Number Of Charges Research Articles

Optimization of Electronic Health Record Usability Through a Department-Led Quality Improvement Process.

Electronic health records (EHR) have become commonplace in medicine. A disconnect between developers and users while creating the interface often fails to create a product that captures clinical workflow, and issues become apparent with implementation. Optimization allows collaboration of clinicians and informaticists after implementation, but documentation of success has only been at the institutional level. A 4-month, department-wide EHR optimization was conducted with information technology (IT). Optimizations were developed from an intensive quality improvement process involving all levels of clinicians and clinical staff. The optimizations were then categorized as accommodations (department adjusted workflow to EHR), creations (IT developed new workflows within EHR), discoveries (department found workflows within EHR), and modifications (IT changed workflows within EHR). Departmental productivity, defined as number of visits, charges, and payments, was standardized to ratios prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluated by Taylor's change point analysis. Significant improvements were defined as shifts (change points), trends (5 or more consecutive values above/below the mean), and values outside 95% CIs. The 124 optimizations were categorized as 43 accommodations, 13 creations, 54 discoveries, and 14 modifications. Productivity ratios of monthly charges (0.74 to 1.28) and payments (0.83 to 1.58) significantly improved with the optimization efforts. Monthly visit ratios increased (0.65 to 0.98) but did not change significantly. Departmental collaboration with organizational IT for EHR optimization focused on detailed analysis of how workflows can impact productivity. Discovery optimization predominance indicates many solutions to EHR usability problems were already in the system. A large proportion of accommodation optimizations reinforced the need for better developer-user collaboration before implementation.Annals Early Access.

Re-expansion modeling to understand the electrostatic interaction between charged core–shell structured particles

Accurately calculating the electrostatic force is an important step in understanding the interaction between charged core–shell structured particles that have been widely observed in chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. In this paper, the authors develop a general analytical model to solve for the electrostatic interaction between charged core–shell structured particles that involves a dielectric or conducting core coated with a polarizable dielectric shell. The re-expansion was used method to re-expand the spatial potential in a Legendre polynomial series under interfacial conditions. The electrostatic force was represented as a series based on Maxwell’s stress tensor, and was governed by such characteristic parameters as the thickness of the shell, its dielectric constant, and the surface-to-surface separation even at the point of contact. Both unlike-charge and like-charge interactions were considered, and revealed that the polarization of the dielectric shell enhanced attraction but diminished repulsion. Counterintuitively, the electrostatic force was found to rely on the total number of free charges rather than the charge density. A limiting case was provided in which the proposed coated particle–particle model could describe the electrostatic force between a coated particle and a coated plane if the radius of either particle was sufficiently large. The force obtained by the theoretical solution was in exact agreement with that obtained by finite element analysis. The appropriate number of terms required for convergence was also investigated. The model developed here lays the foundation for a general theory of electrostatic interactions between charged particles with multi-shell layers.

Zwitterionic Materials for Enhanced Battery Electrolytes.

Zwitterions (ZIs), which are molecules bearing an equal number of positive and negative charges and typically possessing large dipole moments, can play an important role in improving the characteristics of a wide variety of novel battery electrolytes. Significant Coulombic interactions among ZI charged groups and any mobile ions present can lead to several beneficial phenomena within electrolytes, such as increased salt dissociation, the formation of ordered pathways for ion transport, and enhanced mechanical robustness. In some cases, ZI additives can also boost electrochemical stability at the electrolyte/electrode interface and enable longer battery cycling. Here, a brief summary of selected key historical and recent advances in the use of ZI materials to enrich the performance of three distinct classes of battery electrolytes is presented. These include: ionic liquid-based, conventional solvent-based, and solid matrix-based (non-ceramic) electrolytes. Exploring a greater chemical diversity of ZI types and electrolyte pairings will likely lead to more discoveries that can empower next-generation battery designs in the years to come.

Designing lithium halide solid electrolytes

All-solid-state lithium batteries have attracted widespread attention for next-generation energy storage, potentially providing enhanced safety and cycling stability. The performance of such batteries relies on solid electrolyte materials; hence many structures/phases are being investigated with increasing compositional complexity. Among the various solid electrolytes, lithium halides show promising ionic conductivity and cathode compatibility, however, there are no effective guidelines when moving toward complex compositions that go beyond ab-initio modeling. Here, we show that ionic potential, the ratio of charge number and ion radius, can effectively capture the key interactions within halide materials, making it possible to guide the design of the representative crystal structures. This is demonstrated by the preparation of a family of complex layered halides that combine an enhanced conductivity with a favorable isometric morphology, induced by the high configurational entropy. This work provides insights into the characteristics of complex halide phases and presents a methodology for designing solid materials.

