Number Of Contacts Research Articles

Prediction and analysis of chronic epilepsy using electroencephalographic signals on medical internet of things platform

Epilepsy patients who are presently refractory may be monitored using a seizure prediction Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), which uses electrodes strategically implanted in the brain to anticipate and regulate the onset and duration of a seizure. Real-time approaches to these technologies have challenges, as seen by seizures’ instantaneous electrographic activity. Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals are inherently non-stationary, which means that the regular and seizure signals differ significantly among people with epilepsy. Due to the restricted number of contacts on electrodes, dynamically processed and collected characteristics cannot be employed in a prediction function without causing significant processing delays. Big data can guarantee secure storage in these situations, and it has the maximum processing capability to identify, record, and analyze time in real-time to conduct the seizure event on the timetable. Seizure prediction and location for huge Scalp EEG recordings have been the focus of this study, which used wearable sensor data and deep learning to use cloud storage to develop the systems. A novel technique is suggested to avoid an epileptic seizure and discover the seizure origin from the utilized wearable sensors. Secondly, deep learning architectures called Clustered Autoencoder with Convolutional Neural Network (CAE-CNN), an expanded optimization methodology is presented based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Hierarchical Searching Algorithm (HSA), and the Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) has been established to define the suggested frameworks based on the collection of big data storage of the wearable sensors in real-time, automatic computation and storage. According to clinical trials, CAE-CNN outperforms the current wearable sensor-based treatment for unresolved chronic epilepsy patients.

Seeking arrangements: cell contact as a cleavage-stage biomarker

Research questionWhat can three-dimensional cell contact networks tell us about the developmental potential of cleavage-stage human embryos? DesignThis pilot study was a retrospective analysis of two Embryoscope imaging datasets from two clinics. An artificial intelligence system was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of embryos from 11-plane focal stacks. Networks of cell contacts were extracted from the resulting embryo three-dimensional models and each embryo's mean contacts per cell was computed. Unpaired t-tests and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were used to statistically analyse mean cell contact outcomes. Cell contact networks from different embryos were compared with identical embryos with similar cell arrangements. ResultsAt t4, a higher mean number of contacts per cell was associated with greater rates of blastulation and blastocyst quality. No associations were found with biochemical pregnancy, live birth, miscarriage or ploidy. At t8, a higher mean number of contacts was associated with increased blastocyst quality, biochemical pregnancy and live birth. No associations were found with miscarriage or aneuploidy. Mean contacts at t4 weakly correlated with those at t8. Four-cell embryos fell into nine distinct cell arrangements; the five most common accounted for 97% of embryos. Eight-cell embryos, however, displayed a greater degree of variation with 59 distinct cell arrangements. ConclusionsEvidence is provided for the clinical relevance of cleavage-stage cell arrangement in the human preimplantation embryo beyond the four-cell stage, which may improve selection techniques for day-3 transfers. This pilot study provides a strong case for further investigation into spatial biomarkers and three-dimensional morphokinetics.

Use of prenatal contacts by pregnant women in the Republic of Congo

Introduction: According to the WHO, antenatal contact increases the likelihood of a favourable pregnancy outcome by 87%. The aim of this study is to assess the use of antenatal contacts in the Congo. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from September to December 2021 throughout the Republic of Congo. The data were analysed using R Studio© version 4.2 software. Quantitative variables were expressed as means and standard deviations and qualitative variables as frequency. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Out of a total of 1,797 pregnant women and 64 health facilities, the average age of the women was 26 ± 6 years, and 94% of them had had at least one prenatal contact. For 75.5% of women, the first contact occurred more than 3 months earlier, and the number of prenatal contacts was four or more in 21.42% of cases. There was low coverage of Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT g-SP) and a lack of immunisation against neonatal and maternal tetanus (30.9% and 16.6% respectively). Of the 912 women surveyed to calculate coverage rates for Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT g-SP), 30.9% had good coverage. There are 16.6% of women not immunised against neonatal and maternal tetanus. The centres are geographically accessible to most of the women surveyed (74.7%). Of the 912 women surveyed to calculate coverage rates for Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPT g-SP), 30.9% had good coverage. The proportion of women not immunised against neonatal and maternal tetanus was 16.6%. Of the 64 health facilities surveyed, public facilities accounted for 89.1%. The activity package consisted of curative consultations, antenatal care, iron and folic acid supplementation, all at a rate of 64%. These were followed by consultations, family planning (60%) and vaccination (60%). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) is provided at 53%. Conclusion: The rate of use of antenatal contacts remains high in the Congo, but the package of activities required to meet the health needs of pregnant women is inadequate and exposes them to the risk of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. There is therefore an urgent need to improve the completeness and quality of antenatal care in order to prevent maternal and foetal mortality.

