Nuclear Submarines Research Articles

Biden’s Administration Policies towards the Middle East: Initial Appraisal and Potential Prospect

In light of the challenges, difficulties, and risks facing the United States, and the inherited pitfalls at the local and global levels, this research aims to examine the credibility of Joe Biden’s foreign policy campaign promises towards the region after one- year in office. The aim is to analyze the U.S. behavior towards the Middle East based on Hans Morgenthau’s approach to the pursuance of the national interest at all cost. The hypothesis is that Biden’s Administration will follow a permanent interest approach towards the Middle East which has been constant over long periods of time. The U.S. policy towards the Arab world has remained remarkably consistent across administrations ever since the discovery of the region’s energy resources. This analysis suggests that the desire to shift U.S. foreign policy emphasis from the troubled Middle East to south Asia[i] is a persisting foreign policy objective under Biden. However, the new focus on Asia Pacific and de-prioritization of the Middle East in U.S. foreign policy does not negate the assumption that the region, due to its geopolitical importance, will continue to enjoy and attract significant U.S. attention. Joe Biden’s Administration has been pragmatic in its approach towards the region abandoning the “American values” of democratization and human rights in pursuance of national interest.[i] The U.S.- UK nuclear submarines deal with Australia is an example of Biden’s administration policy to contain the Chinese threat in South Asia. The announcement on September 24th of the Washington Declaration forming a quadrant military alliance consisting of the U.S., India, Japan and Australia to maintain peace and security in the Indian and Pacific oceans is another manifestation of the U.S. new policy to deter Chinese threat in the south Asia region.

AUKUS Cooperation in the Form of Australian Nuclear Submarine Technology for Stability in Indo Pacific Region

Australia’s future submarine operation missions are guided by the 2009 Australian White Paper with the specification being able to carry out covert patrols at very long distances with long operating times. Submarines that meet these specifications are nuclear-powered submarines, especially the Astute Class Nuclear Submarine with high technology. The submarine specifications are 97 m long and will displace 7,400 tons of seawater when stored. The submarine can fully circumnavigate the globe without ever surfacing and, armed with tomahawk cruise missiles, can target military facilities on land from thousands of miles away. This new payload will significantly increase the Australian navy’s conventional strike power. The Smart Submarine Astute can pinpoint accuracy to strike targets up to 1,200 km from the coast. According to the AUKUS Alliance (Australia-UK-US), nuclear submarines are an effort for world stabilization and security, especially in the Indo-Pacific Region. Considering the Natural, Energy and Food Wealth of the Indo-Pacific Region is the spearhead of the survival of the global community. The assembly of super-advanced nuclear submarines will not be ready until around 2040, so this cooperation will last quite a while.

Aukus: Treading Lightly within the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: An Examination of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the Context of Aukus and Nuclear-Powered Submarines

Aukus: Treading Lightly within the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: An Examination of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in the Context of Aukus and Nuclear-Powered Submarines

China’s Oceanic Aspirations: New Insights from the Experts

The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is rapidly building a blue-water force structure, but little is known about how the service intends to use these new platforms in operations outside of East Asia. This article answers key questions about the future trajectory of the PLAN by examining the service’s strategy of “Far Sea Protection.” It argues that Far Seas Protection is predicated on two desires: (1) to strengthen China’s ability to protect the homeland from attack from the sea and (2) to safeguard the country’s expanding overseas interests. Ultimately, the PLAN intends to do so through the conduct of “far seas mobile operations” with aircraft carrier strike groups, amphibious assault ships, and nuclear-powered submarines. If conflict occurs before these platforms are available to the fleet, the PLAN would conduct asymmetric warfare east of the first island chain, using an approach described as “far seas sabotage guerilla operations.”

