Number Of Assaults Research Articles

Assaults on police officers: A comparison between England and Wales and New Zealand from 2015 to 2022

This research discussed in this article examined assaults on police officers in England and Wales and in New Zealand between 2015 and 2022. Although different sources of data were used to examine the number of assaults on police officers in the three countries, it was found that the number of assaults on police officers in England and Wales and in New Zealand increased during this period. England and Wales experienced a 56% increase in the number of assaults on police officers, while the New Zealand Police experienced a 41% increase. Using the population of each country as a basis there was an increase in the number of assaults of more than 16% in New Zealand and more than 63% in England and Wales. The main limitation of the research was that the information that was available lacked detail, and this would limit the development of policy to minimize the threat to police officers of being assaulted.

Effect ofthe NFL's Super Bowl on emergency department visits for assault-related injuries.

Through its associations with mass gatherings, alcohol consumption, emotional cues, and gambling, the Super Bowl (SB) has been implicated in increased rates of interpersonal violence and assaults. This study endeavors to investigate the relationship between assault-related injuries, especially intimate partner violence (IPV) and SB. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) spanning 2005 to 2017 was conducted. Assault-related injuries were examined in relation to (1) the 4-day Super Bowl weekend (Friday-Monday), (2) Super Bowl Sunday, and (3) the Super Bowl week (Friday-Thursday) for all years, following the loss of the projected winning team (underdog victories), and losses despite a significant point spread favoring one team (upset losses). National estimates of injuries and associated variables were derived using the SUDAAN software. While there were no significant differences in the overall number of assaults or assault types during the SB weekend (5.6% vs 5.5%; p = 0.31), relative decreases were observed for altercations (21.1% vs 24.8%; p < 0.01), sexual assault (3.4% vs 4.0%; p < 0.01), and IPV (8.3% vs 12.5%; p < 0.01) on the Friday preceding SB, and robbery incidents on SB Sunday (2.1% vs 3.5%; p = 0.01). No changes in the incidence of assault-related injuries were found based on the favored or underdog status of the teams, including upset losses. Contrary to expectations, SB was not associated with increased assault-related injuries. This study underscores the need for year-round structural changes in addressing violence rather than relying solely on heightened awareness during specific events.

Implementation of guidelines on prevention of coercion and violence (PreVCo) in psychiatry: a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Interventions to prevent the use of coercion in psychiatric hospitals have been summarized in the 2018 German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatic's comprehensive guidelines. Twelve recommendations for implementation of these guideline on psychiatric wards have been deducted and their feasibility has been tested in a pilot study, using external implementation consultants as facilitators. The objective of the PreVCo study was to test their effect in a randomised clinical trial. Fifty-four psychiatric wards in Germany treating voluntary and involuntary patients were randomly allocated to either an intervention or to a waiting list condition. The intervention consisted of the implementation of three out of 12 suggested recommendations as selected by the ward teams, supported by external study workers. As the primary outcome measure, the number of coercive measures used per bed and month in the final 3 months of the intervention period was determined. Secondary outcomes were the cumulative duration of coercive measures used per bed and months and assaults per bed and month. Achieved guideline adherence was measured by a fidelity scale developed for this purpose during a pilot study for the PreVCo Rating Tool. After a 3-month baseline collection period under routine conditions, randomisation was done after matching wards pairwise according to frequency of coercive measures used and scores on the PreVCo Rating Tool at baseline. The duration of the intervention period was 12 months; control wards received only an initial workshop presentation of the study and completed their PreVCo ratings. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test and the paired t-test and conducted sensitivity analyses for different periods of observation. Neither the number of coercive measures used per month and bed nor their cumulative duration nor the number of assaults per bed and months differed significantly between the 27 intervention wards and the 27 control wards in the final 3 months of the intervention period. The median number of coercive measures used decreased by 45% (median 0.96 (IQR 1.34)-0.53 (IQR 0.59) from baseline until the end of the intervention period on the intervention wards and by 28% (median 0.98 (IQR 1.71)-0.71 (IQR 1.08) on waiting list wards. The PreVCo Rating Tool showed a significant improvement in intervention wards compared to control wards, indicating a successful implementation. The study demonstrated that guideline adherence could be significantly improved by the intervention. However, there was no evidence for an effect on the frequency or duration of coercive measures used. Spill-over effects and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on in-patient care might have limited the effect of the intervention. Further research from robust randomised controlled trials are necessary to identify effective interventions to reduce the use of coercion in psychiatric hospitals. The study was funded by the German Innovationsfonds beim Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (project no. 01VSF19037). The funder had no role in study design or data collection.

