Nozzle Opening Pressure Research Articles

Effects of Pre-Injection and Antioxidants in a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Diesel engines are significant contributors to air pollution, particularly through emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, and carbon monoxide (CO). Finding sustainable fuel alternatives and additives to reduce emissions without compromising engine performance is imperative for environmental and public health concerns. This study investigates the impact of adding tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants to blends containing 20% Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil (20MEOWCO) and 80% diesel fuel in Modified Common Rail Diesel (MCRD) engines. The experiment involves adjusting the pilot fuel injection timing to 36°CA bTDC (before Top Dead Centre) and the main injection timing to 15°CA bTDC, with a Nozzle Opening Pressure (NOP) of 500 bar. Biodiesel is produced from used cooking oil using standard procedures and then mixed with diesel fuel. Various concentrations of TBHQ are added to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend for the experiment. The findings indicate that introducing TBHQ in concentrations of 250 ppm and 500 ppm to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend results in a notable reduction of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission by 13% in MCRD engines. However, this reduction in emissions comes at the expense of increased specific fuel consumption, which is observed to rise by 2.1%. Furthermore, the study highlights a rise in smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by approximately 7–10% and 5-8%, respectively, under the experimental conditions. The results of this study suggest that the addition of TBHQ to 20MEOWCO blends holds promise for mitigating NOx emissions in MCRD engines.

Multipurpose optimization of fuel injection parameters for diesel engine using response surface methodology

The hike in fuel prices and rapid depletion of fuel reserves have compelled scientists to focus on energy conservation, environmental protection, engine performance improvement, and cost saving. The prime objective of the study is to compare the empirical results with response surface methodology (RSM) optimized results in order to check the accuracy of model designed by RSM. Therefore, the current study examines the effect of fuel injection parameters (nozzle opening pressure and protrusion) on diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions. RSM technique was applied to predict engine performance and exhaust emission parameters along with their optimization. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was incremented by 1.23 % for protrusion from 1.5 to 2.5 mm under 240 bar nozzle opening pressure (NOP). BTE was increased by 0.94 and 4.51 % for 1.5 and 2.5 mm protrusion respectively. CO emission was decremented by 4.47 and 11.31 % for 1.5 and 2.5 mm protrusion respectively when the NOP changed from 230 to 240 bar. RSM model optimized input conditions 240 bar pressure, 2.5 mm protrusion, and 1935.67 engine rpm. The engine was again tested on RSM-optimized conditions and the highest absolute percentage error (APE) of 4.42 % was obtained for NOx emission, while the lowest APE of 2.89 % was obtained for BSFC.

Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Dimethyl Ether in a Constant Volume Spray Chamber Using a Mechanical Fuel Injection System for Automotive Applications

Abstract Spray investigations are critical for understanding internal combustion engine combustion. Optimised spray atomisation helps improve engine output/performance and reduce tailpipe emissions. The spray from the injector nozzle depends on nozzle hole diameter, fuel injection pressure, ambient density, pressure and temperature in the spray chamber, and test fuel properties. This study evaluated macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics of dimethyl ether (DME) and baseline diesel under atmospheric conditions (1.013 bar pressure at 298 K temperature). It correlated the spray parameters with distinctive physicochemical properties of diesel and DME using dimensionless numbers, namely Reynolds number, Weber number, and Ohnesorge number. The fuel injection system consisted of a high-pressure mechanical injection pump and mechanical fuel injectors having an original equipment manufacturer fixed nozzle opening pressure in the constant volume spray chamber. The microscopic spray investigations were performed using a phase Doppler interferometer along the spray direction at three axial distances (50, 70, and 90 mm) from the nozzle. The three orthogonal spray droplet velocities of diesel and DME were compared. The droplet number-size distributions for baseline diesel and DME were compared. Macroscopic spray characteristics were evaluated using high-speed imaging. Reynolds number was higher for DME, leading to more turbulence in the spray and accelerating the spray breakup phenomenon. Weber number of DME was also much higher than baseline diesel due to its lower surface tension. The higher Weber and lower Ohnesorge numbers justified the finer droplets of DME sprays. DME showed superior spray atomization characteristics than baseline diesel, leading to superior fuel–air mixing and efficient and sootless combustion.

