Number Of Crimes Research Articles

Criminal legal and criminological analysis of offenses against sexual freedom and immunity in Ukraine: current state and prospects

The highest social values of any legal country are the protection of natural rights, which include life, health, dignity, freedom and inviolability of the person. Ukraine declared these rights as the basic ones in the Art. 3 and 29 of the Constitution. The number of criminal offenses is large enough and gradually increasing, but only a small number of them are really important for the life of the individual and the consequences of their actions remain until the end of the life of the victim. Such criminal offenses include articles that protect sexual freedom and immunity. Ukraine has been under martial law for 10 months, and during this period cases of sexual violent criminal offenses have taken place. The aim of the study is to analyze the statutes, declarations and conventions that should protect persons from the said criminal offenses. The study analyzed 1) the attitude of the ECHR to criminal offenses related to sexual freedom and immunity, and changes in legislation in connection with the ratification of international law; 2) conflicts and inconsistencies that exist in the law on criminal liability now and those that do not comply with international treaties that were ratified, for example, the new version of Art. 155 and 303 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; 3) the latest changes in the legislation of Ukraine concerning Art. 156 “Child abuse for sexual purposes”of the Criminal Code of Ukraine; 4) data from the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine on criminal offenses related to sexual freedom and immunity. As a result, it has been established that 40% of the analyzed difficulties do not end with the indictment in the court. There is a doubt about the determination of the same degree of social danger of rape (Art. 152 the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and sexual violence (Art. 154 the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The Art. 154 the Criminal Code of Ukraine concerning the difficulty of proving the criminal offense was analyzed, and a new version of this article was proposed. Diagrams with the data from the register of court decisions the correlation of indictments and court decisions on the recognition of persons guilty of the mentioned criminal offenses were created. The explanations of the Supreme Court concerning this category of cases were analyzed and presented. Finally, proposals were formulated to improve the current version of the criminal legislation of Ukraine.

The significance of the implementation of the standards of the istanbul convention in the context of combating incidents of violence during the implementation of martial state in Ukraine

The article examines the controversial issues that arise during the implementation of the Istanbul Convention’s mandatory norms in the field of combating domestic violence. The author proves the necessity of active application of the main provisions of the Convention in the context of martial law and the state of emergency.
 It is established that by ratifying in 2022 one of the most important international legal acts in the field of human rights protection - the Istanbul Convention - Ukraine, as a signatory State, has undertaken to ensure the proper functioning of the principle of gender equality of women and men in all spheres of social life of a Ukrainian.
 The author analyzes statistical data on registered cases of domestic violence and finds that the number of criminal offenses is increasing every year, despite the introduction of preventive measures in the field of domestic violence by law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. Another concern is the fact that almost a third of those convicted of domestic violence are released from punishment, as courts close criminal proceedings against them.
 The ratification of the Istanbul Convention makes it clear that violence against women and children can no longer be viewed as a personal issue. This problem becomes especially urgent during the period of martial law and the state of emergency, as evidenced by the repeated cases of violence committed by the Russian military against the civilian population of Ukraine. At the same time, as practice shows, not all representatives of Ukrainian society unequivocally support the idea of ratifying the Istanbul Convention during martial law, arguing that Ukraine’s gender policy should be improved after the end of the armed conflict. The author establishes that the issue of implementing the provisions of the Istanbul Convention, despite its ratification, remains complicated due to the prevalence of established moral beliefs of Ukrainians. It is proved that the application of the Convention’s provisions in practice will confirm Ukraine’s European integration views and significantly increase its credibility in the eyes of the international community.