Changing patterns of Oral & Maxillofacial injuries before and during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study

IntroductionOral and maxillofacial injuries can be defined as injuries involving soft and hard tissue structures of the facial region and oral cavity, including the teeth and vital structures of the head and neck area as a result of trauma. The maxillofacial injuries are multifactorial and vary from one country to another and even from region to region. Despite, societal restrictions imposed by the government in the form of lockdowns and curfews, patients still experienced trauma and required significant healthcare services for management. MethodsPatients of either gender reporting to the emergency department of Lata Mangeshkar Hospital with maxillofacial injuries, attended by residents of OMFS from October 2019 to August 2020 were included in the retrospective study. The demographic data about age, gender and status pertaining to under the influence of alcohol was recorded. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the changing patterns of the maxillofacial injuries during the Covid-19 pandemic. ResultsIn the present study, the road traffic accidents were 72.50% pre-lockdown which reduced to 47.37% during the alcohol ban and nationwide lockdown and gradually increased to 63.83% post-lockdown. The second most common cause of maxillofacial injury was falls which showed a significant increase from 22.50% before the lockdown to 31.58% during the lockdown and decreased to 26.6% after lockdown during the pandemic. There was an increase in the number of assaults from 2.50% pre-lockdown to 15.79% during the lockdown and again a decrease to 6.38% post-lockdown. DiscussionOur study demonstrates the impact of nationwide lockdown in the month of April and May 2020, may have an association with the significant statistical decrease in the monthly average number of trauma admissions. There was a significant decrease in the number of road traffic collisions and falls during the “lockdown period”. ConclusionThe etiology and pattern of maxillofacial injuries reflect the trauma pattern within the community. We need more coordinated strategies of action to minimize maxillofacial injuries and its implication on physical and psychological wellbeing of patients.

Dynamic Lightweight Mechanism for Security and Performance in Internet of Things

Communication between machines has become commonplace in recent years, and the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining notoriety. Congestion control is a prevalent issue in the transportation system, and GPS devices, which drivers and traffic authorities alike utilise, are well-suited to the job. Traffic density is expanding at an alarming rate, making it impossible for drivers to see and handle all of the possible scenarios in a traffic area they are ready to enter. It's also becoming increasingly difficult to maintain security and integrity due to a growing number of assaults by hackers that send harmful code or bogus packets. There are a few new technologies that have yet to be put into practise under the Internet of Things umbrella, including ubiquitous computing (IoT).

Assault related injury visits in US emergency departments: An analysis by weekday, month and weekday-by-month

ABSTRACT This study investigated the temporal variation (month and day) in assault-related injuries presenting to the US Emergency Departments (ED). An IRB exempt, retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Database from 2005 to 2017 for six categories of assault-related injuries-altercation, sexual assault, robbery, intimate partner violence (IPV), other specified assaults and unknown assault types. National estimates of injuries and associated variables were obtained using SUDAAN software, followed by cosinor analyses for the variation of month and weekday of injury. Three-dimensional topographic representations for weekday-by-month analyses were also created. Over this 13-year time span, there were more than 21 million injury visits due to assault, accounting for 6.57% of all ED visits. While there was no change in the incidence of total number of assaults over the study period, there was a significant increase in the annual percentage incidence of IPV (1.17%; p = .0094) and robbery (2.56%; p = .0001). Cosinor analyses demonstrated a mid-summer peak for all assault types except for robberies (late summer). All assault types showed a weekend peak (late Saturday or early Sunday). Topographical contours exhibited a peak in July and August on early Sunday for all assaults, however the month varied by the type of assault, with weekend peaks in the spring and winter for IPV. This information can be used in prospective resource planning for management and prevention strategies.