Role of alcohol in urgent ambulance contacts in 15-24-year-olds in Copenhagen: a descriptive population-based study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of alcohol-related ambulance contacts and to describe characteristics of these contacts in young people.DesignA descriptive population-based study with alcohol-related ambulance...

Food availability leads to more connected contact networks among peridomestic zoonotic reservoir hosts.

The North American deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is a reservoir host for many zoonotic pathogens. Deermice have been well studied, but few studies have attempted to understand social interactions within the species despite these interactions being key to understanding disease transmission. We performed an experiment to determine if supplemental food or nesting material affected social interactions of deermice and tested if interactions increased with increasing population density. We constructed three simulated buildings that received one of three treatments: food, nesting material, or control. Mice were tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and their movement in and out of buildings was monitored with PIT tag readers. PIT tag readings were used to create contact networks, assuming a contact if two deermice were in the same building at the same time. We found that buildings with food led to contact networks that were approximately 10 times more connected than buildings with nesting material or control buildings. We also saw a significant effect of population density on the average number of contacts per individual. These results suggest that food supplementation which is common in peridomestic settings, can significantly increase contacts between reservoir hosts, potentially leading to increased transmission of zoonotic viruses within the reservoir host and from reservoir hosts to humans.

Molecular details of the CPSF73-CPSF100 C-terminal heterodimer and interaction with Symplekin.

Eukaryotic pre-mRNA is processed by a large multiprotein complex to accurately cleave the 3' end, and to catalyse the addition of the poly(A) tail. Within this cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) machinery, the CPSF73/CPSF3 endonuclease subunit directly contacts both CPSF100/CPSF2 and the scaffold protein Symplekin to form a subcomplex known as the core cleavage complex or mammalian cleavage factor. Here we have taken advantage of a stable CPSF73-CPSF100 minimal heterodimer from Encephalitozoon cuniculi to determine the solution structure formed by the first and second C-terminal domain (CTD1 and CTD2) of both proteins. We find a large number of contacts between both proteins in the complex, and notably in the region between CTD1 and CTD2. A similarity is also observed between CTD2 and the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) domains. Separately, we have determined the structure of the terminal CTD3 domain of CPSF73, which also belongs to the TBP domain family and is connected by a flexible linker to the rest of CPSF73. Biochemical assays demonstrate a key role for the CTD3 of CPSF73 in binding Symplekin, and structural models of the trimeric complex from other species allow for comparative analysis and support an overall conserved architecture.

A particle-scale analysis of unload-reload hysteresis for normally consolidated kaolin

The mechanical behaviour of sands and clays subject to “normal” (plastic) compression are very similar, albeit at different stress levels, despite the differences in inter-particle interactions (Hertzian normal contact forces or similar for sand) and electro-chemical forces for clays. However the hysteretic behaviour of clay is very different to sand with clays exhibiting “springy” hysteresis loops and ratchetting volumetric compaction. This paper aims to show that whereas the “plastic” compression arises from degradation of macro particles, the “quasi-elastic” unload-reload behaviour is consistent with an increase in the number of platelet edge contacts as clay “stacks” rearrange and compact.

Spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient of coal mine underground reservoir and contact network of crushed rock.

Spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient and contact network of crushed rock are of great significance for the construction and utilization of underground reservoirs in coal mines. Based on discrete element method and irregular rigid block model, spatio-temporal evolution laws of storage coefficient and contact network of crushed rock under different overburden stresses are investigated and the following main conclusions are obtained: (1) The average storage coefficient and the storage coefficient at different vertical heights of the crushed rock packing system decrease exponentially as the overburden stress increases. When the overburden stress ranges from 0 to 20 MPa, the average storage coefficient decreases by 48.947%. (2) The average void radius and throat radius of water storage space decrease exponentially as the overburden stress increases. The increase in overburden stress leads to the transformation of large voids into smaller voids, causing a gradual decrease in void connectivity and a tendency towards irregular void shapes. (3) With the increase of overburden stress, the number of strong contacts in the packing system of crushed rock increases and gradually expands from the top to the bottom. The average contact force of crushed rock increases exponentially, while the coordination number increases linearly. (4) As the overburden stress increases, the majority of contact directions are concentrated within the ±30° range in the loading direction. This increase results in an enhancement of the anisotropy of the packing system structure of crushed rock.

Performance evaluation and efficiency of functionalized cellulose nanocomposites for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from the aqueous environment

Water pollution caused by pharmaceuticals has raised many concerns about the potential risks to human health and living organisms. Therefore, it is important to develop a high-efficiency adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater. Cellulose-based nanomaterials can be effectively used for wastewater treatment. In the present work, new nanocomposites are designed through the functionalization of cellulose with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD/Cell), cucurbit [6] (CUR/Cell), and calixarene (CAL/Cell) groups with Tetrafluoroterephthalonitrile (TFP) linker. Then, the adsorption of pharmaceutical agents such as propranolol (PRO), levofloxacin (LEV), and metformin (MET) is examined on nanocomposites as efficient adsorbents. The obtained results show that the systems containing the β-CD functional group have a higher adsorption for all three types of drugs compared to the other two nanocomposites. It should be noted that both types of interactions (Van der Waals and electrostatic) between β-CD/Cell and CAL/Cell nanocomposites with micropollutant molecules are significant, whereas, between CUR/Cell and drugs, the electrostatic interaction is dominant. Also, the most number of hydrogen bonds exist between the MET drug and nanocomposite membranes, which leads to stronger electrostatic interactions. In addition, our findings confirm that the system containing β-CD/Cell nanocomposite and LEV drug has the highest number of contacts (2300) at the beginning of the simulation and the most interaction energy (368.5 kJ/mol). It is worth mentioning that the negative values of the interaction energies show that all of the investigated drug molecules exothermically and spontaneously adsorbed on the surface of cellulose nanocomposites.

Classification Of Potential Patients Using The Fuzzy K-Means Algorithm at Woman’s and Children’s Hospital

Adina Wonosobo Woman’s and Children’s Hopsital is one of the hospitals in the Wonosobo Regency. To increase the number of patient visits, promotion is carried out through broadcast messages to patients. In evaluating its implementation, problems were found in determining the patient list of recipients of promotional broadcast messages. This problem arises because the determination of the list of recipients of promotional messages is only done on the contact numbers stored on the marketing team's mobile phones. The Fuzzy K-Means method is a data grouping method that is used as a reference for decision-making. Patient visit data were obtained from the RSIA Adina Wonosobo information system database. Furthermore, the data was analyzed to determine the potential of digital marketing priority patients using the clustering method with the Fuzzy K-Means algorithm.

