Nucleation Research Articles

Effect of magnesium on primary carbides in GCr15 bearing steel

GCr15 bearing steel has higher carbon and chromium content, large-size primary carbides tend to be easily precipitated during the solidification, which is harmful for the performance of steel. Hence, magnesium treatment was applied to refine primary carbides and the influence of magnesium on the size, distribution and morphology of primary carbides in GCr15 bearing steel was studied in this paper. The results indicated that M3C, M3C2, and M7C3 were precipitated during the solidification of GCr15 bearing steel. When magnesium was added into the steel, the area ratio and maximum size of primary carbide were decreased with the increase of magnesium content. The refinement of primary carbides was the most obvious when the magnesium content was 27 ppm. Compared with the steel without magnesium, the area ratio and maximum size of primary carbides were reduced by 2.41 % and 11.16μm respectively. In addition, for the steel without magnesium, MnS were likely to be attached with primary carbides. Once magnesium was added, smaller and two-layer structured composite inclusions (the inner layer was Mg-Al-O, and the outer layer was MnS) were formed and provided the preferred nucleation site for primary carbides, which ultimately promoted the refinement of primary carbides.

Single-Step PECVD Synthesis of Graphene@Carbon Nanotubes Electrocatalyst.

Graphene (Gr) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the two intriguing carbon nanomaterials, have presented great potential in serving as high-performance electrocatalysts in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) chemistry. The concurrent management of both materials would achieve a promoted synergistic effect. Nevertheless, there still remains a lack of an effective material synthesis route. Herein, a single-step plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) strategy is devised to prepare Gr@CNTs heterostructures with strong bonded connections. In the PECVD system, the damaged sidewalls generated in CNT tubes can serve as appropriate nucleation sites for further Gr growth. The formation mechanisms are thoroughly explored in aspects of both experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations. To confirm the validity of this approach, thus-constructed Gr@CNTs architectures are employed as the sulfur host, enabling boosted redox kinetics of polysulfides. This project provides fundamental insight into the mechanism exploration for single-step PECVD growth of Gr@CNTs heterostructure, hence promoting the practical application prospect of carbon nanomaterials toward Li-S systems.

Effect of β nucleating agent and rotational shear on morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene pipes

AbstractHerein, we report a new method of introducing circumferential shear to polypropylene (PP) pipes via a self‐designed rotational shear system (RSS) with the addition of a β‐nucleating agent (TMB‐5). The prepared PP pipes exhibited remarkable enhancement in toughening and tensile strength over conventional PP pipes incorporating 0.025 wt% of the nucleating agent into the sheared sample increased the elongation at break to 243.30%. At 0.05 wt% nucleating agent content, an optimal tensile strength of 40.98 MPa was attained compared to 33.62 MPa for unsheared PP, and the elongation at break also reached 108.09%. In creep tests, the PP pipes prepared with nucleating agents and shear rotation exhibited a minimum displacement of 2.1 mm and the lowest creep rate of 3.23 × 10−5 mm/s. In addition, the samples also showed a high resistance to crack growth compared to conventional PP pipes with a crack initiation time of 24 h and a crack growth rate of 0.08 mm/s.Highlights Reinforced and toughened PP pipes were prepared using a rotational shear system. The shish‐kebab structure and β‐crystals exhibited a synergistic effect. Both short‐term and long‐term mechanical properties were studied.

Role of bacteria on bio-induced calcium carbonate formation: insights from droplet microfluidic experiments

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a promising solution for geotechnical issues. However, the role of bacteria in the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) remains incompletely understood. In this study, a droplet microfluidic chip was developed to observe the growth process of calcium carbonate and bacterial behaviour during the MICP process under various bacterial density conditions. Scanning electron microscope was then utilised to analyse the calcium carbonate morphology, and Raman spectroscopy was employed to identify calcium carbonate polymorphs. Nucleation within microspaces showed a stochastic nature. Within the droplets where crystals formed, all crystals manifested as cubic calcite. Higher bacterial density led to the formation of larger and more irregularly shaped crystals, with crystal size showing a significant correlation with urease activity. In droplets where no crystals formed, higher bacterial density and urease activity resulted in the precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate on the bacterial surface. However, this precipitation pattern differed from the formation of monocrystalline calcium carbonate. The results demonstrate that bacteria act primarily as urease secretors to regulate crystal growth during the MICP process, while their role as nucleation sites for crystals remains debatable. This study provides new insights into the bio-induced calcium carbonate formation mechanism.