Greening the Alliance: The Diplomacy of NATO's Science and Environmental Initiatives by Simone Turchetti

Reviewed by: Greening the Alliance: The Diplomacy of NATO's Science and Environmental Initiatives by Simone Turchetti Per Lundin (bio) Greening the Alliance: The Diplomacy of NATO's Science and Environmental Initiatives Simone Turchetti. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. 249. Simone Turchetti has carried out a fine study of NATO's science diplomacy and, later, environmental diplomacy. It covers the period from the organization's inception in 1949 up until the present. NATO's Science Committee, funded in 1958, and the individuals that shaped and populated it, the majority of them scientists, occupy center stage in Turchetti's narrative. Another NATO organization, the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS), whose establishment in 1969 manifested NATO's environmental turn, also has a key role. At first sight, it may seem surprising that a military alliance acted as a patron of science, let alone environmental research and management. But NATO was always more than a military alliance. It was also a political integration project. Tensions between member states were at times considerable. The agenda of the United States and the European member states often differed, not least when it came to conflicts like the Suez Crisis, the Algerian War of Independence, the Vietnam War, or the installment of nuclear missiles on European soil, particularly the medium-range ballistic missile Pershing in the 1980s. One observer has succinctly described the alliance as "a troubled partnership." It was in this context that science emerged as a diplomatic tool to lessen the often-strained political relations between member states. Because of science's universality, argues Turchetti, the new science diplomacy appeared more persuasive than the old traditional diplomacy. What kind of science did NATO's Science Committee fund? From the outset it focused on the physical environmental sciences. In the 1950s, the environment was an ambiguous term that could refer to a natural space as [End Page 276] well as a topographical one. Knowledge of the terrain has always been central to military affairs and consequently a key theme for military thinkers. Sun Tzu devoted considerable space to the subject in his classic The Art of War, for example. With the advent of aircraft, nuclear submarines, and satellites, the military terrain now included the skies, the deep seas, and even the upper atmosphere. Not surprisingly, meteorology, oceanography, and radio meteorology were singled out as key areas for NATO-funded scientists. The choices made were the outcome of negotiations, however. The negotiations, in turn, were shaped by NATO's particular structure as a multilateral defense organization. Admittedly, the United States had a leading role throughout the organization's history, but, as Turchetti shows, the European member states had considerable leverage. Thus, his detailed narrative of the negotiations suggests that the storyline of American hegemony that features prominently in the historiography, most notably in John Krige's writings, needs to be revised. In late 1960s, NATO began to take interest in the problem of environmental degradation. It established CCMS and launched an environmental program. Although the idealism behind NATO's environmental turn should not be dismissed entirely, the overarching motive was a combination of strategy and opportunism. Shortcomings in NATO's science diplomacy efforts led to a shift to environmental diplomacy. It certainly helped that the remote-sensing techniques NATO had elaborated for military purposes could also be used for environmental monitoring. What were the larger implications of NATO's patronage? Most obviously, they were political. NATO's sponsorship activities helped to hold the fragile alliance together by strengthening the bonds between the member states. But was the science diplomacy, as Turchetti claims, "absolutely decisive" for the alliance? Undoubtedly it was important, but the book does not substantiate such a strong claim. More interestingly perhaps, at least for historians of science and technology as well as environmental historians, are the sponsorship's repercussions on the environmental sciences. As Turchetti asks in the introductory chapter: "If it was the Cold War that originally shaped studies of the natural environment, then what does this mean for the current configuration of environmental studies and policies today? What have we inherited and what have we abandoned?" (p. 10). In answering these excellent questions, he points out that NATO...

Issue of Nuclear-Powered Submarine Visits to Japan: Advances in Nuclear Weapons Technology and Japan’s Dilemma of Alliance Management

Issue of Nuclear-Powered Submarine Visits to Japan: Advances in Nuclear Weapons Technology and Japan’s Dilemma of Alliance Management