Experimental and feasibility study on nano blended waste plastic oil based diesel engine at various injection pressure: A value addition for disposed plastic food containers

Fuel obtained from waste plastic has been used in this study due to the lavish consumption, and non-stop price hiking made the researchers focus on finding a suitable substitute for conventional fuel. The plastics were non-biodegradable, and also its continuous usage in our daily life together created awareness about waste plastic management among us. With this, plastic oil could be a promising alternative fuel and also solves the issue of seating waste plastics in landfills. Even though plastic oil has a closer calorific value and viscosity to diesel, its volatility is less than diesel. In order to improve its volatility, a titanium dioxide oxide nanoparticle of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm was doped. A single-cylinder diesel engine's performance, emission, and combustion phenomena were tested with nano blended waste plastic oil at three different fuel injection pressure of 210, 230 and 250 bar, respectively and the results were analyzed. An improvement in engine characteristics was recorded for nanoparticle blended fuels. High nozzle opening pressure improves the spray penetration inside the engine cylinder, promoting the combustion quality. The study concluded that blending 150 ppm Titanium-dioxide with waste plastic oil would be a suitable alternative for diesel engines operating at 230 bar of injection pressure.

Experimental and empirical analysis of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with pyrolysis waste engine oil under single and split injection strategy

The present investigation studies the effects of single and split injection strategies on a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and microwave pyrolysis oil (MPO). MPO was extracted from waste engine oil (WEO) at 350–380 °C and utilized in a diesel engine after purification. The engine study was conducted using different nozzle opening pressures (NOP: 200 to 500 bar) and fuel injection timings (FIT: 17 to 27 oCA bTDC). Further, this work was extended to investigate the effect of a split injection strategy for MPO at 400 bar NOP under full load. In split injection, different split ratios, start of main injection time, and the start of post-injection time were studied. MPO's brake-specific energy consumption decreased by 7% at 400 bar NOP. NO and soot were 10% and 27% lower than diesel emissions at 400 bar NOP and bTDC 21 oCA FIT, respectively. Split injection strategy improved BTE by 1.4% and reduced NO and soot by 21% and 58% compared to the single injection strategy. The ANN model predicted the experimental results with a higher correlation coefficient (R) in the range of 0.98–0.99. Overall, the study inferred that the split injection strategy reduces exhaust emissions of MPO without affecting engine performance.

Influence of Pilot-Fueling and Nozzle-Opening Pressure on Performance and Tailpipe Emissions of WCO Biodiesel in a CRDi Engine

Pilot-fueling and nozzle-injection pressure are significant injection parameters, and they have significant impacts on modern vehicles for enhancing the engine output, in addition to meeting rigorous tailpipe-exhaust emission standards. In this current work, the influence of the pilot-fueling pressure and nozzle-opening pressure (NOP) on the engine performance and tailpipe outcomes from a compression-ignition (CI) engine at a higher injection pressure and varying load conditions was investigated using a waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (B20). The experiments were executed in a high-pressure CRDi-fitted diesel engine at the start of pilot fueling (SOPF) (timing: 23° bTDC), and at the start of the main fueling (SOMF) (timing: 33° bTDC). The results showed that the combined influence of the pilot-fueling and nozzle-opening pressure induced a remarkable enhancement in the BTE, by 25.13%, and the BSFC decreased by 13.88%, compared with diesel at 10% pilot fueling. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke emissions were drastically reduced for the higher pilot-fueling quantity by 21.05%, 16.66%, and 33.10%, respectively, compared with the diesel at 10% pilot fueling. With the implementation of the pilot-fueling strategy, there is no effect on the NOx reduction.

Effect of Injection Parameters on the Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Powered with Jamun Seed and Cashew Nutshell B20 Biodiesel Blends

Renewable fuels are alternative resources that find use in the power generation, agricultural, and transportation sectors. The sustainable utility of these renewable fuels mostly addresses the socio-economic issues of a country and reduces its dependency on fossil fuels. In addition, being environmentally friendly allows them to handle global warming more effectively. Two B20 fuel blends were produced using methyl esters of cashew nutshell and jamun seed oils to test the performance of the common rail direct injection engine. To improve the engine performance, injection parameters such as nozzle geometry, injection time, and injector opening pressure are used. Improved brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were achieved with the help of advancing the injection timing, raising the injector opening pressure, and increasing the number of injector nozzle holes. In addition to reducing the ignition delay, extending the combustion duration, and increasing the peak pressure, the revised injection settings also boosted the heat release rates. At the maximum load, compared to CHNOB B20, JAMNSOB B20 showed a significant rise in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.94% and a considerable decrease in smoke emissions (0.8%) with an increase in NOx (1.45%), by varying the injection timing, injection pressure, and nozzle geometry of the common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine.