Кримінальна відповідальність за ухилення від сплати податків, зборів (обов’язкових платежів): сучасний погляд на проблему

The article analyses the theoretical and legal aspects of criminal liability for evasion of taxes and fees (mandatory payments) in the current context. In particular, the authors analyse the concept and features of criminal liability, as well as the grounds for its occurrence. It was found that Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments)» actually provides for criminal liability for violation of tax legislation. At the same time, this article provides for the establishment of the fact of violation of a specific tax norm, as a result of which taxes were not paid. It is noted that criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) has all the properties of criminal liability, taking into account the peculiarities of tax legal relations. It was determined that the signs of criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) are that it: 1) is provided for by the norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and other regulatory legal acts; 2) is a criminal legal guarantee of payment of taxes, fees (mandatory payments); 3) is established in case of intentional evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments). The article analyses the elements of a criminal offence under Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the methods of committing this type of offence and the conditions of criminal liability for evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments). The authors consider the qualification for intentional evasion of taxes, fees (mandatory payments) and summarise the statistical data on the number of criminal offences in proceedings in which the pre-trial investigation is carried out by the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine based on Article 212 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine for January 2020‒2023. It is noted that criminal prosecution for evasion of taxes and fees (mandatory payments), although an effective means of influencing offenders, should be noted that national legislation needs to be finalized in order to achieve clarity and unambiguity.

MASS RIOTS: SECURITY ISSUES CITIZENS AND THE STATE

This article discusses the methods, types and reasons for committing criminal offenses in the field of organizing and participating in mass riots, as well as issues of ensuring the safety of citizens and the state as a whole. The author notes that socio-economic reforms have led to a significant spread and complication of property relations, which has led to the emergence of new and well-known methods of organizing mass riots. The above criminal law statistics indicate an increase in the number of criminal offenses in recent years in this area. This provision actualizes the formulation and solution of new tasks in the field of ensuring the activities of law enforcement agencies with new unique developments in the investigation of criminal offenses under consideration, as well as addressing issues of improving criminal law measures for organizing and participating in mass riots. The author, for the purpose of a more complete description of mass riots, identifies the stages of the emergence of mass riots and defines the characteristic features for each stage. The author also considers the classification of mass riots. As an illustrative example, the January events of 2022 are considered. The author summarizes that mass riots as a complex social phenomenon require a special and in-depth study of the causes and conditions of their occurrence, genesis, forms and methods of prevention and control by internal affairs bodies. The peculiarity of mass riots, as a rule, is the specificity of the causes of socio-economic nature; psychology and political and legal consequences of participants in illegal actions. The author analyzes the scientific literature on the definition of the concept of "mass riots". According to the results of the study, the conclusions are drawn on the direction of improving the criminal legal framework in the field of countering mass riots.

Prevention of crime in the field of information technologies in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

The article examines the directions of crime prevention in the field of information technologies in the conditions of martial law. It is noted that in the process of scientific and technical progress and the active introduction of Internet technologies into all areas of society, crime is also developing.
 This issue is especially relevant today in Ukraine, because in the conditions of martial law, cybercriminals are actively involved in hacking government servers, disinforming the population, using fake profiles in social networks, etc. Today, cyber fraud is widespread, in which criminals intend to learn bank details of citizens under the guise of various payments in order to take possession of funds.
 It is noted that today the war in the information space causes no less damage than the war on the battlefield. In this regard, the process of improving the current criminal and criminal procedural legislation regarding the prosecution of cybercriminals has already begun in Ukraine. Thus, after the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine, the number of criminal offenses in the field of information technology increased dramatically. The aggressor country uses Internet technologies for disinformation about the invasion of Ukraine, propaganda of hostile ideas, etc. In this regard, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine optimized the criminal and criminal procedural legislation, improving the grounds and procedural mechanisms for bringing criminals to criminal responsibility.
 It was determined that the legislative framework of Ukraine does not contain a separate special act that would regulate the issue of crime prevention in the field of information technologies. Instead, there are several legal acts in Ukrainian legislation that regulate this issue.
 It was concluded that in order to build an effective system of crime prevention in the field of information technology, it is advisable not only to strengthen responsibility for committed criminal offenses, but also to develop socio-economic, organizational-management and moral-psychological directions aimed at neutralizing the factors that lead to the commission of criminal offenses .