Стратегическая стабильность и китайский гамбит

During the last three years, the prospects of engaging China in the process of nuclear disarmament has moved to the forefront of the arms control agenda. In 2019–2020, it was made the top issue by the Donald Trump’s administration when it withdrew from the Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty) and refused to prolong the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (the New START). As for Beijing, it flatly rejected US demands to join arms control and this position was endorsed by Moscow. Thanks to the Joseph Biden’s administration coming to power in January 2021, the New START was extended by five years in February of the same year. In June, the summit of the presidents of Russia and the United States was held in Geneva, and in July, the official dialogue on strategic stability was launched. However, during the same summer, an unexpected event happened. Independent U. S. experts published information from commercial satellites, which revealed an ongoing construction of three large military bases in central areas of China with hundreds of new silo launchers for intercontinental missiles. Afterwards, the Pentagon confirmed this information and predicted that Chinese missiles buildup may reach the level of about 1000 or more nuclear warheads by the year 2030. This news was neither confirmed nor denied by the official Beijing. However, together with continuing Chinese deployment of strategic ballistic missile nuclear submarines, forthcoming introduction of heavy bombers, expanding early warning satellites and tests of antisatellite systems – these developments imply the fundamental shift in the global and regional strategic balances with profound political consequences. American response to China’s strategic buildup and Russian reaction to the U.S. military innovations may entail a next massive cycle of arms race and would cause a new stagnation at the negotiations of the two nuclear superpowers – all highly detrimental to international security. Nonetheless, there is still a chance of reinvigorated diplomatic effort at the U.S. – Russian and U.S. – Chinese tracks, which might lay the foundation of the future multilateral framework of strategic stability.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ AUKUS ДЛЯ ЮЖНОЙ ЧАСТИ ТИХОГО ОКЕАНА: ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ДЛЯ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ АВСТРАЛИИ

The United States, the UK and Australia continue to enhance defence cooperation in the dual space of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These powers announced the establishing of a trilateral security pact AUKUS on September 15, 2021. The U.S. will transfer nuclear submarine technology to Australia but the nature of AUKUS implies a broader technological interaction between the parties. Despite the Anglosphere's attempts to indicate that their actions aren't directed against any power, all their actions reveal intensifying rivalry with the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article examines the nature of AUKUS and the reasons for its appearance. Special attention is paid to the influence of the alliance on the Fifth Continent's defense capabilities and its domestic policy dimension. At the same time, the author analyzes the impact of AUKUS on Australia's relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and Oceania.

Study on underwater vibro-acoustic characteristics of carbon/glass hybrid composite laminates

Abstract At present, in addition to the high-strength alloy steel still used in the main load-bearing structure of foreign nuclear submarines, many composite materials have been used for non-load-bearing components, and the common laminate is the main form of the composite plate and shell. The composite laminate with a carbon/glass hybrid material has excellent structural mechanical properties. The vibration and acoustic radiation theories of the composite laminate were analytically deduced, the effect of ply parameters in hybrid shell plates was analyzed, and the influence of the hybrid ratio on the stiffness of shell plate was also investigated. Furthermore, according to the theoretical description, the typical carbon/glass hybrid shell plate was designed and the experimental comparison on the vibro-acoustic properties with a steel plate was carried out. The results showed that the mass and stiffness of a 12 mm carbon/glass hybrid shell plate were only 30 and 70% compared with an 8 mm steel plate. The mass and stiffness of a 15 mm carbon/glass hybrid shell plate were about 40 and 160% of that of an 8 mm steel plate, and its vibration and noise reduction performance was far superior to the steel plate. Therefore, the composite shell plate can achieve excellent acoustic performance while meeting the structural-functional indicators.

AUKUS Pact in the Perspective of Security Dilemma

Indo-Pacific is one of strategic region with complex political interest because of huge area and many involved country including major countries such as China and United States. The increase of China’s power in the region caused security dilemma for other countries. United States is one of major power that feels threatened with the rise of China. United States have a lot of cooperation with other major countries and the newest one is trilateral cooperation with Australia and United Kingdom in AUKUS Pact. AUKUS Pact caused a different reaction from countries in Indo-Pacific region. In the perspective of security dilemma, AUKUS Pact is one of United States’s security dilemma because of the rise of China. The AUKUS Pact point is help Australia to have a nuclear submarines. AUKUS Pact is not an arms race but at some point AUKUS Pact can escalated arms race in Indo-Pacific region.