Impact of exhaust gas recirculation and split injection strategy combustion behavior on premixed charge compression ignition engine fuelled with moringa oleifera methyl ester

Influence of split injection strategy of moringa oleifera methyl ester and its blends with exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics using common rail direct injection (CRDI) system were investigated in this work. In split injection strategy, the pilot (PIT) and main injection timings (MIT) were fixed between 35 °CA – 40 °CA bTDC and 15 °CA –25 °CA bTDC, respectively. The minimum and maximum nozzle opening pressure were fixed as 300 and 600 bar with an interval of 100 bar. In addition, 10% to 30% of EGR flow rate was introduced with an interval of 5%. Experimental results reveal that B100-10%-90% has achieved maximum brake thermal efficiency of 35% at PIT of 35 °CA bTDC, MIT of 25 °CA and NOP of 300 bar. Usage of pure moringa oleifera biodiesel in diesel engine under split injection strategy results in better combustion characteristics due to premixed and diffused heat release rate phasing with lower peak cylinder pressure. In addition, B100-10%-90% emits maximum nitric oxide emission of 1520 ppm, and least unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission of 4 ppm and 0.01% vol respectively at 600 bar NOP with PIT of 35 °CA and MIT of 25 °CA. Moreover, Nitric oxide emission is reduced as the EGR rate gradually increases from 10% to 30%; on the other side, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are marginally increased. This research depicts that split injection strategy and EGR technique have simultaneously lowered the nitric oxide and smoke emissions while improving engine performance.

Optimization of hydrogen‐enriched diesel/n‐Amyl alcohol‐fueled engine to meet emission standards through varying nozzle opening pressure and static injection timing

AbstractImportant injection parameters such as fuel injection timing (FIT) and fuel injection pressure (FIP) on different piston bowl geometries substantially impact the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics of a common rail direct injection engine. The aim of this study deals with the effects of piston bowl geometry (hemispherical bowl [HSB], troded bowl [TRB], and re‐entrant bowl [REB]), FIP (200, 220, and 240 bar), and variable FIT (20, 24, and 28°bTDC) with hydrogen‐diesel/1‐pentanol (B20) (80% diesel and 20% pentanol) with a constant flow rate of hydrogen at 12 Lpm. Furthermore, to decrease emission standards and energy consumption, biodiesel and hydrogen are the ideal substitutes for conventional fuels. REB outperforms HSB and TRB in terms of brake thermal efficiency (5.67%) and hydrocarbon (8% reduction), increasing the FIP at full load (240 bar). However, with the increase in the FIP in the REB, a slight reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions (2%) is observed. With an increase in FIP in the case of REB, net heat release rate, peak pressure (in‐cylinder), and rate of pressure rise all rise significantly by 3.4%, 4.2%, and 2.3%. NOx emissions are marginally enhanced with higher FIP and advanced FIT. It is found that changing the piston shape and FIP simultaneously is a potential alternative for improving engine performance and lowering emissions.

Experimental investigation of compression ignition engine fueled with Biobutanol and upgraded waste engine oil for performance

Upgraded waste engine oil can be utilized as compression ignition fuel. This experimental study is to overcome the limitations in fueling upgraded waste engine oil into diesel engine as fuel, by the addition of butanol, modification of nozzle opening pressure, fuel injection timing and intake air temperature. Butanol (0–50% by volume) was blended with upgraded waste engine oil and tested for properties. Butanol used was produced from vegetable waste by recycling. The optimal blend of butanol and upgraded waste engine oil was obtained by comparing the properties with diesel. This blend was tested in a direct injection compression ignition engine for various load conditions by modifying the engine operating parameters such as nozzle opening pressure, fuel injection timing and intake air temperature for performance. The optimal level of these parameters (210 bar of nozzle opening pressure, 29ᵒ before top dead centre of fuel injection timing and 100ᵒ C of intake air temperature) to fuel 50% upgraded waste engine oil and 50% butanol. The optimal levels of these parameters were obtained by using orthogonal array and Taghuchi method. The brake thermal efficiency, peak in-cylinder pressure, peak heat release rate, ignition delay, emissions of smoke, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter produced by this blend was found to be closer to that of diesel at rated power condition. However, the emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon produced by fueling this blend were found slightly higher compared to diesel. Also, at low load conditions (less than 25% of rated power) the performance of the engine fueled with this blend was found to be marginally low compared to diesel. • 100% diesel fuel has been replaced by utilizing recycled waste engine oil. • To enhance waste reduction Biobutanol from waste vegetables and fruits are utilized. • Existing CI engine has been used without compromising the performance.