A XXI. század kriminalizációs hatásainak normatív értékelése a hazai Btk. különös részi rendszerében

In the 21st Century, countries worldwide had to face new security challenges. The fight against terrorism, the pandemic, the migratory pressure and other facts, furthermore, the political circumstances all over the world have spurred the internal legislatures to pursue more active legislation. In many cases, the legislation has become symbolic and such statutory definitions have been adopted and inserted into the substantive criminal law, which has caused serious concerns not only for the theory but also for the practice. There has been an increase in the number of criminal offences which were regulated by the domestic criminal code but they don’t appear in the criminal-statistics. The aim of the paper is to analyse the process described above regarding to Hungary and to make conclusions in this field.

Some effects of 'pre-crime' concept in combating domestic violence

The paper discusses the role of police, public prosecutor and court in combating domestic violence and the effects achieved in the 2018-2021 period. The aim of the study was to establish whether the provisions of the law that empower the police and judicial bodies are adequately implemented in the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia and whether they offer sufficient mechanisms to efficiently and effectively prevent and suppress domestic violence and provide efficient protection of the victims. The study also aimed to establish what effects were achieved by proactive approach of the relevant authorities in the analysed four-year period, what the sentencing policy of the courts has been, and how efficient the public prosecution was in suppressing domestic violence. The research results have shown that the effects of the new concept applied in suppressing domestic violence are not uniform in all the regions of Serbia, that there has been a decrease in the number of criminal offences, but that the number of fatalities among family members has not declined.

덴마크 법무보호복지제도에 대한 비교고찰

Recently, the number of criminal offenses has been gradually increasing, and among the arrested offenders, the proportion of ex-convicts accounted for 43.1% in 2020, so social problems caused by recidivism has been continued. This indicates that the after-care for released prisoners and prevention of recidivism, including the operation of the Korea Rehabilitation Agency(‘a.k.a Gongdan’), are not being operated efficiently in society. This seems to have been affected by the lack of national and social interest in rehabilitation services, and also institutional loopholes, lack of manpower and budget, and lack of cooperation between related institutions those arose from lack of interest. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the case of Denmark to identify the problems of Korea’s rehabilitation system and derive improvement proposals. The study was conducted focusing on foreign literature and data. First of all, analyzing the laws related to the rehabilitation system in Denmark was conducted in order to study the rehabilitation system of Denmark and its current status. Second, current rehabilitation services in Denmark were investigated. And, comparing the case of Denmark with Korea was conducted, to present measures to be improved and supplemented in Korea’s rehabilitation system. As a result of the study, Denmark was enacting related laws that guaranteed the cooperation obligation of local governments to care for released prisoners, although there were no independent laws on the rehabilitation system. And, a reform plan for inmates is established to quickly identify the characteristics and needs of inmates so that related treatment was provided quickly and long-term after the subject was released from prison. Rehabilitation services in Denmark were specialized in family support services, and there are charity institution-centered services such as family activities(family camp, peer camp) and psychological support(online chat counseling). Through the case of Denmark, the following improvement plans were proposed. First, it is to establish a legal basis for smooth information sharing and linkage between the Gongdan, correctional institutions, and local government. Second, it is to supplement manpower and institutions so that advance consultation of Gongdan is carried out quickly and continuously. Third, in relation to the family support services, it is to introduce an online chat counseling system for released prisoners’ children and to hold regular family camps and peer camps. Fourth, it is to provide specialized services to those subject to protection who are highly likely to recidivism in the advance consultation system.

A Study on the Factors Contributing to Criminal Offenses among the Elderly and Countermeasures

As people's life expectancies increase as a result of advancements in science, technology, and medical technology, humanity has entered a never-before-seen post-aged society. These social changes have resulted in a variety of social problems, including a decline in the labor force, an increase in medical costs for the elderly, an increase in elderly poverty, and an increase in criminal offenses among the elderly. Thus, in order to prevent and respond to the growing number of criminal offenses committed by the elderly, we propose the creation of jobs for the elderly to aid in their social integration. Second, a it is necessary to prepare spaces in order to preserve and strengthen social bonds among the elderly, as well as to establish a network based on the local community. Finally, an education program will need to be developed to teach the elderly how to control and suppress their emotions and anger on their own.