Formation and development of radiation pathology education of the department of military field therapy of Military medical academy named after S.M. Kirov

The first step in teaching the military radiology problems at the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov was its creation. The department of combat properties in 1953 discovered the destructive effects of atomic weapons and anti-nuclear protection. Since 1955, the clinical aspects of radiation injuries have been taught at the newly created Department of Military Field Therapy. The absence of specialized patients determined the clinical and experimental orientation of teaching. In June 1961, sailors who are injured from a nuclear submarine accident of the Northern Fleet K-19 were treated at the military field therapy clinic. The experience gained in the process of their examination and treatment was introduced into the educational process. The department created an archive of patient histories and accumulated a large number of blood and bone marrow preparations of patients with varying degrees of radiation sickness severity at different periods of its course and time after treatment completion. Since 1972, the Department of Military Field Therapy has been teaching the clinical aspects of radiation pathology and the organizational issues of providing therapeutic assistance with it in wartime, starting with the stage of first medical aid, as well as issues related to the nature of radiation injuries in peacetime and the organization of therapeutic assistance for victims of radiation accidents and disasters. The first years of this century were marked by the introduction of a competency-based approach to a higher specialized educational process improvement. The department prepared educational materials intended for cadets of the faculties of training doctors, residents, and students of the faculty of postgraduate and additional education to ensure its implementation in the educational process. An additional professional advanced training program, Diagnostics and treatment of radiation injuries, for 72 hours has been developed, providing the possibility of training specialists in an electronic educational environment. The transfer of educational and methodological materials to electronic media is conducted.

Опыт переработки ЖРО АО «ЦС «Звездочка»

The article is about 20 years of experience in solving the problem of safe treatment of LRW generated during repair and dismantlement of nuclear submarines, a key feature of which is the near-complete extraction of the most radiation hazardous radionuclides Cs-137, Со-60, Sr-90 at the first stages of the process using selective sorption while the bulk of the ballast salts contained in the LRW is not involved.

United Kingdom Submarine Nuclear Propulsion

June 2019 saw the fiftieth anniversary of the first Royal Navy ‘Continuous at sea Deterrent’ patrol which was carried out by a nuclear-powered submarine equipped with the Polaris missile. This article looks at how the UK undertook the development and deployment of the nuclear propulsion plant for such submarines.

Краткий анализ создания атомных подводных лодок и отраслевых стандартов проектирования систем энергетических установок

Object and purpose of research. A wide application of nuclear technologies and new types of weapons, electronic sensors, automation systems and tools have increased combat capabilities of the Navy and its major component represented by submarine forces. Materials and methods. Nuclear submarines are core weapons of the Naval Forces, which can efficiently perform strategic and tactical roles, including multiple tasks. Main results. This paper briefly analyzes the steam-generation and steam-turbine plants development of submarines and elaboration of industry standards used for design of the systems supporting of nuclear submarines. Conclusions. This paper assesses the relevancy of standards used in development of steam-generation and steam-turbine plants for advanced nuclear submarines and identifies the scope for their further improvement to take into account modern nuclear submarine requirements in the design.

Exploring a model nuclear planning and response program: Evaluating public awareness of written risk and emergency.

High-reliability organizations (HROs) including commercial airlines, the NASA Space Shuttle engineering team, US Naval aircraft carrier and nuclear submarine crews, and US nuclear power plants are relatively safe. However, these organizations experience system breakdowns often with catastrophic outcomes. This study focuses on risk information management strategies employed by a nuclear energy power plant located within 10 miles of a population center. The evacuation planning zone (EPZ) includes a hospital, several schools, and a public university. The nuclear plant provides written preparedness and evacuation information for all residents within the EPZ in the event of a radiological emergency. Focusing on the campus community within the EPZ, this study investigates individual awareness regarding the potential of a radiological event, the emergency information booklet, and the information provided within the booklet. We use descriptive statistics, frequency distribution, and cross tabulations (contingency tables) to establish awareness levels. Our study determines those participants who read the emergency instructions booklet are prepared to make an informed decision in the event of a radiological incident. We find college affiliation, educational level, university role, and age significantly related to emergency instruction booklet utilization. We also find gender is significantly linked to overall risk perception regarding a radiological event. Findings support previous research regarding women's higher levels of risk aversion and pessimism involving dangerous new risky technologies and activities like nuclear energy plants. These findings support modifying policy to ensure nuclear facilities assess the efficacy of their warning systems in alerting the public. Furthermore, our findings provide guidance regarding the evaluation of the effectiveness of emergency instruction booklet distribution.