PARENT INVOLVEMENT IN PRE-SCHOOLS: BARRIERS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Family involvement promotes safety, security, and well-being of children and families. When families are involved, children understand that their families are valued. The objectives of this research paper were to study the factors influencing family involvement, ways in which pre-schools involve families, means of communication pre-schools use with families, barriers to family involvement and how they could be reduced. 12 pre-schools participated in this study. Self-structured questionnaire was used to get information on the various aspects of family involvement in the school. Results indicate that socio-economic background of the teachers and family, student-teacher ratio, approach to discipline, number of family contacts by the teacher are some of the factors influencing family involvement. The school involves the family by the teachers taking lead in developing positive parent-teacher relationship; communicating often about the need for and importance of family involvement, accommodation of family needs, show case what students are learning and accomplishing, create opportunities to connect, plan events and workshops that bring families into school and assign homework that requires family participation. The pre-school supervisors felt that specific budget allocations would help enhance family involvement in pre-schools. This chapter discuses need to enhance families as partners in pre-schools so as to find ways to build relationships between home, school and early childhood settings that are respectful, responsive and reciprocal by nature.

Social contact patterns among employees in U.S. long-term care facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, December 2020 to June 2021

ObjectiveWe measured contact patterns using social contact diaries for 157 U.S. long-term care facility employees from December 2020 - June 2021. These data are crucial for analyzing mathematical transmission models and for informing healthcare setting infection control policy.ResultsThe median number of daily contacts was 10 (IQR 8–11). Household contacts were more likely partially masked than fully masked, more likely to involve physical contact, and longer in duration compared to facility contacts.

Adsorption behaviors of zearalenone in corn oil by montmorillonite modified with quaternary ammonium salts

The aim of this study was to explore the detoxification effect and mechanism of montmorillonite (MMT) modified with quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) on zearalenone (ZEN) in corn oil. Therefore, the characteristics and adsorption behavior of MMT before and after QAS modification were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and molecular dynamics simulations. The results showed that hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride modified MMT (H-MMT) was an excellent adsorbent for removing ZEN from corn oil and the maximum adsorption amount of H-MMT (0.469 mg/g) for ZEN was 21.9 times that of MMT. This might be attributed to the numerous amounts of intercalation between MMT layers caused by QAS, which changed the appearance of MMT, increased the hydrophobicity, adsorption site, contact number and interaction energy of MMT with ZEN in corn oil. Adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption process of QAS modified MMT on ZEN was mainly chemical adsorption. Notably, H-MMT could not only remove pigment and ZEN in corn oil, but also improve oil quality by decreasing peroxide value and acid value. Therefore, H-MMT could be used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of ZEN from vegetable oil.

Analysis of mesoscopic mechanical dynamic characteristics of ballast bed with under sleeper pads

The meso-dynamical behaviour of a high-speed rail ballast bed with under sleeper pads (USPs) was studied. The geometrically irregular refined discrete element model of the ballast particles was constructed using 3D scanning techniques, and the 3D dynamic model of the rail–sleeper–ballast bed was constructed using the coupled discrete element method–multi-flexible-body dynamics (DEM–MFBD) approach. We analyse the meso-mechanical dynamics of the ballast bed with USPs under dynamic load on a train and verify the correctness of the model in laboratory tests. It is shown that the deformation of the USPs increases the contact area between the sleeper and the ballast particles, and subsequently the number of contacts between them. As the depth of the granular ballast bed increases, the contact area becomes larger, and the contact force between the ballast particles gradually decreases. Under the action of the elastic USPs, the contact forces between ballast particles are reduced and the overall vibration level of the ballast bed can be reduced. The settlement of the granular ballast bed occurs mainly at the shallow position of the sleeper bottom, and the installation of the elastic USPs can be effective in reducing the stress on the ballast particles and the settlement of the ballast bed.

Factors associated with utilization of focused antenatal care (FANC) services in Nigeria: 2013 -2018