Influence of butanol addition on the CI engine performance fuelled with treated waste engine oil

ABSTRACT Treated waste engine oil can be utilized as compression ignition fuel. An experimental study has been performed to overcome the limitations in fueling treated waste engine oil into diesel engine as fuel, by the addition of butanol, modification of nozzle opening pressure, fuel injection timing, and intake air temperature. Butanol (0-50% by volume) was blended with treated waste engine oil and tested for properties and the found properties were compared to diesel. Butanol used was produced from vegetable waste by recycling. This blend was tested in a direct injection compression ignition engine for various load conditions by modifying the engine operating parameters such as nozzle opening pressure, fuel injection timing, and intake air temperature for performance. The optimal level of these parameters (210 bar of nozzle opening pressure, 29ᵒ before the top dead center of fuel injection timing, and 100ᵒ C of intake air temperature) to fuel 50% treated waste engine oil and 50% butanol and were obtained by using the L9 orthogonal array and the Taguchi method. The brake thermal efficiency, ignition delay, emissions of smoke, and oxides of nitrogen produced by this blend was found to be closer to that of diesel at rated power condition.

Numerical analysis of performance and emission behavior of CI engine fueled with microalgae biodiesel blend

The objective of current numerical analysis is to assess the compression ignition engine performance and emission indices using diesel (B0), spirulina microalgae biodiesel (SMB) blends (SMB20, SMB40, and SMB60) as fuel. The engine chosen for the experimental evaluation and tool validation is 4-stroke solo cylinder of direct injection type diesel engine cooled with water. The numerical assessment is conducted with advanced timing (23.5˚b TDC) of injection and nozzle opening pressure (NOP) 220 bar with half and 100% load condition. The results obtained have shown that SMB20 (20% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel and 80% base fuel) similar results to base fuel (diesel fuel). All spirulina microalgae biodiesel blends reduce brake torque (BT) by 5.7%, indicated efficiency by 0.52% and mechanical efficiency 5.5% at load full condition. Engine exhaust emission results showed that mixed fuel diminishes the oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emission by 4.96% and smoke emission by 11.0% and enhance specific carbon dioxide (CO2) by 3.4% for SMB20 blend at full load condition. The rate of formation of soot (1/deg.) was obtained to be 1.46 for DF, SMB20 by 1.23 and SMB100 by 0.92.

DENİZ YAKITLARI KULLANILAN BİR DİZEL MOTORDA ENJEKTÖR AÇILMA BASINCI VE YAKIT PÜSKÜRTME ZAMANLAMASININ MOTOR PERFORMANSI VE EGZOZ SALIMLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

The study aims to investigate the effects of operational parameters such as nozzle opening pressure and fuel injection timing on exhaust emissions of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled with distilled marine fuels. Tests were performed on a single cylinder, 13 kW, natural aspirated, direct injection and air cooled diesel engine at 1600 RPM constant engine speed. The tests were conducted for three different nozzle opening pressures (20, 22 and 24 MPa) and 3 different nozzle opening pressures (25° bTDC, 20° bTDC and 15° bTDC). The experiments were repeated at least three times to increase the reliability of the results. The results of the study show that increasing nozzle opening pressure increases the BTE and NOx emissions whereas decreases CO emissions, specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature. Advancing fuel injection timing reduces the CO emissions but increases NOx emissions. The paper provides detailed test results, explanations and discussion.