Determinants and methods of diagnosing criminal proceedings participants false testimony in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to determine the procedural and non-procedural methods of diagnostics false testimony of criminal proceedings participants’, which can be used in the investigation in Ukraine. The authors use general and special methods that allow obtaining scientifically sound conclusions and suggestions. The dialectical method, system-structural, generalizing, logical and statistical methods were used in the study. According to the results of the study, the number of criminal offenses initiated in Ukraine in connection with the provision of false testimony by victims and witnesses is quite large. If a person is convicted based on false testimony, a new criminal trial must be ordered in connection with the newly discovered circumstances. The authors determined that procedural methods of diagnostics false testimony include investigative (search) actions and forensic examinations, and non-procedural - various types of research, in particular, the use of polygraph and physiognomic research, as well as methods of analyzing nonverbal information. Re-interrogation, additional and simultaneous interrogation of previously interrogated persons, investigative experiment are the most effective procedural means of diagnosing false testimony. Non-procedural means of diagnosing false indications require further research and scientific substantiation, including the development of a mechanism for training relevant specialists.

Statistical correlation between accounted road accidents, road traffic administrative offenses and criminal offenses against traffic safety and transport in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the correlation between reported traffic accidents, road traffic administrative offenses and criminal offenses against road safety and transport operation in Ukraine for 2015-2020. The author found that road traffic administrative offenses should include Art. 121, 121-2, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 128-1, 129, 130, 133-1, 139 and 140 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, and on criminal offenses against road safety and operation of transport - Art. 280, 286, 286-1, 287 and 291 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is proved, that the statistical ratio between road traffic administrative offenses and criminal offenses against road safety and transport operation increased significantly annually from 2015 to 2020 (from 71:1 to 344:1). The average ratio of administrative offenses and criminal offenses in Ukraine for six years (2015-2020) was 209:1, and for four years (2017-2020) - 274:1. The obtained data on Ukraine are interesting from the point of view of their inconsistency with the general tendencies of the ratio of administrative offenses and criminal offenses. After all, the increase in the number of detected administrative offenses should indicate an improvement in the work of the patrol police in the field of road safety and, in turn, lead to a corresponding reduction in the level of criminal offenses in this area. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant decrease in the number of criminal offenses in Ukraine. In addition, only in 2019 Ukraine reached the optimal scientifically proven average of 300: 1. The average ratio between the number of administrative offenses in the field of traffic and the number of accidents on average over four years (2017-2020) was 1540: 100. Statistics show that despite the increase in the ratio of administrative offenses and road accidents with each passing year, there has been no decrease in the number of road accidents. In addition, on average over four years (2017-2020) there were 95 administrative offenses per one accident with victims, 716 administrative offenses per one person killed in such accidents, and 76 administrative offenses per one injured person. The average ratio for four years (2017-2020) between road accidents and road accidents with victims is 6.19: 1. In other words, every 6-7 accidents were with victims. A positive trend is the increase in this ratio in recent years

Organized cybercrime in Ukraine: problems of formation of official statistics and its analysis