Frozen dough steamed products: Deterioration mechanism, processing technology, and improvement strategies.

Fresh dough products lead to instability in product quality, high production costs, and more production time, which seriously affects the industrial production of the food industry. The frozen dough technology mitigates the problems of short shelf-life and easy deterioration of quality during storage and transportation. It has shown a series of advantages in large-scale industrialization, high-quality standardization, and chain operation. However, the further development of frozen dough is restricted by the deterioration of the main components (gluten, starch, and yeast) caused by freezing. This review summarizes the main production process of frozen steamed bread and buns, and the deterioration reasons for the main component of frozen dough. The improvement mechanisms of raw ingredients, processing technology, processing equipment, and additives on frozen dough quality were analyzed from the perspective of improving gluten network integrity and yeast freeze tolerance. From prefermented frozen raw to steamed products without thawing has become the preferred production process to improve production efficiency. Wheat flour mixed with other flour can maintain the gluten network continuity of frozen dough. The freeze tolerance of yeast was improved by treatment with yeast suspension, yeast cell encapsulation, screening hybridization, and genetic engineering. Process optimization and new technology-assisted fermentation and freezing effectively reduce freezing damage. Various additives improve the freeze resistance of the gluten-starch matrix by promoting protein cross-linking and inhibiting water migration. In addition, ice structural proteins and ice nucleating agents have been proven to change the growth morphology and formation temperature of ice crystals. More new technologies and additive synergies need to be further explored.

Using Post‐Treatment Additives for Crystal Modulation and Interface Passivation Enables the Fabrication of Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells in Air

AbstractHigh‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in ambient air are considered inevitable for low‐cost commercial manufacturing. However, passivating perovskite film defects and controlling the crystallization process are critical for achieving high performance in PSCs. This study proposes using the novel 2D material MBene in green antisolvent to simultaneously modulate the crystallization and passivation defects of perovskites. MBene facilitates the passivation of uncoordinated Pb2+ ions, thereby enhancing the formation energy of vacancies within the perovskite film and adjusting the energy level structure. Moreover, MBene increases nucleation sites for perovskite, significantly extending crystal growth and improving film crystallinity, thereby reducing non‐radiative recombination. Consequently, champion devices treated with MBene achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.22% when fabricated in air, and exhibit superior humidity and long‐term stability. Furthermore, PSCs with added MBene exhibit significant long‐term stability under various environmental conditions, including humidity and heat. The study results lay a foundation for the development of MBene materials in photovoltaics, revealing their mechanism as a new type of 2D material in perovskites, and providing new insights for industrially producing efficient and stable solar cells.

Dendrite‐Free Zn Anode Modified with Prussian Blue Analog for Ultra Long‐Life Zn‐Ion Capacitors

AbstractThe main challenge for aqueous zinc‐ion capacitors is the low stability of zinc anode. In this study, a Prussian blue analog (PBA) has been coated on the surface of zinc foil to create an inorganic protective layer. This layer features a three‐dimensional open microporous structure, which not only endows it with excellent pseudocapacitive properties but also serves as an effective barrier against dendrite growth. The presence of PBA coating can increase the nucleation point of zinc ions and provide a low‐energy barrier for the rapid migration of zinc ions. Hence, the PBA@Zn ||PBA@Zn symmetric cell exhibits exceptional cycling stability, enduring over 1400 h of operation at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. The PBA@Zn||AC capacitor demonstrated a discharge capacity of 46.23 mAh g−1 after 10 000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1, with a capacity retention of 92.41%, whereas the discharge capacity of Zn||AC capacitor is only 16.02 mAh g−1, with a capacity retention of 23.13%. The PBA@Zn||AC capacitor exhibited remarkable endurance and stability, retaining a substantial discharge capacity of 32.7 mAh g−1 after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations also show that PBA has a strong interaction with Zn and exhibits superior zincophilic ability. This study reports industrially applicable low‐cost Prussian blue analogs as artificial interfacial protective layers for improving the cycling stability of zinc anode with a low‐energy barrier for rapid migration of zinc ions especially at high current density.