Treatment-relevant factors among adults receiving court-mandated substance use treatment: The role of emotion dysregulation.

Despite often being mandated to substance use treatment after release, many people on probation do not complete treatment. Several historical factors have been identified as relevant to substance use treatment in this population (i.e., past substance use, treatment history, and criminal history); however, less is known about the psychological characteristics, such as emotion dysregulation, that influence treatment-relevant factors among people in the criminal justice system. The present study used cross-sectional data to examine whether emotion dysregulation was associated with past-year substance use severity, engagement in prior drug and alcohol use treatments (yes/no, number of prior treatments), and previous criminal charges (total number of charges, number of charge types) in a sample of adults on probation who were receiving court-mandated substance use treatment (N = 163). We also examined whether these relationships varied across sex. Results showed that overall emotion dysregulation was more strongly linked to substance use severity and criminal charges for females than males. Emotion dysregulation dimensions of difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors and controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed were associated with more severe past-year substance use, more prior drug treatments, and a greater number of lifetime criminal charges and charge types. Emotion dysregulation plays a role in substance use treatment-relevant factors among people on probation. Sex-specific clinical implications of targeting emotion dysregulation in the context of mandated treatment in order to prevent treatment failures are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Simulation of dust grain charging under hypervelocity impact plasma environment

Dust plasma readily forms during hypervelocity impact, which serves as a source of plasma macroscopic charge separation and strong electromagnetic fields. In this study, we examine the dynamic evolution of surface charging of aluminum dust grains with micrometer or submicrometer sizes in a hypervelocity impact plasma environment based on the theory of orbital motion limited. As dust grains traverse the expanding plasma, plasma density and temperature decrease with increasing distance from the impact point. This leads to longer relaxation times for charging equilibrium (ranging from picoseconds to microseconds) and reduced equilibrium charges. The model incorporates thermionic and secondary electron emission effects on dust grain charging processes while also examining the impacts of five heating and cooling mechanisms on the thermal equilibrium temperatures of dust grains. Near the impact point, thermal equilibrium temperatures exceed aluminum's boiling point, which results in phase transition ablation processes. As dust grain temperatures increase, thermionic emission currents may dominate charging dynamics and influence final equilibrium charge numbers. High-temperature dust grains tend to acquire positive charges. Moreover, we observe that the radius of dust grains considerably affects charging processes, and smaller grain radii correspond to low equilibrium charges and longer relaxation times.

Experimental and 2D fluid simulation of a streamer discharge in air over a water surface

The high reactivity and attractive properties of streamer discharges make them useful in many applications based on plasma-surface interactions. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms governing the propagation of a streamer discharge as well as its properties is an essential task. This paper presents the development and application of a 2D fluid model to the simulation of discharges triggered at the air-water interface by a pulsed nanosecond high voltage. Experimental characterization using 1 ns-time-resolved imaging reveals rapid transitions from a homogeneous disc to a ring and finally to dots during the discharge process. The simulation enables the determination of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the E-field and electron density, highlighting that the discharge reaches the liquid surface in less than 1 ns, triggering a radial surface discharge. As the discharge propagates along/over the water surface, a sheath forms behind its head. Furthermore, the simulation elucidates the transitions from disc to ring and from ring to dots. The former transition arises from the ionization front’s propagation speed, where an initial disc-like feature changes to a ring due to the decreasing E-field strength. The ring-to-dots transition results from the destabilization caused by radial electron avalanches as the discharge head reaches a radius of ∼1.5 mm. The simulation is further utilized to estimate a charge number and a charge content in the discharge head. This work contributes to a better understanding of discharge propagation in air near a dielectric surface, with the agreement between simulation and experiment validating the model in its present version.

Experiment and simulation study on energy flow characteristics of a battery electric vehicle throughout the entire driving range in low-temperature conditions

To comprehensively investigate the energy distribution and performance of a battery electric vehicle (BEV), an integrated simulation model based on energy flow test data was developed and validated, and the energy flow characteristics of the BEV throughout the entire driving range in low-temperature conditions were studied. The results show that the battery heat loss and motor energy loss first increase and then decrease with an increment in cycle number, while the transmission loss first decreases and then remains constant. The energy recovery efficiency demonstrates an incremental trend with the number of cycles post-battery charging, while the energy utilization efficiency experiences a decline due to escalating energy losses within the power distribution unit (PDU). The energy flow characteristics of the BEV exhibit a pronounced connection with the speed properties inherent in the driving cycle. The battery charge energy is maximal under Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), whereas the electricity consumption per 100 km is minimized under China light-duty vehicle test cycle-passenger (CLTC-P). Conversely, the energy utilization and recovery efficiency are the highest under Worldwide Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC). These findings provide directional insights, theoretical support and data basis for rational performance evaluation and optimal energy distribution of BEVs.

