Somatic Cell Nuclei Research Articles

Development of porcine tetraploid somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos is influenced by oocyte nuclei.

Cloning efficiency in mammalian systems remains low because reprogramming of donor cells is frequently incomplete. Nuclear factors in the oocyte are removed by enucleation, and this removal may adversely affect reprogramming efficiency. Here, we investigated the role of porcine oocyte nuclear factors during reprogramming. We introduced somatic cell nuclei into intact MII oocytes to establish tetraploid somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos containing both somatic nuclei and oocyte nuclei. We then examined the influence of the oocyte nucleus on tetraploid SCNT embryo development by assessing characteristics including pronucleus formation, cleavage rate, and blastocyst formation. Overall, tetraploid SCNT embryos have a higher developmental competence than do standard diploid SCNT embryos. Therefore, we have established an embryonic model in which a fetal fibroblast nucleus and an oocyte metaphase II plate coexist. Tetraploid SCNT represents a new research platform that is potentially useful for examining interactions between donor nuclei and oocyte nuclei. This platform should facilitate further understanding of the roles played by nuclear factors during reprogramming.

Lifeact and Utr230 induce distinct actin assemblies in cell nuclei

Nuclear actin assembly in somatic cells has been an enigma for a long time. Recently, with the advancement of novel F-actin probes, researchers have started to uncover this mystery. In this study, we investigated the actin dynamics in somatic cell nuclei using two probes: Lifeact and Utr230. Surprisingly, we observed that both Lifeact and Utr230 significantly interfered with actin dynamics in cell nuclei. Moreover, these two probes induced distinct patterns of nuclear actin assembly. While Lifeact induced filamentous actin assembly in cell nuclei, Utr230 led to various patterns of actin aggregates, including fibers, small puncta, and large patches. Moreover, the interference of actin dynamics by Lifeact was limited to nuclear actin, while Utr230 induced actin aggregation in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Using time-lapse microscopy, we found that Lifeact-induced actin fibers remained steady over hours of observation, indicating a deficiency of nuclear F-actin reorganization. These results suggest that Lifeact and Utr230 both interfere with nuclear actin dynamics but with distinct mechanisms. This is an important finding for research on nuclear actin assembly and highlights the potential value of these two probes for exploring the native mechanisms underlying nuclear actin dynamics, which appear to be altered in the presence of these probes.

Cytogenetic description of the earthworm Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae) from the southern Russian Far East.

Sixty-six specimens of the earthworm Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969 (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae) from 15 localities of the southern Russian Far East were studied cytogenetically. We examined chromosome sets during mitosis and diakinesis as well as DNA content in the spermatogenous and somatic cell nuclei. The populations and morphs displayed no differences in karyotype and ploidy levels estimated in terms of both chromosome number and DNA mass index: n = 10, 2n = 20; c = 1.1 pg, 2c = 2.2 pg. We conclude that polyploidy as a species- or race-forming factor is not typical of these earthworms.

A negative loop within the nuclear pore complex controls global chromatin organization.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) tethers chromatin to create an environment for gene regulation, but little is known about how this activity is regulated to avoid excessive tethering of the genome. Here we propose a negative regulatory loop within the NPC controlling the chromatin attachment state, in which Nup155 and Nup93 recruit Nup62 to suppress chromatin tethering by Nup155. Depletion of Nup62 severely disrupts chromatin distribution in the nuclei of female germlines and somatic cells, which can be reversed by codepleting Nup155. Thus, this universal regulatory system within the NPC is crucial to control large-scale chromatin organization in the nucleus.

Nucleus transfer efficiency of ear fibroblast cells isolated from Bama miniature pigs at various ages.

Somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) has been considered the most effective method for conserving endangered animals and expanding the quantity of adult animal models. Bama miniature pigs are genetically stable and share similar biological features to humans. These pigs have been used to establish animal models for human diseases, and for many other applications. However, there is a paucity of studies on the effect of ear fibroblasts derived from different age of adult Bama miniature pigs on nucleus transfer (NT). The present study examined the NT efficiency of ear fibroblasts from fetal, newborn, 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, 12-month-old miniature pigs by using trypan blue staining, flow cytometry and NT technique, etc., and the cell biological function and SCNT efficiency were compared between groups. The results showed that ear fibroblasts grew well after passage in each group. Spindle-shaped cells initially predominated, and gradually declined with increase of culture time and replaced by polygonal cells. Irregular cell growth occurred in the 2-month-old group and the elder groups. The growth curves of the ear fibroblasts were "S-shaped" in different age groups. The cell proliferation of postnatal ear fibroblasts, especially those from 2-, 4-, 6-, 12-month-old miniature pigs was significantly different from that of fetus ear fibroblasts (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Two-month- and 4-month-old ear fibroblasts had a significantly higher proportion of G1 stage cells (85% to 91%) than those at 6 and 12 months (66% to 74%, P<0.01). The blastocyst rate of reconstructed embryos originating from newborn, 1-, 2-, 4-month-old donor pigs was 6.06% to 7.69% with no significant difference from that in fetus fibroblast group (8.06%). It was concluded that <4-month-old adult Bama miniature pigs represent a better donor cell resource than elder pigs.

Colcemid treatment during oocyte maturation improves preimplantation development of cloned pig embryos by influencing meiotic progression and cytoplasmic maturation.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of colcemid treatment during oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic-cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) in pigs. Immature oocytes were treated with colcemid from 0 to 22, 38 to 42, or 0 to 22 hr followed by 38 to 42 hr during IVM (designated as COL0-22, COL38-42, and COL0-22/38-42, respectively). The proportion of oocytes reaching the germinal vesicle (GV)/GV breakdown (GVBD) stage after 22 hr of IVM was higher in COL0-22 (98.4%) than in controls not exposed to colcemid (68.7%). The proportion of metaphase-II (MII) oocytes after 30 hr of IVM was higher in control (79.6%) than in COL0-22 oocytes (61.7%); overall nuclear progression to the MII stage was not influenced by colcemid treatment by the end of the IVM period (93.8, 86.7, 86.8, and 84.8% for control, COL0-22, COL38-42, and COL0-22/38-42, respectively). COL0-22 oocytes showed higher intra-oocyte glutathione content (1.7 vs. 1.0-1.3 pixels/oocyte) and increased blastocyst formation after PA (68.7% vs. 42.5-52.2%) and SCNT (39.4% vs. 16.3-28.6%) than control, COL38-42, and COL0-22/38-42 oocytes. Colcemid treatment for 0-22 and 0-22/38-42 hr of IVM also stimulated the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) mRNAs. Our results thus demonstrate that the presence of colcemid during the early stage of IVM stimulates preimplantation development of PA and SCNT porcine embryos by improving the cytoplasmic microenvironment.

Artificial gametes: a systematic review of biological progress towards clinical application.

Recent progress in the formation of artificial gametes, i.e. gametes generated by manipulation of their progenitors or of somatic cells, has led to scientific and societal discussion about their use in medically assisted reproduction (MAR). Artificial gametes could potentially help infertile men and women but also post-menopausal women and gay couples conceive genetically related children. This systematic review aimed to provide insight in the progress of biological research towards clinical application of artificial gametes. The electronic database 'Medline/Pubmed' was systematically searched with medical subject heading (MesH) terms, and reference lists of eligible studies were hand searched. Studies in English between January 1970 and December 2013 were selected based on meeting a priori defined starting- and end-points of gamete development, including gamete formation, fertilization and the birth of offspring. For each biologically plausible method to form artificial gametes, data were extracted on the potential to generate artificial gametes that might be used to achieve fertilization and to result in the birth of offspring in animals and humans. The systematic search yielded 2424 articles, and 70 studies were included after screening. In animals, artificial sperm and artificial oocytes generated from germline stem cells (GSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have resulted in the birth of viable offspring. Also in animals, artificial sperm and artificial oocytes have been generated from somatic cells directly, i.e. without documentation of intermediate stages of stem- or germ cell development or (epi)genetic status. Finally, although the subsequent embryos showed hampered development, haploidization by transplantation of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated donor oocyte has led to fertilized artificial oocytes. In humans, artificial sperm has been generated from ESCs and iPSCs. Artificial human oocytes have been generated from GSCs, ESCs and somatic cells (without documentation of intermediate stages of stem- or germ cell development). Fertilization of a human artificial oocyte after haploidization by transplantation of a somatic cell nucleus into an enucleated donor oocyte was also reported. Normal developmental potential, epigenetic and genetic stability and birth of children has not been reported following the use of human artificial gametes. In animals, artificial oocytes from a male have been created and fertilized and artificial sperm from a female has been fertilized and has resulted in the birth of viable offspring. In humans, artificial sperm has been generated from female iPSCs. To date, no study has reported the birth of human offspring from artificial gametes. Our systematic review of the literature indicated that in animals live births have already been achieved using artificial gametes of varying (cell type) sources. Although experimental biological research is progressing steadily towards future clinical application, data on functionality, safety and efficiency of (human) artificial gametes are still preliminary. Although defining artificial gametes by start- and end-points limited the number of included studies, the search resulted in a clear overview of the subject. Clinical use of artificial gametes would expand the treatment possibilities of MAR and would have implications for society. Before potential clinical use, the societal and ethical implications of artificial gametes should be reflected on.