Abstract Background The global burden of maternal mortality is high, hence measures such as focused antenatal care (FANC) has been put in place to reduce pregnancy-related deaths. However, attendance of FANC is low in many sub-Saharan African countries, including Nigeria. Many women in Nigeria fail to attend the minimal number of contacts with health professionals. However, the factors associated with utilization of FANC services are yet to be clearly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine trends in the use of FANC services and the factors associated with its use among women in Nigeria. Data and Methods The 2013 and 2018 dataset of the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey was analysed in this study. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were conducted. Results The study found that between 2013 and 2018, the number of women receiving FANC increased by more than 5%, from 51.5% to 56.8%. Furthermore, the results showed that, in both surveys, attainment of post-primary level of education, residing in urban areas, living in a wealthy household, and residing in the Southern region of the country were significantly associated with utilization of FANC. However, household wealth and women's level of education were the greatest predictors of FANC utilization in both surveys. Conclusions Policy intervention aimed at addressing women with low antenatal care attendance is critical in improving maternal health in Nigeria. It is also important for government at all levels to implement policies that ameliorate the economic conditions of women, promote education of girls and women, improve healthcare delivery in rural settings, improve the number of antenatal care facilities and ensure equitable distribution of FANC facilities and providers across the various regions and places of residence in the country. Key messages • Focused antenatal care has the potential of improving pregnancy-related outcome because it enables health professionals to detect and manage abnormalities. However, attendance is low in Nigeria. • Using a nationally representative dataset, the study explored the factors associated with focused antenatal care. The result showed that socio-economic characteristics are crucial to use or non-use.

Impact of the workforce allocation on the technical performance of mental health services: the collective case of Helsinki-Uusimaa (Finland)

BackgroundLong-term mental health (MH) policies in Finland aimed at investing in community care and promoting reforms have led to a reduction in the number of psychiatric hospital beds. However, most resources are still allocated to hospital and community residential services due to various social, economic and political factors. Despite previous research focussing on the number and cost of these services, no study has evaluated the emerging patterns of use, their technical performance and the relationship with the workforce structure.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to observe the patterns of use and their technical performance (efficiency) of the main types of care of MH services in the Helsinki-Uusimaa region (Finland), and to analyse the potential relationship between technical performance and the corresponding workforce structure.MethodsThe sample included acute hospital residential care, non-hospital residential care and outpatient care services. The analysis was conducted using regression analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, fuzzy inference and data envelopment analysis.ResultsThe analysis showed a statistically significant linear relationship between the number of service users and the length of stay, number of beds in non-hospital residential care and number of contacts in outpatient care services. The three service types displayed a similar pattern of technical performance, with high relative technical efficiency on average and a low probability of being efficient. The most efficient acute hospital and outpatient care services integrated multidisciplinary teams, while psychiatrists and nurses characterized non-hospital residential care.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the number of resources and utilization variables were linearly related to the number of users and that the relative technical efficiency of the services was similar across all types. This suggests homogenous MH management with small variations based on workforce allocation. Therefore, the distribution of workforce capacity should be considered in the development of effective policies and interventions in the southern Finnish MH system.

Biocomposites Based on Electrospun Fibers of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Nanoplatelets of Graphene Oxide: Thermal Characteristics and Segmental Dynamics at Hydrothermal and Ozonation Impact.

In order to create new biodegradable nanocomposites for biomedicine, packaging, and environmentally effective adsorbents, ultra-thin composite fibers consisting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and graphene oxide (GO) were obtained by electrospinning. Comprehensive studies of ultrathin fibers combining thermal characteristics, dynamic electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) probe measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out. It is shown that at the addition of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1% OG, the morphology and geometry of the fibers and their thermal and dynamic characteristics depend on the composite content. The features of the crystalline and amorphous structure of the PHB fibers were investigated by the ESR and DSC methods. For all compositions of PHB/GO, a nonlinear dependence of the correlation time of molecular mobility TEMPO probe (τ) and enthalpy of biopolyether melting (ΔH) is observed. The influence of external factors on the structural-dynamic properties of the composite fiber, such as hydrothermal exposure of samples in aqueous medium at 70 °C and ozonolysis, leads to extreme dependencies of τ and ΔH, which reflect two processes affecting the structure in opposite ways. The plasticizing effect of water leads to thermal destruction of the orientation of the pass-through chains in the amorphous regions of PHB and a subsequent decrease in the crystalline phase, and the aggregation of GO nanoplates into associates, reducing the number of GO-macromolecule contacts, thus increasing segmental mobility, as confirmed by decreasing τ values. The obtained PHB/GO fibrillar composites should find application in the future for the creation of new therapeutic and packaging systems with improved biocompatibility and high-barrier properties.