Discernment and Diminution of Black Hole Attack in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network using Artificial Intelligence

The MANET is an interesting research topic that has movable nodes. The mobile ad hoc system is an important research area. The nodes are connected by wireless connections. Thus it is vital to have a stable network because information and interaction are crucial in diverse fields such as security and catastrophe emergency response.Because of the decentralized system’s vibrant existence, these channels are vulnerable to various threats, including BHA, GHA, SHA. One of the well-known security issues in MANET is the black hole assault. Each node has a routing table containing information from the target node. The number of assaults in MANET is usually protocol networking assaults. The study focused on black hole attacks for discernment and decrease. A black hole attack node wrongly picks up all packet and collects them without passing them to an endpoint by taking a fresh path to the destination nodes. This paper presents BHA defence from assaults with the principle of Artificial Neural Network and calculates its efficiency according to the set of elements, such as efficiency, PDR and delay and energy utilization. This paper aims to devise an artificial neural network method for black hole discernment and reduction in MANET.

Let’s Get Ready to Rumble: Assault in Space and Time

Building on the growing literature of the spatial examination of criminality, this study examines the stability of crime related to mass gathering events over time. Specifically, we examine the impacts of baseball games on assault patterns in the Bronx and Queens, New York, using a nonparametric permutation approach to examine the spatial distribution of point patterns at the neighborhood level over multiple seasons. Findings demonstrate that Mets and Yankees game days have significant impact on the number of assaults when compared to a sample of similar non–game days providing further support for environmental criminological theories. Implications for practitioner use of the tool as well as its use as a method for researchers who seek to compare crime event patterns across several temporal bandwidths are discussed.

Community-level risk & protective correlates of violent crimes

Despite declining rates over the past several decades, violence continues to be a pervasive public health problem. To date, we have very little knowledge about the factors at the outer layers of the social ecology that may serve to protect or exacerbate violence. The purpose of the present research is to identify community-level risk and protective correlates of multiple forms of violent crime. Official crime data were collected from 36 of the municipalities (92%) across the state of Rhode Island. Additionally, the research team identified 23 types of community establishments and identified the number of each for each of the 36 municipalities. Semi-partial correlations were computed between the 23 community variables and each of nine types of violent crimes. While there were a number of significant results, only a few meaningful patterns were found. The number of transit stations was associated with all forms of sexual violence, sex trafficking, and general physical assault. Gun dealers were associated with domestic assault, child abuse, kidnapping, and assault with a weapon, but inversely related to sex trafficking. Boys and Girls Clubs were negatively associated with the number of assaults, assaults with a weapon, sexual assaults, sexual assaults on a child, sex trafficking, and kidnappings. Contrary to prior findings, the number of alcohol outlets was generally unrelated to violent crime. These findings must be interpreted with great caution given nature of the research design. However, this study provides an initial step to advance the research on community-level risk and protective factors for violence.