Study on the failure behavior and stress evolution characteristics of glauconite under blasting action

Accurately control the release of explosive energy is critical, the number of slit charge is the key to control the precise release of explosive energy. By carrying out model experiments and LS-DYNA finite element numerical calculations on glauconite, the experiment results showed that, compared with that of the non-slit charge, the slit charge in the glauconite specimens was able to produce directional penetration through the blast fissure surfaces in the direction of the slit. Triple slit charge can control energy release while further reducing the impact of explosion energy on surrounding rock.

Visible-light-response 2D/2D Bi2Fe4O9/ZnIn2S4 van der Waals S-scheme heterojunction with efficient photocatalysis-self-Fenton degradation of antibiotics

Constructing a high-efficient self-sufficient photo-Fenton system for pollutant degradation without the need for additional hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) remains a significant challenge. Herein, a photocatalysis-self-Fenton system based on 2D/2D Bi2Fe4O9/ZnIn2S4 (BFO/ZIS) van der Waals S-scheme heterojunction was successfully constructed for efficient degradation of antibiotic contaminants. The optimal BFO/ZIS-3 % sample achieves an impressive tetracycline (TC) degradation rate (88.8 %, 50 mg/L) after 120 min visible light irradiation, and the apparent rate constant (kapp) for BFO/ZIS photocatalysis-self-Fenton system is 14.107 times higher than the Fenton system and 2.866 times higher than the photo-Fenton system, respectively. A series of characterization tests revealed the construction of a 2D/2D BFO/ZIS van der Waals S-scheme heterojunction, not only could create a larger interface area for providing the active sites, but also form the internal electric field for enhancing photo-generated carrier separation and migration efficiency, retaining a substantial number of photo-generated charges with high redox potentials and promoting the progression of photocatalysis-self-Fenton reactions and the conversion of Fe3+/Fe2+. This strategy presents a new avenue for developing high-efficient photocatalysis-self-Fenton system.

Review of: "the electric charge density increases in different areas of the nano-transistor , or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of ​​the nano-transistor increases."

Review of: "the electric charge density increases in different areas of the nano-transistor , or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of ​​the nano-transistor increases."

Review of: "nano-transistor , or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of ​​the nano-transistor increases"

Review of: "nano-transistor , or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of ​​the nano-transistor increases"

Youth recidivism: youth self-report matters.

"Recidivism" is used ubiquitously in juvenile justice research and typically describes repeat legal contact; however, researchers, policymakers, and clinicians operationalize it in various ways. Despite assuming each measure is a proxy for continued delinquent behavior leading to further legal contact, few have examined the association between youth delinquent behavior and self-reported and official records of legal contact. Furthermore, systemic bias against ethnoracial and gender minoritized youth often results in more harsh treatment by the legal system, which could influence recidivism measurement. Latent variable modeling of legal contact is understudied; thus, it is important to examine the feasibility of measuring this construct as a latent variable, including measurement invariance by gender. Among 401 youth ages 12-18 years at first ever court contact, we examined three metrics of legal contact over a 2-year follow-up period: youth-report of arrest, caregiver-report of their adolescent's arrest, and official records of the number of new court charges. We examined between-group differences on each metric based on gender and ethnoracial identity. We then measured: (1) the association between youths' self-reported delinquency and each metric, (2) gender-specific associations between self-reported delinquency and each metric, and (3) gender-based measurement invariance for a latent recidivism variable using confirmatory factor analysis. Youth were consistent reporters of their own delinquent behavior and prospective legal contact measured by arrests. There were no between-group differences based on gender or ethnoracial identity for any legal contact measures. Delinquency and all legal contact variables were positively intercorrelated for the overall sample and the male subsample. For females, delinquency was not associated with caregiver-reported youth arrest or number of new charges. The latent legal contact variable had unique factor structures for male and female subsamples, suggesting no measurement invariance. Youth-reported delinquency at first ever legal contact was most strongly associated with youth-reported arrest during a 2-year follow-up period, followed by caregiver-reported arrest, and the number of new charges. Unique latent variable factor structures for male and female subsamples suggests the inter-relation between legal contact variables is gender-specific. Stakeholders should consider prioritizing youth-reported delinquency since it is most strongly related to prospective youth-reported arrest.