Experimental and theoretical investigation on pre-deposited precursor as growth sites for monolayer MoS2 growth by supercritical fluid deposition

The assistance of promoters, Molybdates or alkali metal salts can regulate the nucleation site of MoS2 in chemical vapor deposition. However, the introduction of impurities inevitably reduces the MoS2 quality. Here, we present the growth of monolayer MoS2 by supercritical fluid deposition to pre-deposit Mo(CO)6 precursors as nucleation sites, replacing difficult to clean conventional promoters. Domain-limited homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions occur at nucleation sites, and through optimization of sulfurization parameters, high-quality monolayer MoS2 with about 20 μm domain size can be obtained by growing at 760 °C and 40 sccm argon for 20 min. Monolayer MoS2 coverage ranged from 2.6 % to 39.1 % by regulating dissolution mass in range of 100–400 mg, utilizing the highly soluble Mo(CO)6 in supercritical CO2. Density functional theory calculations show that decarbonylated Mo(CO)6 possesses higher sulfide reactivity. This study provides new insights into the impurity-free controlled site growth of two-dimensional materials.

Effect of nano-Ti-Li-Al hydrotalcite-like on the hydration and hardening properties of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials

The use of sulfoaluminate cement-based materials (SCBMs) in grout reinforcement projects is common, and they also perform well in road repair and other facilities. To obtain high workability and permeability, a large water-to-cement ratio is generally used, which reduces the early mechanical properties of SCBMs. The early mechanical properties of cement-based materials can be improved by adding nanomaterials. The cement hydration product monosulfate (AFm) belongs to the hydrotalcite-like family, which is also called layered double hydroxide (LDHs). At present, there is no literature on the influence of nano-Ti-Li-Al layered double hydroxide materials (TiLiAl-LDHs) on SCBMs. In this study, two types of nano -TiLiAl-LDHs with different Ti/Li/Al molar ratios (Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs and Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs) were synthesized. Nano-Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs promoted the hydration of the slurry and improved the early mechanical properties of SCBMs to a greater extent than nano-Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs. However, the cause of this phenomenon remains unclear. Nano-TiLiAl-LDHs act as nucleation sites for ettringite (AFt) and AFm, both of which are cement hydration products. Among them, Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs preferentially provided nucleation sites for AFt, whereas Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs preferentially provided nucleation sites for AFm. Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs and Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs can release titanium, lithium, and carbonate ions in the SCBMs paste, and Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs release more lithium ions (up to 50 mg/L) while Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs release more titanium ions (up to 100 mg/L). Li+ can consume AlO2− and OH− in the slurry and form amorphous lithium aluminum compounds. Although Li+ inhibits the formation of AFt products, it promotes the hydration of anhydrous calcium sulfoaluminate (ye’elimite). Ti4+ reacts with OH− to form a complex that inhibits the formation of AFt, thus reducing the hydration of SCBMs. CO32− promotes the formation of calcium carbonate and indirectly promotes the dissolution of ye’elimite and gypsum. The nucleation effect and release of titanium, lithium, and carbonate ions acted synergistically to influence the hydration and hardening processes of SCBMs. Compared with Ti2Li3Al4-LDHs, Ti1Li3Al4-LDHs has a greater ability to enhance the hydration and mechanical properties of the slurry owing to its strong nucleation and release of higher concentrations of lithium ions and lower concentrations of titanium ions.

Selective area epitaxy of gallium phosphide-based nanostructures on microsphere lithography-patterned Si wafers for visible light optoelectronics

In this study, we present the selective area plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaP-based nanoheterostructures (nanostubs), incorporating direct bandgap GaAsP or GaPN segments, on patterned SiO2/Si(001) wafers. A microsphere optical lithography and anisotropic Si wet-etching techniques were employed for wafer-scale surface patterning through SiO2 growth mask, allowing to obtain either planar or pyramidal pit nucleation site morphologies. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping and Raman microspectroscopy studies confirm compositional homogeneity of the nanostub arrays. The dilute nitride nanostubs display the narrowest and most intense visible red photoluminescence response at room temperature, which is an order of magnitude higher compared to the GaAsP ones. The formation of the nitrogen sub-band in GaPN alloy was confirmed in the framework of density functional theory, providing insights for interpreting the experimental results. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for fabricating the ordered arrays of nanoscale visible light emitters on silicon.