CSN maintains the germline cellular microenvironment and controls the level of stem cell genes via distinct CRLs in testes of Drosophila melanogaster

Stem cells and their daughters are often associated with and depend on cues from their cellular microenvironment. In Drosophila testes, each Germline Stem Cell (GSC) contacts apical hub cells and is enclosed by cytoplasmic extensions from two Cyst Stem Cells (CySCs). Each GSC daughter becomes enclosed by cytoplasmic extensions from two CySC daughters, called cyst cells. CySC fate depends on an Unpaired (Upd) signal from the hub cells, which activates the Janus Kinase and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway in the stem cells. Germline enclosure depends on Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) signals from the germline to the somatic support cells. Expression of RNA-hairpins against subunits of the COnstitutively Photomorphogenic-9- (COP9-) signalosome (CSN) in somatic support cells disrupted germline enclosure. Furthermore, CSN-depleted somatic support cells in the CySC position next to the hub had reduced levels of the Jak/STAT effectors Zinc finger homeotic-1 (Zfh-1) and Chronologically inappropriate morphogenesis (Chinmo). Knockdown of CSN in the somatic support cells does not disrupt EGF and Upd signal transduction as downstream signal transducers, phosphorylated STAT (pSTAT) and phosphorylated Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (pMAPK), were still localized to the somatic support cell nuclei. The CSN modifies fully formed Cullin RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes to regulate selective proteolysis. Reducing cullin2 (cul2) from the somatic support cells disrupted germline enclosure, while reducing cullin1 (cul1) from the somatic support cells led to a low level of Chinmo. We propose that different CRLs enable the responses of somatic support cells to Upd and EGF.

The influence of Argonaute proteins on alternative RNA splicing.

Alternative splicing of precursor RNAs is an important process in multicellular species because it impacts several aspects of gene expression: from the increase of protein repertoire to the level of expression. A large body of evidences demonstrates that factors regulating chromatin and transcription impact the outcomes of alternative splicing. Argonaute (AGO) proteins were known to play key roles in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. More recently, their role in the nucleus of human somatic cells has emerged. Here, we will discuss some of the nuclear functions of AGO, with special emphasis on alternative splicing. The AGO-mediated modulation of alternative splicing is based on several properties of these proteins: their binding to transcripts on chromatin and their interactions with many proteins, especially histone tail-modifying enzymes, HP1γ and splicing factors. AGO proteins may favor a decrease in the RNA-polymerase II kinetics at actively transcribed genes leading to the modulation of alternative splicing decisions. They could also influence alternative splicing through their interaction with core components of the splicing machinery and several splicing factors. We will discuss the modes of AGO recruitment on chromatin at active genes. We suggest that long intragenic antisense transcripts (lincRNA) might be an important feature of genes containing splicing events regulated by AGO.

Generation of Haploid Spermatids with Fertilization and Development Capacity from Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells of Cryptorchid Patients

SummaryGeneration of functional spermatids from azoospermia patients is of unusual significance in the treatment of male infertility. Here, we report an efficient approach to obtain human functional spermatids from cryptorchid patients. Spermatogonia remained whereas meiotic germ cells were rare in cryptorchid patients. Expression of numerous markers for meiotic and postmeiotic male germ cells was enhanced in human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) of cryptorchidism patients by retinoic acid (RA) and stem cell factor (SCF) treatment. Meiotic spreads and DNA content assays revealed that RA and SCF induced a remarkable increase of SCP3-, MLH1-, and CREST-positive cells and haploid cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reflected distinct global gene profiles in embryos derived from round spermatids and nuclei of somatic cells. Significantly, haploid spermatids generated from human SSCs of cryptorchid patients possessed fertilization and development capacity. This study thus provides an invaluable source of autologous male gametes for treating male infertility in azoospermia patients.

