, mainly in Africa and Asia. Mortality from this pathology reaches 100 %. The economic damage caused by this disease to animal husbandry consists of a mass mortality, a decrease in the productivity of sick animals and the cost of quarantine measures in a disadvantaged area. Cartographic analysis showed that the highest concentration of PPR outbreaks for the indicated period was observed in five main regions. Northwest Africa (includes Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia); The Black Sea coast of Bulgaria; Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea (Israel); People’s Republic of Bangladesh; Southern, Southeastern and Eastern parts of the People’s Republic of China. Outbreaks with the largest number of dead animals were concentrated mainly in Bangladesh and China. Outbreaks with the largest number of dead animals were concentrated mainly in Bangladesh and China, where vaccinations have not been carried out in recent years. The study of the correlation between the PPR incidence rate and the number of animals immunized in the most disadvantaged states found only modest reductions in incidence as a result of vaccination campaigns. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was - 0.13 for Algeria, - 0.19 for Bangladesh and - 0.33 for Israel, which appears to be due to the small scale of vaccination campaigns. The obtained results of the epizootic analysis by PPR indicate insufficient coverage of animals susceptible to the pathogen by vaccination and a greater likelihood of new outbreaks of the disease not only in disadvantaged countries, but also the spread of infection in new territories.

Problems of updating the cadaster of stationary anthrax-unfavorable points of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation

The results of updating the Cadastre of stationary anthrax-unfavorable points in the Russian Federation (2005) and the creation of databases for nine out of 11 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (in the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous District, anthrax was not officially registered) are presented, information on 1285 points has been updated, instead of 1089 previously recorded. For the period 1856–2008 according to official data and literary sources, 8346 heads of animals and 253 people fell ill in nine subjects. The largest share of sick animals (72.3 %) falls on the Republic of Buryatia, and people (45.1 %) — in the Zabaikalsky Territory. The years of manifestation of activity of 99.8 % of permanently unfavorable points for anthrax are known. Most of the new points were formed in 1890–1899 and 1930–1939. Anthrax on the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District was annually recorded from 1910 to 1989. The maximum epizootic activity was noted in the city of Blagoveshchensk in the Amur Region and in the village of Kyren in the Republic of Buryatia. Based on updated information on the former and renamed settlements in accordance with the territorial-administrative division of the country; specified locations of settlements, former collective and state farms, liquidated in the 90s of the twentieth century; data on years of activity, species and number of dead animals and sick people; Determination of the geographical coordinates of the SNP created a database of stationary anthrax-unfavorable points in six regions (Zabaikalsky, Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Jewish Autonomous Okrug, Sakhalin and Amur regions.

Optimization of RHDV type 1 and 2 inactivation modes

The purpose of these studies was to optimize RHDV type 1 and 2 (RHDV1 and RHDV2) inactivation modes to use the obtained antigens in inactivated vaccines and diagnosticums. The inactivating effect of aminoethylethylenimine and β-propiolactone was studied in different concentrations in correlation with the exposure time and temperature. The correlation between the inactivating effect of the compound used and the accepted test conditions (concentration, temperature, and exposure time) was studied on a group of rabbits, each of which was injected intramuscularly with 1 cm3 of the inactivated material sample. At the end of the maximum exposure interval, a control sample of the viral material, kept under the same conditions without any inactivant added was similarly tested. Lethality was considered to evaluate the damaging action in the test and control groups: L = m/n, where m is the number of dead animals; n is the total number of rabbits in the group for testing of the inactivated material sample. The postmortem diagnosis was confirmed by testing the rabbit liver tissue homogenate for relative antigens using ELISA. It was found that aminoethylethylenimine and β-propiolactone did not have the same effect on the studied variants of the virus. In order to preserve at maximum the antigenic structures of the virus, the following inactivation modes were considered to be optimal: for RHDV1-aminoethylethylenimine at a concentration of 0.3% at 37 °C, exposure time – 72 hours, or β-propiolactone at a concentration of 0.1–0.3% at 25–37 °С, exposure time – 24–48 hours; for RHDV2 – aminoethylethylenimine at a concentration of 1% at 37 °C, exposure time – 72 hours, or β-propiolactone at a concentration 0.3% at 25 °С, exposure time – 24 hours.