Structural analysis of microtubule binding by minus-end targeting protein Spiral2

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that play a critical role in determining cell polarity and shape. In plant cells, acentrosomal MTs are localized on the cell surface and are referred to as cortical MTs. Cortical MTs nucleate in the cell cortex and detach from nucleation sites. The released MT filaments perform treadmilling, with the plus-ends of MTs polymerizing and the minus-ends depolymerizing. Minus-end targeting proteins, -TIPs, include Spiral2, which regulates the minus-end dynamics of acentrosomal MTs. Spiral2 accumulates autonomously at MT minus-ends and inhibits filament shrinkage, but the mechanism by which Spiral2 specifically recognizes minus-ends of MTs remains unknown. Here we describe the crystal structure of Spiral2's N-terminal MT-binding domain. The structural properties of this domain resemble those of the HEAT repeat structure of the tumor overexpressed gene (TOG) domain, but the number of HEAT repeats is different and the conformation is highly arched. Gel filtration and co-sedimentation analyses demonstrate that the domain binds preferentially to MT filaments rather than the tubulin dimer, and that the tubulin-binding mode of Spiral2 via the basic surface is similar to that of the TOG domain. We constructed an in silico model of the Spiral2-tubulin complex to identify residues that potentially recognize tubulin. Mutational analysis revealed that the key residues inferred in the model are involved in microtubule recognition, and provide insight into the mechanism by which end-targeting proteins stabilize MT ends.

Clay mineral mediated dynamics of CO2 hydrate formation and dissociation: Experimental insights for carbon sequestration

Marine sediment-based CO2 sequestration through hydrate formation is a promising approach for long-term CO2 storage. Despite the prevalence of clay minerals in marine sediments, their impact on CO2 hydrate dynamics remains disputed and necessitates validation. This study systematically investigated the effect of clay minerals, specifically Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-mmt) and illite, on CO2 hydrates nucleation, growth, and dissociation in clay suspensions (0–10 wt% concentrations). Clay minerals significantly promoted CO2 hydrate nucleation by providng additional nucleation sites and influencing water distribution through the surface electric field. Ca-mmt exhibited a more pronounced nucleation effect due to stronger hydration ability of Ca2+ increasing nucleation sites and local CO2 concentration. Both clay minerals enhanced CO2 hydrate growth, with concentration-dependent effects that differ between clay types. Ca-mmt exhibited a higher growth rate at lower concentrations (≤1 wt%), but a lower rate at higher concentrations (>1 wt%) due to the stronger swelling and aggregation ability upon water contact. Morphological analysis revealed the clay minerals’ impact on fluid behavior and mass transfer during hydrate growth. During dissociation, clay minerals impeded the process, prolonging overall dynamics. This study highlights the impact of physicochemical disparities between Ca-mmt and illite on CO2 hydrate dynamics, underscoring the importance of these interactions for CO2 sequestration.

Directed energy deposition combined with interlayer remelting for improving NiTi wear resistance by grain refinement

Directed energy deposition of NiTi coatings has received much attention, however, its performance is difficult to meet the increasing requirements in the engineering field. In order to refine the grains to improve wear resistance, a novel interlayer remelting method for fabricating NiTi alloys by directed energy deposition is proposed in this study. The influence of laser interlayer remelting parameters on lattice structure, phase transformation behavior, microstructure, crystallographic evolution, and microhardness was thoroughly analysed in comparison. Good formability is demonstrated after interlayer remelting, while the high energy density leads to microstructure refinement and eutectic regions are observed between dendrites. The grain size decreases with increasing remelting speed, which is due to the faster cooling rate having a greater degree of subcooling with more nucleation points. The faster interlayer remelting speed shows a higher microhardness (586 HV0.2) with higher wear resistance, which is attributed to its finer grain size and significant grain boundary strengthening. Reciprocating sliding wear experiments show that the wear resistance is improved after interlayer remelting, especially at a load of 30 N, the specific wear rate is 1.35 * 10−4mm3/Nm, which is only 47 % of that of the untreated sample. This study proposes a technique to achieve synergistic enhancement of microhardness and sliding wear properties of reinforced coatings, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of NiTi coatings in engineering and extends the field of additive manufacturing.