The article analyzes the types, forms and content of statistical reporting that reflects the state and structure of cybercrime in Ukraine. Ways to interpret statistical information and to use its capabilities in preventing and combating cybercrime are identified. The shortcomings of the structure of official statistical data, namely unsystematic character, inconsistency and incoherence of their formation, are generalized and revealed. It is noted that the national and international legislation lacks a generally accepted definition of cybercrime so far, and therefore a single approach to defining the grounds for classifying illegal acts as such crimes. The reports were developed without considering further analysis of cybercrime. And while the report of the National Police of Ukraine contains data on a number of criminal offenses that can be attributed to cybercrime, the official statistical reports prepared by the Office of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine and the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, except for Chapter XVI of the Criminal Code, are missing the mentioned data. Therefore, official statistics, which fully and accurately reflect the state and structure of cybercrime cannot be introduced today. It is possible to analyze only the dynamics of this type of crime, the structure of crime on the basis of recorded crimes. The number of criminal offenses under the articles of chap. XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, is growing unevenly, and this growth in the last 4 years is insignificant. The share of these criminal offenses is growing more dynamically. But their share of the total crime rate in Ukraine today is insignificant and is less than one percent - in 2020 0.69. In the first quarter of 2021, employees of cyber police units of the National Police of Ukraine, for the first time detected 4 criminal offenses under Art. 255 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Creation of a criminal organization”). During 2013 –2010, 112 persons were found to have committed criminal offenses of this category as part of a group, 16 of them as part of an organized group. Also during this period, 171 persons who committed criminal offenses in the group in previous years were identified, including 68 in the organized group. The number of convicted persons who committed criminal offenses in the group during this period is 64, 9 of them committed crimes in an organized group.

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR COMBATING LEGALIZATION (LAUNDERING) OF INCOME RESULTING FROM TAX EVASION IN THE CONTEXT OF DEOFFSHORIZATION OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY

Abstract. Growing trends in the shadowing of the international and national economy contribute to the strengthening of legalization of income resulting from tax evasion, using offshore zones, which have favorable fiscal and monetary and financial regimes, with a high degree of protection of banking and trade secrecy, as well as loyalty to institutional regulation. In recent years, the problem of legalization (laundering) of income from tax evasion in offshore zones has become more acute, caused by the violation of Ukraine’s national interests due to the reduction of tax revenues to the state budget and the outflow of capital outside the country. The offshoring of the national economy has reached alarming proportions as the country, in a prolonged financial and economic crisis, chronic underfunding of sectors of the national economy and acute shortage of financial resources, invests in highly developed countries. Given this situation, the problem of studying the mechanism of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of income received as a result of tax evasion in offshore zones becomes especially relevant. The article identifies the features and prerequisites for the functioning of offshore zones, outlines the main problems of effective counteraction to legalization (laundering) of income received as a result of tax evasion in offshore zones. The research of the basic schemes and methods of legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion with use of offshore zones is carried out; the economic and legal analysis of normative and legislative maintenance in the field of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion, in offshore zones is performed; the dynamics of the number of criminal offenses in the field of tax evasion with the use of offshore zones is analyzed. Measures of the system of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of incomes received as a result of tax evasion through offshore zones are systematized and improvement of the economic and legal mechanism of counteraction to legalization (laundering) of the incomes received as a result of tax evasion through offshore zones is offered. Keywords: legalization (laundering) of income, tax evasion, economic and legal mechanism, offshore zones. JEL Classification H26, O17 Formulas: 0; fig.: 4; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 13.

Prevention of Crimes Committed by Juveniles

The extremely large number of criminal offenses committed by juveniles and the imposition of sanctions on them, prompted us to make a special analysis of juvenile delinquency and to prevent the commission of these criminal offenses by minors, analyzing factors and causes the filing of criminal offenses by minors, also contributing to preventive measures and their factorization to reduce penal sanctions imposed by courts against minors. Also in this paper we discussed some ideas how can we prevent crime made by minors, sectors which need to be factored and to have attention to the prevention of crime above crime prevention as three crucial factors in reducing the number of offenses criminal by minors and they are: The role of the police, the judiciary and the role of the mass media. The term prevention (prohibition), is borrowed pragmatically by vocabulary and vocabulary of medical practice. In the broadest sense, two basic contents of this notion have been profiled, the first of which has to do with intervention as a primary form, while the second form has to do with reaction and reaction before the unwanted criminal phenomenon is manifested for society. In Latin, praeventio (prae-venio, ventim paraeventus, praevenire) marks the definition and the term pass, reach forward, overcome a certain phenomenon, or as it might be said on the basis of common sense prevention, precaution, obstruction, avoidance in advance. The notion of prevention contains in itself all the measures taken in a planned, premeditated and organized manner with which an attempt will be made to eliminate or reduce the direct causes and of criminal and punishable behaviors (V. Latifi, 2013, p. 179).