Yumurta Verimi Üzerine Bazı Özelliklerin Etkisinin Regresyon Analiz Yöntemlerinden Bagging Mars ile Belirlenmesi ve R Uygulaması

Çalışmada, BAGGING ile MARS birleştirilerek elde edilen hibrid bir yaklaşımın yumurta tavuklarından elde edilen bir veri setinde sıcaklık ve nemin yumurta verimi, kırık/çatlak yumurta, ölen hayvan sayısı ve yem tüketimi üzerine etkisinin olup olmadığı test edilmiştir. Çalışmada Adana ili Çukurova Bölgesinde bulunan özel bir hayvancılık işletmesinden 2018 yılına ait yumurta üretim işletmesinden elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, ortalama 60 haftalık yaşta olan Lohman ırkı tavuklardan elde edilen veri seti kullanılmıştır. Oluşan MARS ve Bagging MARS algoritmasında regresyon problemlerinin daha güçlü bir çözümünü sunmak için R STUDIO programındaki earth (enhanced adaptive regression through hinges) ve caret (classification and regression training), mda (Mixture Discriminant Analysis) paketleri kullanılmıştır. Bagging MARS tekniğinin tahmin performansı, bootstrap örnek sayısı olan B değeri 3 alınarak uyum iyiliği kriterleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, MARS ve bagging MARS analizi kullanarak sıcaklık ve nemin yumurta verimi, kırık/çatlak yumurta, ölen hayvan sayısı ve yem tüketimi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Yumurta verimi üzerine, akşam sıcaklığının(t3) etkisinin olduğu fakat sabah(t1) ve öğle(t2) sıcaklıklarının ise etkisinin olmadığı belirtilmiştir. Kırık/çatlak yumurta ve ölen hayvan hayvan sayısı 5 den az/ hafta olmasından dolayı, MARS ve Bagging MARS modellerinde bu değişkenlere tahmin denkleminde yer verilmemiştir. Yem tüketiminin ise, her iki modelde de pozitif bir katkısının olduğu görülmüştür.

Acute Oral Toxicity of the Supramolecular Complex of Ivermectin

The purpose of the research is to study the acute oral toxicity of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin. Materials and methods. The object of the study was laboratory animals kept in the vivarium of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants. The preclinical study of the ivermectin complex was carried out in accordance with “Guidelines for the Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances”. To process the experimental data in the study of the supramolecular complex of ivermectin, the method proposed by Litchfield and Wilcoxon modified by Z. Roth was used. Acute oral toxicity was carried out with the administration of a complex of ivermectin and the substance ivermectin into the stomach for control in high doses in white mice and rats with a live weight of 18 and 160–180 g respectively. For each dose, 10 mice and 6 rats were used. The drug was administered once using a gastric tube in a doses from 40 to 350 mg/kg in terms of AS. For 14 days the general condition and behavior of animals, possible death, as well as the manifestation of symptoms of intoxication has been monitored. Results and discussion. As our studies showed, the picture of intoxication in both species (mice and rats) was comparable, and the dependence of the number of dead animals on the administered dose was also revealed. Unlike the substance ivermectin, the toxicity of the supramolecular complex is 3 times lower. The introduction of arabinogalactan into the composition of the drug helps to level the negative effect of AS (ivermectin) in the supramolecular complex preparation on the animal organism. LD50 of ivermectin substance for mice was 82.0, for rats – 165.0 mg/kg, supramolecular complex of ivermectin – 280.0 and 298.0 mg/kg respectively (according to the drug 14500 and 14598 mg/kg). According to GOST 12.1.007-76, the supramolecular complex of ivermectin belongs to hazard class 4.

Assessing population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors for terrestrial wildlife

AbstractHuman activity influences wildlife. However, the ecological and conservation significances of these influences are difficult to predict and depend on their population‐level consequences. This difficulty arises partly because of information gaps, and partly because the data on stressors are usually collected in a count‐based manner (e.g., number of dead animals) that is difficult to translate into rate‐based estimates important to infer population‐level consequences (e.g., changes in mortality or population growth rates). However, ongoing methodological developments can provide information to make this transition. Here, we synthesize tools from multiple fields of study to propose an overarching, spatially explicit framework to assess population‐level consequences of anthropogenic stressors on terrestrial wildlife. A key component of this process is using ecological information from affected animals to upscale from count‐based field data on individuals to rate‐based demographic inference. The five steps to this framework are (1) framing the problem to identify species, populations, and assessment parameters; (2) field‐based measurement of the effect of the stressor on individuals; (3) characterizing the location and size of the populations of interest; (4) demographic modeling for those populations; and (5) assessing the significance of stressor‐induced changes in demographic rates. The tools required for each of these steps are well developed, and some have been used in conjunction with each other, but the entire group has not previously been unified together as we do in this framework. We detail these steps and then illustrate their application for two species affected by different anthropogenic stressors. In our examples, we use stable hydrogen isotope data to infer a catchment area describing the geographic origins of affected individuals, as the basis to estimate population size for that area. These examples reveal unexpectedly greater potential risks from stressors for the more common and widely distributed species. This work illustrates key strengths of the framework but also important areas for subsequent theoretical and technical development to make it still more broadly applicable.