Mathematical modeling of the magnetic field in the vicinity of narrow capillaries

A mathematical model of the magnetic field, which is generated by negative charges located on the outer side of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane, has been constructed. When modeling, the geometric (area, volume) and physical (speed, number of revolutions per second, charge, number of charges on the membrane) characteristics of a red blood cell in a narrow capillary are taken into account. Computer calculations made it possible to find the magnetic field strength near a single RBC rolling along a narrow capillary. Calculations were also carried out to determine the magnetic field strength in the vicinity of a capillary through which several RBCs move. The dependence of the maximum magnetic field strength on the distances between RBCs (hematocrit) was found. In particular, it is shown that at distances from the capillary equal to 8 capillary diameters, the maximum magnetic field intensity changes on average by 1.3 times with an increase in hematocrit by 1.5 times (from 12.27% to 18.25%).

Charge-regulated fluorescent anchors enable high-fidelity tracking of plasma membrane dynamics during biological events.

Many biological processes generally require long-term visualization tools for time-scale dynamic changes of the plasma membrane, but there is still a lack of design rules for such imaging tools based on small-molecule fluorescent probes. Herein, we revealed the key regulatory roles of charge number and species of fluorescent dyes in the anchoring ability of the plasma membrane and found that the introduction of multi-charged units and appropriate charge species is often required for fluorescent dyes with strong plasma membrane anchoring ability by systematically investigating the structure-function relationship of cyanostyrylpyridium (CSP) dyes with different charge numbers and species and their imaging performance for the plasma membrane. The CSP-DBO dye constructed exhibits strong plasma membrane anchoring ability in staining the plasma membrane of cells, in addition to many other advantages such as excellent biocompatibility and general universality of cell types. Such a fluorescent anchor has been successfully used to monitor chemically induced plasma membrane damage and dynamically track various cellular biological events such as cell fusion and cytokinesis over a long period of time by continuously monitoring the dynamic morphological changes of the plasma membrane, providing a valuable precise visualization tool to study the physiological response to chemical stimuli and reveal the structural morphological changes and functions of the plasma membrane during these important biological events from a dynamic perspective. Furthermore, CSP-DBO exhibits excellent biocompatibility and imaging capability in vivo such as labelling the plasma membrane in vivo and monitoring the metabolic process of lipofuscin as an aging indicator.

Optimizing rock fragmentation in open-pit mines through fuzzy intelligent prediction method

Blasting is one of the most important steps in mining operation and it directly affects final results (extraction ore body and costs). Various parameters such as rock mass and explosive properties, and blast geometry influence blasting results. A number of effective parameters in fragmentation should be taken into account to design a suitable blasting pattern, reduce the secondary costs and minimize the adverse effects such as flyrock, back break and ground vibration. Fuzzy theory is a widely used technique in many engineering subjects in which there exist concepts of quality and uncertainly. In this study, the information obtained from blasting operation in B anomaly Sangan Iron Mines have been used. In this model, the blasting pattern parameters such as burden, spacing, hole depth, stemming, charging length, ratio of (K/B), number of rows, specific charge and charge per delay ratio were considered as the input parameters in fuzzy model. Then, the results of fuzzy model were compared with statistical models. Finally, the results of the two models produced from mine blasting operation were compared and evaluated with real values. The correlation coefficient index for two models were 97.8% and 72.19%, and the RMSE were 2.613 and 9.18, respectively.

Impact of electric body force on lifted flame displacement speed: Numerical insights

Recent advancements in experimental capabilities have unveiled that externally applied electric fields primarily affect flames through flow modification induced by an electric body force. Specifically, the displacement speed of a flame could be significantly increased (decreased) by a parallel (orthogonal) electric field to the flame's propagation direction, while the flame's propagation speed remained negligibly influenced by an electric field. Here we present numerical findings attributing a modified upstream velocity to an electric body force created by redistributed space charges and a resulted electric field. Our investigation involved both simulation and experiment on propagating edge-flames from a stationary lifted flame exposed to the parallel external electric field. Nitrogen diluted methane jet in a coflow air was employed, and seven charged species (electron, H3O+, O2–, O–, OH–, CHO3–, and CO3–) were included in a reduced methane kinetic mechanism. Both the experiment and simulation consistently demonstrated that enhanced flame displacement speeds resulted from a reverse flow in the upstream, created by the electric body force. A stronger reverse flow, and thus more enhanced flame displacement, was achieved when the electric field direction was aligned with the flame propagation direction compared to the opposite direction. This difference in the reverse flow was attributed to variations in the electric field, caused by the different electric field screening zone within the flame. Surprisingly, space charge densities in the upstream were similar in both polarities, challenging previous hypothesis. The rapid transformation of electrons into O2–, CHO3–, and CO3– imposed a substantial number of charges in the upstream. This insight enhanced our understanding of how flame displacement can be controlled by applying electric fields. Importantly, we suggested that the use of a simple ionic kinetic model may fail to predict the flow field and, consequently, cannot adequately investigate modified flame characteristics.