Effect of recrystallization annealing, solid solution and pre-aging intermediate treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si rolled sheet

The intermediate heat treatment plays an important role in the severe deformation processing of aluminum alloys. In this study, the effects of recrystallization annealing, solid solution and pre-aging intermediate treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si sheet were analyzed, and the strengthening ability of grain boundary, residual dislocation and precipitation was explored. The tensile results show that the pre-aging treatment can significantly improve the mechanical properties, increasing the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation by 22.9 %, 19.9 % and 10.9 %, respectively, compared with the alloy without intermediate treatment. Further studies present that the recrystallization annealed alloys are mainly composed of elongated recrystallized tissue and isometric crystals, and the strength enhancement is mainly attributed to precipitation strengthening. Solid solution treated alloys are composed entirely of fine equiaxed crystals with a higher density of residual dislocations, showing significant grain boundary strengthening and improving the plasticity. Pre-aging treatment obtains the benefits of solid solution treatment, while also forming a large number of GP zones and quasi-β'' phases, which impede the dislocation movement during cold rolling and then increase the effective nucleation sites of precipitation during T6 treatment. This promotes the generation of the strengthening β'' phase, and enhances the precipitation strengthening effect of the alloy from 165.7 MPa in solid solution treatment to 195.6 MPa in pre-aging treatment.

A novel conceptual design for self-healing of cracked cementitious composites incorporating two bacteria-based capsules

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is a low-density material prone to float during composite mixing and vibration. Inspired by this, a two-bacteria-capsule system was reported in this study to enhance the self-healing capacity of cracked mortar. Specifically, the BC-A capsule, containing aerobic bacteria, EPS, and superabsorbent polymer (SAP), and the BC-N capsule, containing anaerobic bacteria and SAP, are prepared through granulation using polyethylene glycol. Sulphoaluminate cement and epoxy resin are used to encapsulate the core materials. The BC-A capsules automatically float in the composite preparation process, while the BC-N capsules are distributed in the middle and bottom regions due to extrusion effect. Upon capsule rupture, the two types of bacteria are released in regions favorable for biomineralization, corresponding to the principle that oxygen concentration reduces along the crack depth. The self-healing behaviour was evaluated as well as the healing products were characterized. The results showed that the capsules cracked simultaneously with the composite and the coating effectively avoided premature release of the self-healing materials. Cementitious composites containing double capsules achieved 90 % closure of cracks with initial widths of 50–600 μm. The three-dimensional healing capacity was significantly enhanced, particularly in terms of impermeability and strength recovery ratio. The main healing products in the cracks were calcite and swollen SAP. The swollen SAP provided nucleation sites and enough water for biomineralization in the healing process.

Interfacial binding and heterogeneous nucleation mechanisms of HfC/HfO2 in HfO2/DZ125 composites: Insights from first-principles calculations and experiments

In this paper, the interfacial bonding strengths of the precipitated phase (carbides) and addition phase (HfO2) in the DZ125 nickel-based superalloy, as well as the nucleation potential of carbides with HfO2 as a heterogeneous substrate, were calculated by first-principles calculations. Results show that the mismatches of HfC(011)/HfO2(011) and HfC(111)/HfO2(011) satisfy the semi-coherent relationship.Adhesion work (Wad) and interfacial energy were computed for six interfacial structures with varying terminations and stacking sequences. Model 3 in HfC(111)/HfO2(011) exhibited the highest Wad (6.67 J/m2), with an interfacial spacing of 0.95 Å and interfacial energy ranging from −3.2–1.81 J/m2, indicating the strongest interfacial bonding strength. Electronic structure analysis confirmed that the strong bonding in Model 3 is due to the formation of a robust Hf-C covalent bond at the interface. Uniaxial tensile tests revealed that Model 3 has a broad strain range and high tensile strength, with the Hf-C bond maintaining its integrity without fracture. Model 3, the most stable structure, supports the adhesion and growth of HfC on HfO2. The experiment confirms that HfO2 can serve as a heterogeneous nucleation site for HfC and contribute to the refinement of HfC grains.