First Report on the Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Hungarian Organic Mulch Materials on Entomopathogenic and Slug-Parasitic Nematodes

Few researches address the compatibility of organic mulching and entomopathogenic (EPN) and slug-parasitic (SPN) nematodes, although organic mulching may provide favourable conditions for these beneficial organisms. Our aim was to examine the effect of different concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5%) of aqueous extracts of green waste compost, the dry leaf litters of the common walnut (Juglans regia) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides) on EPN (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema kraussei) and SPN (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita) species. Experiments were set up in 96-well, flat-bottom microplates. After a 24-hour exposure time, the number of dead animals was counted under a transmission microscope. Green waste compost extracts caused quite low or no mortality in case of all examined species. Mortality caused by the 5% Norway maple leaf litter extract was moderate (34.6%) in the case of S. carpocapsae juveniles, while 100% of juveniles of other species died. The highest (5%) concentration of the common walnut leaf litter extract caused 100% mortality in all species. As a conclusion, green waste compost mulch seems to be more compatible with EPN and SPN species than common walnut or Norway maple leaf litter mulch.

Biotesting and phytoindication of aquatic environment quality of urbanized territories

Currently, there is a necessity for regular quality control over natural water bodies within the territory of industrial cities. The aquatic environment quality monitoring and the toxicity assessment of the water pollutants, in addition to the hydrochemical analysis data, require integral, biological indicators. In recent times, methods of direct aquatic toxicity assessment, namely biotesting water quality using sensitive hydrobionts and phytoindication with macrophytes, have become increasingly important. In this regard, we have conducted a comparative quality assessment of the water from three different areas of the Saksagan river, influenced by the Ternovska mine in Kryvyi Rih using various test objects. Hydrobiological samples were collected in September 2019 above wastewater outfall (residual rainfall and snowmelt runoff), at wastewater outfall (residual rainfall and snowmelt runoff) and below rwastewater outfall (residual rainfall and snowmelt runoff). In water the basic hydrochemical indicators have been defined: hydrogen index (pH), dissolved gases, biogenic elements, hardness, temperature, electrical conductivity, total mineralization (salinity). The quality of the aquatic environment was assessed by biotesting with daphnid Daphnia magna Straus and phytoindication by modified Mayer`s index. The analysis of the hydrochemical regime has been carried out according to generally accepted methods. Biotesting of water samples was carried out according to CTDC 211.1.4.054-97. In the experiments daphnid Daphnia magna Straus were used as test organisms. For testing the samples toxicity Daphnia youth under the age of 24 hours has been used. The toxicity criterion was the mortality of test organisms in relation to control. The number of dead animals was calculated after 96 hours, then the mortality (or survival) of objects in the samples was calculated. The survey of vegetation has been carried out visually. A rake and a d-shaped net have been used to study the submerged species. The detected algae have been systematized into 3 groups according to the modified Mayer`s index. The average index for the entire monitoring area has reached 15 points, which corresponds to the third quality class (moderately polluted river, β-mesosaprobic zone). It has been revealed that the hydrochemical composition of the water of the Saksagan river is characterized by a sufficiently high mineralization (2.6–3.5 g / l), which is caused by the complex influence of several factors: physiographic conditions, river control (the influence of Makartivske, Krasovske, Saksaganske reservoirs). A naturally simplified structure of the species composition of macrophytes has been noted, which is typical for reservoirs under anthropogenic load. Endangered and listed in the Red book of Ukraine plant species in the study area were absent. The comparison of the results of bioindication methods with hydrochemical analysis has shown that phytoindication by the modified Mayer`s index was more sensitive method with respect to biotesting on daphnid Daphnia magna. However, we consider it impossible to compare these test objects, since each object may have a specific reaction to individual toxicants (Daphnia – to insecticides, macrophytes – to herbicides). Thus, in the future, it is recommended to use a set of methods for rapid assessment of the water quality in urban areas.

Оцінка екотоксичності пестицидів з використанням тваринних тест-організмів

The following article is the result of biotesting of ecotoxicological danger of pesticides, which are used in gardening. Ten pesticide preparations were selected for the research, six of them are fungicides: flint-star, chorus, score, stroby, topsin-M and median-extra and four of them are insecticides: bi-58, calypso, mospilan and actara. Toxicity of pesticides was identified through analyzing ten times dilution (1:10) of the recommended solution specified by the manufacturer. Not less than three days old tap water served as control. Daphnia, Ostracoda and Danio were selected as test objects. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 24 and 72 hours of exposure the number of dead animals was visually determined and the percentage of survival of testers was calculated. The toxicity of the pesticide preparations was considered as proven if the percentage of test organisms mortality rate was ≥50%. The scale of pesticide toxicity degree was developed, including the percentage of test organisms mortality during certain exposure time (up to 24 or 48 hours). It can be used to define its acute and toxic effect. According to the biotesting results, flint-star and score are the most toxic among the examined pesticide preparations fungicides for aquatic ecosystems, as they showed ultrahigh and high levels of toxicity for zootests. Carp fishes of the genus Danio showed greater sensitivity to the influence of fungicides and lower to insecticides, while for aquatic crustaceous Daphnia and Ostracoda these features were not detected. The sensitivity of the tested test objects to insecticides decreased in an order: Ostracoda sp.→Daphnia sp.→Danio sp. Comparing the sensitivity of aquatic crustaceous in the process of the pesticides biotesting, it was found out that Ostracoda sp. is more sensitive test object than Daphnia sp. Under the same conditions of biotesting, an absolute immobilization of ostracods is two times higher than the immobilization of Branchiopoda.