ГЕОГРАФІЯ ЗЛОЧИННОСТІ ОБЛАСНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ УКРАЇНИ

The article considers the issue of the spread of criminal offenses in the regional centers of Ukraine in 2015–2019, as well as in the first half of 2020. The purpose of the article is to reveal the topic of crime in the regional centers of Ukraine, as one of the most important problems for the further development of Ukraine as a European state. The author focuses on the place of some Ukrainian regional centers in the ranking of criminal cities in the world. Using the statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the author calculated the intensity of crime in the regional centers of Ukraine for 2015–2019, as well as the intensity of crime in the regional centers of Ukraine for six months of 2020. Based on the data calculated by the formula of crime intensity, the author grouped regional cities of Ukraine by low, below medium, medium and above medium crime rate. The research identified the cities with the largest and smallest number of recorded serious and especially serious criminal offenses per 10 thousand inhabitants; cities with the largest and smallest number of recorded criminal offenses committed in the field of trafficking in narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors and other crimes against public health per 10 thousand inhabitants; cities with the largest and smallest number of recorded criminal offenses committed in the field of economic activity per 10 thousand inhabitants; cities with the largest and smallest number of recorded criminal offenses committed in the field of official activities and professional activities related to the provision of public services per 10 thousand inhabitants; cities with the largest and smallest number of identified persons who committed criminal offenses per 10 thousand inhabitants in 2018. The article also calculates the number of detected 2018 minors and juveniles who committed criminal offenses per 10 thousand inhabitants. The author touches on the issue of latent crime, a victimological opinion polls and provides a list of measures that can prevent an increase in the number of criminal offenses in the regional centers of Ukraine.

Problematic Issues of Preventive Activities of Investigators and Interrogators in the Legislation of Ukraine and Some Foreign Countries

The author has carried out a comparative analysis of the normative provisions of the legislation of Ukraine and some foreign countries on preventive activities, in particular the regulation of tasks to identify the causes and conditions that contributed to the crime during the pre-trial investigation. The annual increase in the number of criminal offenses indicates the need to introduce the institution of preventive activities of investigators and interrogators into the current Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. The scientific views of scholars have been studied and the own vision of the raised problems has been developed.
 The issue of the essence of identifying the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of a criminal offense and its normative enshrinement in legislation at some historical stages of the development of our country and the world community has been studied.
 Based on the analysis of theoretical developments of scholars on criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine and the practice of pre-trial investigation and inquiry of some post-Soviet countries on issues related to the research topic, the author has placed emphasis on the significant shortcomings of legal regulation of preventive activities of investigators and interrogators during the pre-trial investigation.
 The author has presented own point of view on the preventive activities of investigators and interrogators during the pre-trial investigation as one of the main tasks of such an investigation, in particular to identify the causes and conditions that contributed to criminal offenses and take necessary and effective measures to eliminate them through the appropriate agencies and their chiefs, which is offered to be enshrined in the current Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine and the departmental regulatory base.

INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ILLEGAL PUBLIC USE OF DRUGS

The relevance of the article is that the spread of drug addiction and drug crime in Ukraine over the past ten years has become one of the most acute social problems, failure to solve which leads to harm to human health, negative impact on the social sphere, and is a threat to national security. Of particular concern in the light of socio-economic crises is the systematic use of illicit drugs and the increase in drug-related crimes. At the same time, the number of criminal offenses for illegal public use of drugs is increasing, which in turn requires the creation of the most advanced methods of detection and investigation of criminal offenses and the development of appropriate practical recommendations for the use of forensic techniques and tactics specific to a particular crime. The purpose of the article is to provide a forensic characterization of illegal public drug use. The scientific article analyzes the scientific positions of forensic scientists and proceduralists on the understanding of the conceptual category «forensic characteristics of a criminal offense» and further identification of the main elements of the forensic characteristics of criminal offenses. It is stated that forensic characteristics are a relevant scientific abstraction based on the analysis of investigative, expert, operational-search, judicial practice used by this practice through the methodology of investigation of criminal offenses of the relevant type, the starting point for which it is characteristic. Within the limits of the scientific article the following elements of the criminological characteristic of illegal public use of drugs are allocated and investigated: a) a way of commission of a criminal offense; b) a description of the identity of the offender; c) the subject of criminal encroachment; d) place of commission; e) typical traces of the crime.