Effect of work function on dust charging and dynamics near lunar surface

Charged dust on the lunar surface poses a threat to space missions. Research into charged dust is essential for the safety of future space missions. The conventional lunar dust charging theory assumes a single constant work function when calculating the charging currents related to photoelectrons. However, the components of lunar regolith exhibit considerable diversity, including plagioclase, pyroxene, and ilmenite. Because the ability of the lunar surface or lunar dust to emit photoelectrons strongly depends on their work function, it is necessary to analyze the effect of work function on dust charging and dynamics near the lunar surface. In this work, we used a novel method that can predict the photoelectric yield of materials with different work functions to recalculate the surface charging currents of four types of dust particles and derived their subsequent charging and dynamic results at different solar zenith angles (SZAs). When SZA varies from 0°to 90°, the work function of dust decreases incrementally through four values: 6 eV (Apollo lunar soil), 5.58 eV (Plagioclase), 5.14 eV (Pyroxene), and 4.29 eV (Ilmenite). With each decrement in work function, the equilibrium charging currents of dust particles increase by approximately 0.5 times, the equilibrium charge numbers increase by approximately 120-170 elemental charges, and the equilibrium heights increase by approximately 0.3-2 m. We found that dust particles could not levitate stably at a critical SZA, and the critical SZAs for the four types of dust particles are 28°, 76°,85.8°, and 89.6°, respectively (arranged in order of decreasing work function). These results indicated that the equilibrium heights, equilibrium currents, and critical SZAs all have an inverse relationship with the work functions of dust particles as the SZA varies from 0°to 90°. In addition, a higher photoelectron density in areas with lower work functions results in smaller energy losses, causing dust particles to take longer to reach equilibrium, which means the equilibrium time follows the same pattern as that of the work function.

Controlling the droplet cell environment in scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) via migration and electroosmotic flow.

Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a powerful nanoscale electrochemical technique that advances our understanding of heterogeneity at the electrode-electrolyte interface. In SECCM, dual-channel nanopipettes can serve as the probe, and a voltage bias between the channels can control the local electrolyte environment inside the droplet cell via migration and electroosmotic flow (EOF) between the channels, enabling applications including controlled electrodeposition of bimetallic nanoparticles with variable compositions. Herein, we show quantitatively how the voltage bias between the channels modulates the local electrolyte environment via experiment and finite element modeling. Experimentally, redox molecules of different charges (e.g., ferrocene derivatives and Ruthenium(III) hexamine) were filled in separate channels, where their limiting currents at the substrate electrode were used to distinguish the contribution of migration and EOF. Furthermore, EOF was visualized by fluorescence imaging. Finite element models were developed to further validate the experimental results quantitively. We showed that migration is affected by the charge number of the redox molecule. Meanwhile, EOF is affected by the surface charge on the wall of the nanopipette and the location of the slipping plane inside the electrical double layer, which can be tuned by the solution pH and the ionic strength of the electrolyte, respectively. The experimentally validated model can guide the precise modulation of droplet cell environment in SECCM, potentially enabling new scanning modes in SECCM.

Mass attenuation Coefficient and Total cross-section Area of Platinum Group Composition

Radiation shielding is a critical practice involving the utilization of materials or barriers to safeguard against ionizing radiation by absorbing, scattering, or blocking the radiation. Its primary objective is to curtail exposure and mitigate potential health risks associated with radiation. In diverse fields like medicine, industry, and nuclear applications, radiation shielding materials play a pivotal role in ensuring the safety of individuals and equipment, contributing significantly to the maintenance of secure environments. This study focuses on characterizing materials for radiation shielding, particularly of Platinum group alloys in varying compositions with hydrogen. Using the Klein-Nishina (KN) formula, the investigation calculates electronic cross-sections (ECS), total mixture cross-section (TMCS), and mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for different weight percentages of Platinum group alloys (0.1 to 0.6) when exposed to γ-ray photons of various energies. The outcomes emphasize the strong dependence of these cross-sections and MAC on photon energy and the charge number of the material, revealing a decrease with increasing photon energy and an increase with the charge number to mass number ratio (Z/A). The research underscores that fundamental parameters such as charge number, photon energy, and Z/A can be manipulated to enhance the utility of these elements in radiation shielding, protection, dose measurements, and imaging. The study's implications extend to the optimization of Platinum Group alloy compositions, offering insights for the development of tailored materials with enhanced shielding effectiveness in radiation protection and safety applications.