Fundamental relationship between rolling contact fatigue driven surface damage and torsional fatigue

This paper presents fundamental findings on equivalence of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) driven surface damage and torsional fatigue modes of failure. Fatigue experiments were conducted for both modes of failure using AISI 4130 case carburized steel specimens. A Thrust Bearing Surface Pitting Rig (TBSPR) was designed and developed to perform RCF tests on flat test specimens using thrust ball bearings. The experiments were conducted in boundary lubrication regime, simulating the contact conditions in tribological machine components. The current investigation presents a novel approach where the effect of contact pressure and number of fatigue cycles on the initiation of surface damage was characterized by surface profilometry of the wear track after each test to generate a stress-life (S-N) map. The S-N map provides unique insights to early detection of RCF driven fatigue damage. The S-N map was utilized to generate the surface damage S-N curve. Torsional fatigue experiments were conducted on the same material, and the S-N curves of both failure modes were compared. The comparison shows key similarities between the two S-N curves, as they differ by a simple scaling factor. This investigation demonstrates that RCF driven surface damage characteristics can be predicted by conducting much simpler, and faster, torsion fatigue tests. This paper also presents a novel methodology to determine contact pressures to avoid incipient micropitting/microdenting damage.

Transmission risk assessment of HIV/AIDS epidemic resulting from sexual transmission in China, 2013–2017

To estimate the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through sexual transmission in China from 2013 to 2017 accurately, we divide the total population into three groups, namely, men who have sex with men (MSM) group; non-marital and commercial sex group: female sex workers (FSW) and their clients (FSWC); non-marital and non-commercial sex group: general women (GW) and general men (GM). First, the risks of HIV infection among men who have contacts with infected men or infected women decrease annually. Second, the number of contacts between susceptible FSWC and infected FSW per unit time is greater than that between susceptible MSM and infected MSM, and also greater than that between susceptible FSW and infected FSWC, which suggests that the intervention for commercial sex of heterosexual men should be strengthened. Third, the effective reproduction numbers of the MSM group and non-commercial sex group decrease annually, while the effective reproduction number of the commercial sex group decreases first, then increases, because the risk of women being infected by men decreases first, then increases. Additionally, the effective reproduction number of the commercial sex group exceeds that of the MSM group after 2015, which indicates that commercial sex contributes more and more to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Application of COVIDTracer to Inform Public Health Workforce Planning in Alaska During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused social and economic disruption worldwide and spurred numerous mitigation strategies, including state investments in training a large contact tracing and case investigation workforce. A team at the University of Alaska Anchorage evaluated implementation of the COVID-19 contact tracing and case investigation program of the State of Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Public Health Nursing. As part of that evaluation, the team used COVIDTracer, a spreadsheet modeling tool. COVIDTracer generated projections of COVID-19 case counts that informed estimates of workforce needs and case prioritization strategies. Case count projections approximated the reported epidemiologic curve with a median 7% difference in the first month. The accuracy of case count predictions declined after 1 month with a median difference of 80% in the second month. COVIDTracer inputs included previous case counts, the average length of time for telephone calls to cases and outreach to identified contacts, and the average number of contacts per case. As each variable increased, so too did estimated workforce needs. Decreasing the average time from exposure to outreach from 10 to 5 days reduced case counts estimated by COVIDTracer by approximately 93% during a 5-month period. COVIDTracer estimates informed Alaska's workforce planning and decisions about prioritizing case investigation during the pandemic. Lessons learned included the importance of being able to rapidly scale up and scale down workforce to adjust to a dynamic crisis and the limitations of prediction modeling (eg, that COVIDTracer was accurate for only about 1 month into the future). These findings may be useful for future pandemic preparedness planning and other public health emergency response activities.