Expressão gênica de protaminas e proteínas nucleares de transição em testículos bovinos

Protamines (PRM) are the major DNA-binding proteins in the sperm nucleus and can pack the DNA into less than 5% of the volume of a somatic cell nucleus. It is already known that bulls only have the PRM1 protein on mature spermatozoa while most mammals also have the PRM2. Transition nuclear proteins (Tnps) and PRMs are fundamental to DNA integrity. It has already been reported the influence of PRM on chromatin structures, generating low fertility. However, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are not known. The relative expression of PRM1, PRM2, PRM3, Tnp1 and Tnp2 was determined by real time RT-PCR, using bovine specific primers and β-actin as endogenous control. Quantification of mRNA relative expression showed a higher expression of PRM1 compared to the other genes. The PRM3 mRNA had the lowest relative expression. A significant (p &lt; 0.05) and positive correlation was found between PRM1 and PRM2 (r = 0.518), PRM2 and Tnp1 (r = 0.750), PRM2 and Tnp2 (r = 0.706), PRM3 and Tnp1 (r = 0.542), PRM3 and Tnp2 (r = 0.731) and between Tnp1 and Tnp2 (r = 0.820). Since most of the knowledge about protamine 2 in bovine is based on a work from 1990 and according to new studies we know that PRM1 and PRM2 are important to bull fertility, more research is needed to elucidate the real function of protamines on bovines.

A magnetic nanoparticle-based multiple-gene delivery system for transfection of porcine kidney cells.

Superparamagnetic nanoparticles are promising candidates for gene delivery into mammalian somatic cells and may be useful for reproductive cloning using the somatic cell nuclear transfer technique. However, limited investigations of their potential applications in animal genetics and breeding, particularly multiple-gene delivery by magnetofection, have been performed. Here, we developed a stable, targetable and convenient system for delivering multiple genes into the nuclei of porcine somatic cells using magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles as gene carriers. After surface modification by polyethylenimine, the spherical magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed strong binding affinity for DNA plasmids expressing the genes encoding a green (DNAGFP) or red (DNADsRed) fluorescent protein. At weight ratios of DNAGFP or DNADsRed to magnetic nanoparticles lower than or equal to 10∶1 or 5∶1, respectively, the DNA molecules were completely bound by the magnetic nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy analyses confirmed binding of the spherical magnetic nanoparticles to stretched DNA strands up to several hundred nanometers in length. As a result, stable and efficient co-expression of GFP and DsRed in porcine kidney PK-15 cells was achieved by magnetofection. The results presented here demonstrate the potential application of magnetic nanoparticles as an attractive delivery system for animal genetics and breeding studies.

Human oocytes reprogram adult somatic nuclei of a type 1 diabetic to diploid pluripotent stem cells.

The transfer of somatic cell nuclei into oocytes can give rise to pluripotent stem cells that are consistently equivalent to embryonic stem cells, holding promise for autologous cell replacement therapy. Although methods to induce pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by transcription factors are widely used in basic research, numerous differences between induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells have been reported, potentially affecting their clinical use. Because of the therapeutic potential of diploid embryonic stem-cell lines derived from adult cells of diseased human subjects, we have systematically investigated the parameters affecting efficiency of blastocyst development and stem-cell derivation. Here we show that improvements to the oocyte activation protocol, including the use of both kinase and translation inhibitors, and cell culture in the presence of histone deacetylase inhibitors, promote development to the blastocyst stage. Developmental efficiency varied between oocyte donors, and was inversely related to the number of days of hormonal stimulation required for oocyte maturation, whereas the daily dose of gonadotropin or the total number of metaphase II oocytes retrieved did not affect developmental outcome. Because the use of concentrated Sendai virus for cell fusion induced an increase in intracellular calcium concentration, causing premature oocyte activation, we used diluted Sendai virus in calcium-free medium. Using this modified nuclear transfer protocol, we derived diploid pluripotent stem-cell lines from somatic cells of a newborn and, for the first time, an adult, a female with type 1 diabetes.