The demographics of patients presenting for sexual assault to US emergency departments

BackgroundFew studies address the demographics/epidemiology of patients presenting to emergency departments (ED) for evaluation of sexual assault across an entire nation. It was the purpose of this study to analyze the demographics of sexual assault using a national data base. MethodsThis was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from National Electronic Injury Surveillance System - All Injury Program for years 2005–2013. Patients presenting for sexual assault were analyzed. Descriptive and logistic regression statistical analyses were performed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsSexual assault accounted for an estimated 657,719 ED visits (0.24% of all injuries, and 3.4% of injuries due to violence). When an assault victim presented to the ED, a sexual assault was most likely when the patient was 0–14 years old (OR = 19.48 [12.02, 31.57]), White (OR = 2.12 [1.30, 3.47]), the perpetrator being a stranger (OR = 10.51 [8.21, 13.46]), and occurring at home (OR = 10.05 [6.61, 15.27]). The average annual incidence of ED visits for sexual assault per 10,000 US population was 2.39; 0.47 for males and 4.92 for females. The average was 19.6 years; 90.3% were female. Assaults occurred in the home in 45.6%, and were more common in the summer. The perpetrator was unknown in 37.5%, a friend/acquaintance in 24.8%, other relative in 9.4%, multiple perpetrators in 9.3%, spouse/partner in 6.8%, with the remaining 12.7% from other groups. Racial composition was White in 60.9%, Black in 25.9%, Amerindian in 12.5%, and Asian in 0.5%. The perpetrator was a close relative nearly twice as frequently for male victims compared to female victims. Hospital admission overall was 2.7%: 7.1% when the assault occurred on the street, 1.8% when at school or sporting locations, 4.9% for males and 1.5% for females. Nearly all (98.2%) extremity injuries occurred in females. ConclusionsSexual assaults account for 4.4% of ED visits for violence. There was a decrease in the number of sexual assaults occurring on the street and at school/sporting locations over time while the number of assaults by strangers increased. For males, 54.1% occurred in those <10 years of age. The differences between patients by demographic and event characteristics is important information for health care providers.

Influence of distance to depth shot of a CO2-powered airsoft gun with lead shot ammunition and shape of the temporary and permanent cavity in ballistic gelatine.

The increasing aggression in the population, which is undoubtedly associated with the onset of narcissism, also entails an increase in the number of assaults in society. Of course, the number of clashes when a Weapon is used is also increasing. In most cases, these are weapons classified as weapons of category D (according to the Czech legislation), especially air guns, expansion weapons, and airsoft guns. This fact needs to be addressed, not by impulsive bans under duress, but by subjecting these weapons to the investigation, especially in the field of wounding ballistics, which answers the questions about the wounding potential of these weapons. This paper deals with one of these weapons, specifically airsoft gun with used ammunition lead shot. The depth of the shot and the size of the temporary and permanent cavity in relation to the distance were investigated, the contact distance was measured, and then the distance of 5 m.

The care of patients using methamphetamine in the emergency department: Perception of nurses, residents, and faculty

ABSTRACTBackground: To determine differences in perception between nurses, residents, and faculty regarding characteristics and treatment of patients who use methamphetamine (meth). Methods: Survey study performed at an urban, university Level I trauma medical center. Results: A total of 80 nurses, 39 residents, and 45 faculty completed the survey. All groups agreed that meth was a significant problem nationwide and in our emergency department (ED). Nurses estimated that 33% of their patients used meth, which differed from residents (18%) and faculty (15%). All agreed that these patients required more effort to care for, utilized more hospital resources, and were more often violent toward staff. Nurses reported higher prevalence of actual assault by patients using meth (70%) than did residents (36%) and faculty (47%), and total lifetime number of assaults. All agreed that patients using meth appropriated prehospital resources at a higher rate than nonusers, had a higher rate of recidivism, and longer ED length of stay. Nurses preferred antipsychotics over benzodiazepines for treatment of meth-induced tachycardia and a lower threshold for treatment of associated hypertension than residents and faculty. For treatment of hypertension, nurses preferred beta-blockers and hydralazine over benzodiazepines. Conclusion: All agreed that meth use is a serious problem in our ED, with high resource utilization, recidivism, and violence against staff. Nurses experienced higher rates of assaults by patients using meth and differed with regard to their disposition and treatment. Treatment guidelines, strategies to mitigate violence towards staff, and interprofessional education may be beneficial, as the stakes of caring for these patients are high and preferences vary between caregivers.