Implementing numerical algorithms to optimize the parameters in Kampmann–Wagner Numerical (KWN) precipitation models

The Kampmann–Wagner Numerical (KWN) model of precipitation is a powerful tool to simulate the precipitation of the second phase considering the nucleation, growth, and coarsening. Some quantities such as interfacial energy and nucleation site number density are required to accomplish the simulation. Practically, those quantities are hard to measure in the experiment directly, and the derivation of those quantities through modeling can also be costly. In this work, we hereby adopt the minimization algorithm implemented in the open-source Scipy Python package to derive that important information in terms of very limited experimental data. The convergence and robustness of different algorithms are discussed. Among those algorithms, the Nelder–Mead and Powell algorithms are successfully applied to optimize multiple parameters during KWN modeling. This work will shed light on the design of experiments/processes and facilitate integrated computational materials engineering (ICME).

Ultrafast growth of sulfurized 3D composite host for high−energy dendrite−free lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal anode of the highest theoretical specific capacity promises a high-energy-density of the built lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, the attainable high-energy throughout its calendar life necessitates a suppressed irreversible lithium consumption by realizing a uniform nucleation and a dense growth of lithium on current collector. Herein, an improved lithium reversibility is demonstrated on a lithiophilic 3D copper foil. 3D Cu of abundant gullies created by a microwave-induced oxidative etching enables an instantaneous conformal sulfurization of the substrate in 5 s without exfoliation. The sulfurized surface (Cu@Cu2S) of improved affinity towards lithium and the 3D pattern of densified nucleation sites jointly promote a uniform lithium deposition. The synergistically regulated lithium nucleation/growth behavior significantly improves the cycling stability (up to 580 cycles) of the high-loading (up to 3.4 mAh cm−2) full cells and pouch cells. In form of anode-free pouch cell, the substantial deceases in both the thickness and areal density of the processed Cu foil further increase the energy density of such prototype by 19.3 % in gravimetry and 6.7 % in volumetry, reaching 446 Wh kg−1 and 1224 Wh L−1, respectively. This work proposes a scalable, straightforward and efficient strategy to realize the high-energy while enduring LMBs.

A bimodal and heterogeneous laminate structure with alternately distributed copper-base and nickel-base alloys via multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) additive manufacturing

A micro-laminated bimodal heterostructure with alternately distributed copper-base and nickel-base alloys was additively manufactured via the multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) technique. The high melting point elements such as nickel act as the heterogeneous nucleation sites for the copper melt, promoting the generation of ultrafine grains and forming a multi-layered structure with alternating coarse and fine grains. The differentiated grain size, shape and orientation in the bimodal heterostructure lead to the diversity of deformation mechanisms in different localized areas, which helps to achieve the internal stress gradient distribution and plastic deformation harmonization, thereby overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off for the overall structure. This work provides a novel fabrication path and experimental basis for understanding bimetallic laminated heterostructures.

Orientation effects on shock-induced plastic deformation in FeNiCoCu high entropy alloy

FeNiCoCu high-entropy alloys (HEAs) demonstrate promising potential for widespread use in structural and functional applications. However, a thorough understanding of dynamic deformation processes in FeNiCoCu HEA is limited due to technological constraints in detecting real-time microstructural developments at the atomic level. This study examines the shock-induced plastic deformations in the equiatomic FeNiCoCu HEA, focusing on crystallographic orientation and particle velocity, using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We obtained the P−V/V0, P−T, P−Up, and Us−Up Hugoniot relations and evaluated their anisotropy. The shock velocity, stress, and shear stress exhibit orientation dependence due to the differences in the plastic deformation mechanism. For shock loading along [100] orientations, dislocation dominates at lower shock intensities. However, a phase transition from face-centered-cubic (FCC) to body-centered-cubic becomes the primary plastic deformation at high shock intensity. For shock loading along [112¯] and [111] orientations, the generation of disordered structures and dislocation activities is revealed to play an important role in the development of localized plastic deformation. Moreover, the competition of disordered and hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) atoms is observed. The transition from FCC to disordered atoms provides nucleation sites for dislocations, and the slip of dislocations around disordered atoms leads to the formation of HCP structures. These findings are very helpful for learning the dynamic deformation behavior of FeNCoCu HEA.