Nuclear reprogramming by interphase cytoplasm of two-cell mouse embryos

SummarySuccessful mammalian cloning employing somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) into unfertilized, metaphase II-arrested (MII) oocytes attests to the cytoplasmic presence of reprogramming factors capable of inducing pluripotency in somatic cell nuclei1-3. However, these poorly defined maternal factors presumably decline sharply after fertilization since cytoplasm of pronuclear stage zygotes is reportedly inactive4, 5. Recent evidence suggests that zygotic cytoplasm, if maintained at metaphase (M-phase) can also support derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) following SCNT6-8, albeit at low efficiency. This led to the conclusion that critical oocyte reprogramming factors present in M-phase but not in interphase cytoplasm are “trapped” inside the nucleus during interphase and effectively removed during enucleation9.Here, we investigated the presence of reprogramming activity in the interphase cytoplasm of 2-cell mouse embryos (I2C). First, the presence of candidate reprogramming factors was documented in both intact and enucleated M-phase and interphase zygotes and 2-cell embryos. Consequently, enucleation did not provide a likely explanation for the inability of interphase cytoplasm to induce reprogramming. Then, when we carefully synchronized the cell cycle stage between the transplanted nucleus (ESC, fetal fibroblast or terminally differentiated cumulus cell) and the recipient I2C cytoplasm, the reconstructed SCNT embryos developed into blastocysts and ESCs capable of contributing to traditional germline and tetraploid chimeras. In addition, direct transfer of cloned embryos, reconstructed with ESC nuclei, into recipients resulted in live offspring. Thus, the cytoplasm of I2C supports efficient reprogramming with cell cycle synchronization between the donor nucleus and recipient cytoplasm as the most critical parameter determining success. The ability to utilize interphase cytoplasm in SCNT could impact efforts to generate autologous human ESCs for regenerative applications since donated or discarded embryos are more accessible than unfertilized, MII oocytes.

Identification and Characterization of an Oocyte Factor Required for Porcine Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells can be induced by oocyte factors. Despite numerous attempts, the factors responsible for successful nuclear reprogramming remain elusive. In the present study, we found that porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 42 h of in vitro maturation had a stronger ability to support early development of cloned embryos than porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 33 h of in vitro maturation. To explore the key reprogramming factors responsible for the difference, we compared proteome signatures of the two groups of oocytes. 18 differentially expressed proteins between these two groups of oocytes were discovered by mass spectrometry (MS). Among these proteins, we especially focused on vimentin (VIM). A certain amount of VIM protein was stored in oocytes and accumulated during oocyte maturation, and maternal VIM was specifically incorporated into transferred somatic nuclei during nuclear reprogramming. When maternal VIM function was inhibited by anti-VIM antibody, the rate of cloned embryos developing to blastocysts was significantly lower than that of IgG antibody-injected embryos and non-injected embryos (12.24 versus 22.57 and 21.10%; p < 0.05), but the development of in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation embryos was not affected. Furthermore, we found that DNA double strand breaks dramatically increased and that the p53 pathway was activated in cloned embryos when VIM function was inhibited. This study demonstrates that maternal VIM, as a genomic protector, is crucial for nuclear reprogramming in porcine cloned embryos.

Pluripotent-related gene expression analyses in single porcine recloned embryo

The developmental ability among embryos produced by three different techniques were examined: there were no significant differences in the developmental rate in porcine embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and first generation of somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT), but the developmental rate dropped sharply at the 2- to four-cell stage in recloned (second generation of SCNT) embryos. In most recloned embryos, Oct4 and Klf4 were under-expressed at all stages, whereas Sox2 and Nanog were over-expressed at the two-cell stage. In contrast, Nanog was absent in IVF and SCNT embryos at the two-cell stage. The recloned embryos were treated with valproic acid to enhance developmental capacity and this led to an increase in the rate of blastocyst formation and total cell number compared with the findings for untreated recloned embryos (29.8 vs. 12.4%, 39 vs. 25, respectively, p<0.05).

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated transgenesis in mice.