Значение психологической подготовки сотрудников ОВД при стрельбе в условиях экстремальной ситуации

According to statistics, the society faces an overall increase in crime and the number of assaults on and (armed) resistance to law enforcement officers in certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The current situation is that internal affairs bodies do not always win a battle due to various reasons. A major reason includes their inadequate psychological training for suppressing the aggressive intentions of an armed criminal. The author highlights the relevance of the study into the pathogenic effects of stress factors on the psychological state of police officers and their effective/ineffective use of service weapons. The research provides recommendations that will not only improve the shooting skills of internal affairs bodies but also considerably increase their psychological resistance to various negative influences.

Avaliação dos impactos da seca no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo-PB

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this work was to evaluate the economic, social and environmental impacts caused by the drought in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, Paraíba. The study was developed in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo (PISG), located in the district of São Gonçalo, near the city of Sousa, state of Paraíba. The research design was based on the application of a questionnaire to the settlers of the Perimeter, on site visits and data collection through references in the literature. The Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo had a great reduction in the production of coconut and banana, which represent the main crops explored in the Perimeter. Besides the loss of production, the drought has caused other problems for the producers, such as their impoverishment and indebtedness from loans to banks. There were also major social problems, such as the lack of employment, the increase in the number of assaults and the departure of the settlers’ children to the urban centers and to other states, provoking the rural exodus. Environmental problems have also been verified, such as increased use of pesticides, which cause serious data to soil, water, animals, plants and humans.&lt;/p&gt;

Comparison of maxillofacial trauma before and after implementation of lockout laws in Sydney

Background: Lockout reforms were introduced in February 2014 by the New South Wales government in an attempt to curb alcohol-related violence in Sydney, following a number of fatalities. Changes include 1.30 a.m. venue lockouts and the 3 a.m. cessation of alcohol service. This study aims to assess the results of these reforms through analysis of departmental treatment data. All maxillofacial fractures that required operative management at St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, over a two-year period pre and post reforms were analysed.Methods: Medical information, from multiple sources, of patients that required operative management for maxillofacial fractures over a 2-year period (2012-2014) were compared to those between (2014-2016). Data collected included age, gender, demographics, mechanism of injury, pattern of injury, treatment required, association with alcohol, time and place of injury, and long-term complications.Results: 145 maxillofacial fractures were operatively treated prior to the reforms compared to only 58 (p&lt;0.001) post. Reported incidents occurring in the city significantly fell from 54 to 15 (p&lt;0.001), with no change in peripheral locations. The operated cases associated with alcohol dropped post reforms (102/145 (70%) vs 33/58 (57%). The number of assaults related to ‘king hits’ significantly reduced from 30 (33%) to just 5 (19.2%).Conclusion: This study demonstrates a clear correlation with the reduction in maxillofacial trauma, alcohol and violence in a localised region of Sydney since the arrival of the lockout reforms. As such, it can provide guidance to other regions in Australia into the effects of such laws and its repercussions on patient care and service.

The Impact of a History of Sexual Abuse on Health: Data from a Self-Reported Questionnaire from a Sample of French Victims