Job Promotion and Employee Performance among the Administration Police in Bungoma County, Kenya

According to Kenya Police Service Annual Crime Reports (KPSACR) of 2016, the number of criminal offences is still on the increase with the 2013, 2014 and 2015 reports evidencing an offence number of 71832, 72,490 and 73,376 respectively. Based on this upward trend, it is still unclear if the trend is related to human resource practices such as job promotion as applied in the administration police which in turn have an effect on the performance of the administration police. In the service industry, especially the Kenya National Police Service, little research has been conducted on job promotion and employee performance especially in Bungoma County. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of job promotion on the performance of administration police. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 1,318 administration police officers in Bungoma County rom which a sample size of 384 respondents was used. Questionnaires were the main instruments used to collect primary data. Stratified random sampling, simple random sampling and systematic random sampling techniques were used. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Reliability analysis gave an average Cronbach alpha value of 0.8034 which indicated that the instruments were reliable. Results of the study showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between job promotion and employee performance and that job promotion accounted for 71.3% (R2 = 0.713) variations in the employee performance. It was concluded that if job promotion was well executed in the administration police, the performance of the staff would be enhanced. The following were the recommendations of the study: organizations should adhere strictly to its promotion policy, ensure promotion process is fair and that employees are promoted based on merit. The findings of this study is expected to inform administration police management policy makers, the government

China’s New Long March to Control Illicit Substance Use: From a Punitive Regime towards Harm Reduction

Abstract Illicit substance misuse has become a serious problem in contemporary China. The number of officially registered illicit substance misusers totals close to 3 million, having increased every year since the government’s first annual report on drug control in 1998. In recent years, synthetic drugs such as methamphetamine and ketamine, have become more popular than heroin which was previously dominant. However, illicit substance use continues to receive little sympathy from the public, despite government’s efforts to move towards treatment and rehabilitation. For many years, compulsory detoxification centers and “education-through-labor” camps were the only treatment options. More humane approaches are emerging, including methadone maintenance, therapeutic communities, and faith-based halfway houses. Government response to drug trafficking remains draconian. Drug distribution and trafficking are among the dwindling number of criminal offenses that qualify for the death penalty. For future drug control policy, China appears willing to accelerate its experiment with decriminalizing substance abuse and applying a public health approach to the treatment of substance misusers. Evidence-based treatment programs through scientific research and rigorous evaluation should be the norm, and harm reduction needs to be seriously explored as an alternative to the harsh criminal justice regime. More importantly, reliable and multi-faceted forecast systems need to be established to monitor and estimate the size of substance misuser population and trends in illicit drug consumption. Finally, China should continue to expand its international collaboration and insulate its counter-narcotic programs from global politics.

Women In Crime: A Causal Explanation

Gender though a fundamental, is largely an ignored issue in the field of criminal justice system. The main reason for this neglect is a small number of women involved in criminal activities worldwide as compared to men. One of the most persistent research findings in criminology is that men commit much more crime than women. During the past decades there is an upsurge in number ofcrimes committed by women. A few researchers attribute this increase to economic and social independence of women in contemporary society. The literature review identifies the differences in the causes of crime for men and women. Women are likely to have different criminogenic needs because their routes into offending and reasons for offending are different to those of men. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the type of offences committed by females lodged in different prisons. A group of 200 women prisoners located in seven prisons in the state of Punjab, the state of Haryana, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh in India were interviewed. Results show that a majority of the women lodged in prisons committed crime for economic reasons. Economic necessity forced them to indulge in crime to fulfill their needs as well as of their dependent family members.