Over the years many well-described techniques for the introduction of transgene DNA into host organisms have been used, including pronuclear injection, in vitro fertilization-mediated transgenesis, transfection of ES and spermatogenic cells, nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei, and lentiviral vectors. The application of these techniques has been limited however either by the time and effort to be executed or by their narrow efficiency with large transgenes. The greatest advantage of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated transgenesis is precisely its ability to stably introduce large DNA molecules into the genome of host organisms with relatively high efficiency, as compared to alternative procedures. In mice, this procedure has been shown to be a reproducible method to generate transgenic offspring with a high efficiency. Recently, it proved also to be a viable method to generate transgenic rats and pigs, and as such, it is foreseen with great interest for the production of transgenic farm animals, where it would constitute an important tool for the production of recombinant proteins and livestock improvement.

Reshaping the transcriptional frontier: epigenetics and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) experiments have paved the way to the field of cellular reprogramming. The demonstrated ability to clone over 20 different species to date has proven that the technology is robust but very inefficient, and is prone to developmental anomalies. Yet, the offspring from cloned animals exhibit none of the abnormalities of their parents, suggesting the low efficiency and high developmental mortality are epigenetic in origin. The epigenetic barriers to reprogramming somatic cells into a totipotent embryo capable of developing into a viable offspring are significant and varied. Despite their intimate relationship, chromatin structure and transcription are often not uniformly reprogramed after nuclear transfer, and many cloned embryos develop gene expression profiles that are hybrids between the donor cell and an embryonic blastomere. Recent advances in cellular reprogramming suggest that alteration of donor-cell chromatin structure towards that found in an normal embryo is actually the rate-limiting step in successful development of SCNT embryos. Here we review the literature relevant to the transformation of a somatic-cell nucleus into an embryo capable of full-term development. Interestingly, while resetting somatic transcription and associated epigenetic marks are absolutely required for development of SCNT embryos, life does not demand perfection.

Maternal Factors Involved in Nuclear Reprogramming by Eggs and Oocytes

When a somatic cell nucleus is transplanted into an egg or an oocyte, the transplanted nucleus can be reprogrammed to support early embryonic develop- ment so that the reconstructed embryo gives rise to a cloned animal. Nuclear reprogramming of somatic nuclei is induced by maternal components stored in eggs and oocytes. These endogenous reprogramming factors and mechanisms have been explored for decades in mam- mals and amphibia. There are several ways of investi- gating reprogramming mechanisms, including nuclear transfer to eggs/oocytes and incubation in egg/oocyte extracts. In this review I describe the type of reprogram- ming events induced in each system and what factors in eggs and oocytes are responsible for these. Based on our current knowledge, I propose a model for the early phase of nuclear reprogramming in eggs and oocytes.

Treatment of donor cells with trichostatin A improves in vitro development and reprogramming of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) nucleus transfer embryos

It has been reported that buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos reconstructed by somatic cell nucleus transfer (SCNT) can develop to the full term of gestation and result in newborn calves. However, the developmental competence of reconstructed embryos is still low. Recently, it has been reported that treating donor cells or embryos with trichostatin A (TSA) can increase the cloning efficiency in some species. Thus, the present study was undertaken to improve the development of buffalo SCNT embryos by treatment of donor cells (buffalo fetal fibroblasts) with TSA and explore the relation between histone acetylation status of donor cells and developmental competence of SCNT embryos. Treatment of donor cells with either 0.15 or 0.3 μM TSA for 48 hours resulted in a significant increase in the cleavage rate and blastocyst yield of SCNT embryos (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression level of HDAC1 in donor cells was also decreased (0.4–0.6 fold, P < 0.05) by TSA treatment, although the expression level of HAT1 was not affected. Further measurement of the epigenetic maker AcH4K8 in buffalo IVF and SCNT embryos at the eight-cell stage revealed that the spatial distribution of acH4K8 staining in SCNT embryos was different from the IVF embryos. Treatment of donor cells with TSA resulted in an increase in the AcH4K8 level of SCNT embryos and similar to fertilized counterparts. These results suggest that treatment of donor cells with TSA can facilitate their nucleus reprogramming by affecting the acetylated status of H4K8 and improving the in vitro development of buffalo SCNT embryos. The AcH4K8 status at the eight-cell stage can be used as an epigenetic marker for predicting the SCNT efficiency in buffalos.