Watching Me, Watching You: Reflections Upon Surveillance, Gare Loch Duality and the #UndesiredLine

From my local observations, the everyday military surveillance, an ever-present panopticon, perpetuates both conscious and unconscious stress in the lives of those who endure it. In this paper I will reflect upon my experiences of a 224 mile pilgrimage that I undertook in 2018, over a period of 50 days. It was a daily walk from the front door of my house to the front door of the Faslane Nuclear Submarine Base, on the Gare Loch in Scotland. A walking performance, through which I drew an Undesired Line on the grass verge in parallel to an existing "undesired line" - the perimeter fence of the Base. Throughout the time the performance was in progress, I made an online text artwork using the Twitter hashtag #UndesiredLine. One year later, I reactivated the #UndesiredLine text-work in order to analyse subsequent observations and to establish a platform (and outlet) to examine the complex reality of Gare Loch ‘duality’. I will look at the potential legacy for The Undesired Line, and how I can use the documentation: video, photos, daily journal writings, field recordings, tweets and maps. In addition to appraising my own work, I will discuss surveillance focused artworks by David Rokeby, Janet Cardiff and The Surveillance Camera Players. I will also consider some of the ethical challenges of interactive art, as well as the implications and limitations of "piggy-backing" an online artwork onto existing online platforms such as Twitter and Google Maps.

Estimation of the efficiency of measures of correction of the functional state of the cardiovascular system of operators of deep water technical means during the course of the voyage

During the course of the voyage, divers experience the effect of the wide range of adverse factors of operator labor and ship's habitability.The objective of the study is to estimate the state of cardiovascular system of operators of deep water technical means after using the complex of measures aimed at correction of function al state of operators during the course of the voyage.Materials and methods. The study was conducted with the participation of 38 operators of deep water technical means from among the crew of nuclear submarine engaged in operator labor activity. The study was performed twice: before the voyage and after return to base and included: cardiorhythmogram and psychophysiological study methodologies of functional state. Patients were divided into two groups: main (n = 13) and control (n = 25).Results and discussion. The control group shows sympathicotonia (reducing heart rate variability, intensity of respiratory arrhythmia). The main group, on the contrary, shows relative balance of regulatory systems. Thus, the conducted assessment of the state of cardiovascular system showed positive effects of using the complex of measures aimed at correction of functional state of operators during the course of the voyage.

Megalodon

Megalodon

October 1960: Hunter Killer

In October 1960 The Engineer reported on the introduction of the Royal Navy’s first nuclear submarine - HMS Dreadnought

Steven Berkoff Tiyatrosu ve Sink the Belgrano!

Abstract: Steven Berkoff is one of the living legends of British theatre. He has spent most of his adult life on stage. He has written, directed and acted in numerous plays. He has also appeared in many well-known movies, such as A Clockwork Orange (1971), Rambo (1985) and Underworld (1985). In spite of his multifaceted international career, little scholarly research has been conducted on Steven Berkoff’s art. The aim of this paper is to outline the key characteristics of Berkoff’s conception of theatre, usually referred to as Berkovian aesthetic, and present a political reading of his celebrated play, Sink the Belgrano! (1986). The play deals with The Falklands War between England and Argentina, particularly focusing on the events that led to the sinking of the Argentinian Navy light cruiser The General Belgrano by the British nuclear submarine HMS Conqueror. The play also reflects Berkoff’s tendency to bring together various experimental dramatic techniques. The present paper firstly highlights the key characteristics of Bekovian aesthetic and then presents a comprehensive analysis of Sink the Belgrano! as one of Berkoff’s quintessential plays.