Productive losses on broiler preslaughter operations: effects of the distance from farms to abattoirs and of lairage time in a climatized holding area

This work aimed to assess the effects of preslaughter lairage time on the welfare and mortality of broilers transported in different farm-abattoir distances. It was evaluated 215 poultry transport trucks from a commercial poultry slaughterhouse from 2006 to 2007. Data were obtained from the holding area acclimatized through fans and water misting in the mornings, afternoons and at night. The thermal variables (temperature and relative humidity), distance, lairage time and density of birds per cage were considered in the analysis. The effects of distance and lairage time were important in the variation of rectal temperature of the animals and on the number of dead animals per truck. Two models were developed (mean and dispersion), for each response variable in function of the interaction between lairage time and distance. As the lairage time in the holding area increased, the rectal temperature of the birds was reduced for all the studied distances. In farm-abattoir distances higher than 25 km, mortality was low when lairage time was lower than 1 hour. However, for distances below 25 km, in the same time interval, the number of dead birds was two-fold higher than in the first situation. The adjustment of lairage time has to be done accordingly to the distance provided that the lairage environment is correctly climatized.

Efeitos do cloreto de gadolínio na pancreatite induzida por tauracolato de sódio em ratos

To evaluate the effects of the use of gadolinium chloride before and after induction of acute pancreatitis with sodium taurocholate 3% in rats. Wistar rats were divided into five groups: SF--control with saline intra-ductal and IV; GD control with saline intra-ductal and gadolinium chloride IV; TS--with AP control induced by sodium taurocholate 3% and saline IV; GDTS--pre-treatment with GD (24 hours before the induction of AP) and TSGD--treatment with GD (1 hour after the induction of AP). Analysis was made in serum amylase, transaminases and TNF-α; determination of the MPO activity in lung tissue, lung and pancreatic histology. The number of dead animals before the end of the experiment was significantly higher in TSGD (P = 0.046). The scores of pancreatitis and lung damage were higher in the groups that used sodium taurocholate compared to groups with intra-ductal infusion of saline solution. There were no differences in other variables studied when comparing TS, GDTS and TSGD groups. The benefits with the use of gadolinium chloride as a prophylactic and therapeutic drug were not demonstrated.

Ameliorating Effect of Chloride on Nitrite Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates with Different Physiology: a Comparative Study Between Amphipods and Planarians

High nitrite concentrations in freshwater ecosystems may cause toxicity to aquatic animals. These living organisms can take nitrite up from water through their chloride cells, subsequently suffering oxidation of their respiratory pigments (hemoglobin, hemocyanin). Because NO(2)(-) and Cl(-) ions compete for the same active transport site, elevated chloride concentrations in the aquatic environment have the potential of reducing nitrite toxicity. Although this ameliorating effect is well documented in fish, it has been largely ignored in wild freshwater invertebrates. The aim of this study was to compare the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity to two species of freshwater invertebrates differing in physiology: Eulimnogammarus toletanus (amphipods) and Polycelis felina (planarians). The former species presents gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments, whereas in the latter species these are absent. Test animals were exposed in triplicate for 168 h to a single nitrite concentration (5 ppm NO(2)-N for E. toletanus and 100 ppm NO(2)-N for P. felina) at four different environmental chloride concentrations (27.8, 58.3, 85.3, and 108.0 ppm Cl(-)). The number of dead animals and the number of affected individuals (i.e., number of dead plus inactive invertebrates) were monitored every day. LT(50) (lethal time) and ET(50) (effective time) were estimated for each species and each chloride concentration. LT(50) and ET(50) values increased with increases in the environmental chloride concentration, mainly in amphipods. Results clearly show that the ameliorating effect of chloride on nitrite toxicity was more significant in amphipods than in planarians, likely because of the absence of gills (with chloride cells) and respiratory pigments in P. felina. Additionally, this comparative study indicates that the ecological risk assessment of nitrite in freshwater ecosystems should take into account not only the most sensitive and key species in the communities, but also chloride levels in the aquatic environment.