Objective: This study aimed to assess the connection between sexual abuse and self-reported lifetime physical and psychiatric disorders. Subjects and Method: Samples of 178 French subjects (170 women and 18 men) who have been sexually abused have agreed to answer a computerized questionnaire and give the characteristics of their aggression and the physical and psychiatric pathologies they suffered afterwards. They also reported symptoms of anxiety and depression using the 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale. Reported disorders were grouped by system organ class. χ2 test or exact test of Fisher was used to test association of main characteristics of sexual abuse (type and duration of abuse, multiple/single assault and perpetrator) with each item of medical history. Results: 83% of respondents had experienced several sexual assaults, with a first assault occurring mainly during childhood and adolescence. The average length of the sexual abuse period was 2.4 times longer in women, compared to men (9.2 vs. 3.8 years). Most frequently alleged types of abuse were touching (85.5%) and rape (76.6%). The mean age of disclosure of sexual violence was approximately 21 years and the average time between the first abuse and disclosure about 12 years. The most frequent reported physical disorders were chronic pain, allergic, dermatological and gynaecological disorders, and surprisingly ENT disorders. There was in the sample a high prevalence of depression, sleep disorders and suicide attempts. At the time of the investigation the mean HAD scores were 7.0+4.7 and 11.7+4.6 for depression and anxiety respectively. Most reported disorders were significantly correlated with the severity of the sexual abuse (rape, duration, number of assaults and/or perpetrators). It was also shown that the delay of disclosure was significantly longer for victims whose first attack occurred when they were younger. Conclusion: A history of sexual abuse is associated with a high prevalence of multiple physical and psychiatric disorders at rates comparable to those found in previously published studies.

Convenience stores and routine activities in a summer tourist destination

In this paper we examine the effects of alcohol outlets, with particular attention to convenience stores, located in an East Coast Tourist City. Tourist City offered an opportunity to observe the interplay between convenience stores and robberies and assaults in the presence of large volumes of summer tourists. Guided by Routine Activities Theory, we focused on the convergence of potential victims, guardianship and offenders in the vicinity of convenience stores. The first part of our paper concerns the effects of convenience stores on assaults and robberies in block groups. Using grocery stores as a comparison to convenience stores, we found that the number of convenience stores was correlated with significantly higher levels of both robberies and assaults. The second part of our investigation employed small circular buffer areas focusing on the immediate area around the convenience stores. This analysis revealed that these small areas were associated with significantly higher assaults in the summer and offseason but robberies only during the offseason. In addition, we found that variation in the number of other alcohol outlets near the convenience stores increases the number of assaults within the buffer areas.

Assaults on NHS staff have risen by a fifth over past five years

Over the past five years the number of assaults on NHS staff has increased by 21%, data from NHS Protect …

Predictors in geriatric psychiatry hospital length of stay.

This paper examined predictors of length of stay in a freestanding geriatric psychiatry hospital. Data on patient and treatment characteristics of geriatric inpatients (N=1,593) were extracted from an archival administrative tracking database from Mary Starke Geriatric Harper Center. Five independent variables (length of time between last discharge and most recent admission, number of previous admissions, number of assaults, co-morbid medical condition, and admitting psychiatric diagnosis) were entered into a hierarchical regression model as potential predictors of length of stay in a geriatric psychiatry hospital. Number of assaults committed by the patient was the only significant predictor of length of stay, such that patients that had a greater number of assaults were more likely to have longer lengths of stay than those with fewer assaults. These findings highlight the importance of identifying patients at risk for assaultive behavior and developing effective interventions for aggression in geriatric psychiatry hospitals.

The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts: How Can They Be Better Safeguarded?

The years 2011 and 2012 were among the most deadly for journalists reporting from conflict situations worldwide. The numbers of assaults, arrests and attacks have been on a constant rise and portray a dramatic image of the journalistic profession. In light of the increasing threats in armed conflicts, being a war reporter has become an inherently dangerous task. Journalists are not only at risk of becoming so-called collateral damage during military operations, they are also increasingly targeted. Their role as a watchdog and witness to the horrors of war, in addition to the undeniable power of the word and image they spread, has made them popular targets. It is therefore essential that the international community re-evaluate journalists' de jure and de facto protections in armed conflicts to allow for better safeguards and consequently less casualties in the imminent future. This article examines the current protections afforded to journalists and aims at detecting proposals for enhanced safeguards that are most likely to effectively improve journalists' safety in the field. In this regard, this article will argue that the legal protections are in fact sufficient and hardly amendable and that therefore, a more practical, hands-on approach to implementation of those protections must be the focus of future actions. This goal can only be achieved by a comprehensive mission jointly pursued by governments, militaries, journalists, media, NGOs and society.