Effect of nozzle opening pressure on combustion, performance, and emission analyses of a dual fuel diesel engine

ABSTRACT In this study, a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing a power of 4.4 kW at a constant speed of 1500rpm was modified to operate on a dual fuel mode running on raw biogas–Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME); where, WCOME was used as a pilot fuel to initiate combustion, while biogas was used as a primary fuel which proceeded throughout the engine operation. For the dual fuel operation, the effect of nozzle opening pressure of the fuel injector was varied from the original nozzle opening pressure of 200 bar to 280 bar at a regular interval of 20 intervals. Also, the engine load in terms of power output was varied from 0 to 4 kW in steps of 1 kW. The combustion, performance, and emission analyses of the engine run on the dual fuel operation at different nozzle opening pressure were compared with those of the normal diesel operation at different loads. The test results indicated that, thermal efficiency increased by about 4.6% for 240 bar at full load. In the dual fuel operation, NO emission increased with the increase in the nozzle opening pressure, however, NO emission was still lesser than that of the diesel operation. From the obtained results, it is suggested that, a nozzle opening pressure of 240 bar can be considered as an optimum condition for the tested engine which was run biogas-WCOME on a dual fuel mode.

Artificial neural network approach on forecasting diesel engine characteristics fuelled with waste frying oil biodiesel

The present work investigates the influence of advanced injection strategy on a common rail direct injection assisted diesel engine characteristics fuelled with biodiesel and conventional diesel. Also, an artificial neural network is employed to forecast engine characteristics. Engine test is conducted under 100% load condition through an optimized nozzle opening pressure of 500 bar. Pre-injection timing is fixed permanently at 30 °CA bTDC, main injection timing varied from 15 °CA to 21 °CA bTDC and post-injection varied from 6 °CA bTDC to 6 °CA aTDC sequentially. However, the pre, main and post-injection quantities are changed respectively from 5% to 15%, 70% to 90%, and 5% to 15%. Minimum carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emission of 0.01% vol., 8 ppm and 1.59 FSN are achieved with pre-injection timing of 30 °CA, main injection timing of 21 °CA bTDC, and post injection timing of 6 °CA bTDC for B100-15%-70%-15%. Maximum brake thermal efficiency and nitric oxide emission of 34.3% and 1114 ppm are achieved in B100-5%-90%-5% at advanced injection timing and higher nozzle opening pressure. Artificial neural network models conform to experimental results having a lower root mean square error and correlation coefficient values in a range of 0.01 to 0.02 and 0.980 to 0.998 respectively. An artificial neural network is mostly preferred over other theoretical and empirical models to higher accuracy in predicting the output. Hence, multiple injection strategy fuelled biodiesel significantly decreased the emission and improved the performance compared to mechanical, single and split injection strategy.

Experimental study on diesel engine working characteristics using yellow oleander biodiesel with the effect of different injection timings

ABSTRACT This research work investigates the influence of different injection timing (IT) on working characteristics of an engine with 20% Yellow Oleander biodiesel (YOBD20) blend. Experimental tests have been conducted with a YOBD20 blend at different ITs such as 23°BTDC, 25°BTDC, and 21°BTDC were original, advanced, and retarded ITs. From the experimental results, BTE of YOBD20 with advanced IT of 25°bTDC increased by about1.24% higher than YOBD20 at original IT, while the BSFC was diminished by 9% and the NOx emission were increased by 14.2%, while CO, HC, and smoke emissions were decreased by 26.2%, 22%, and 28%, respectively, when contrast with diesel at original IT of 23°BTDC. Further, the NOx emission was diminished by 32% for YOBD20 with retarded IT of 21°BTDC with the penalty of BTE by 0.896% and the other emissions were increased as compared to diesel at original IT. The cylinder pressure, heat release rate (HRR) and rate of pressure rise (ROPR) were increased at advanced IT and for the retarded IT, the performance was slightly inferior due to slow combustion. Further, the NO emission would be reduced with the help of adopting with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) along with retarding the injection timing. Abbreviation: YOBD: Yellow Oleander Biodiesel; YOBD20: 20% Yellow Oleander Biodiesel +80% Diesel; ppm: Parts per million; CO2: Carbon dioxide; BTDC: Before Top Dead Center; MROPR: Maximum rate of pressure rise; EGT: Exhaust gas temperature; NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen; UBHC: Unburned Hydrocarbon; HRR: Heat release rate; IP: Injection pressure; NOP: Nozzle opening pressure; kWh-kilo Watt hour; EGR: Exhaust gas recirculation; CA: Crank angle

Combined effect of fuel injecting timing and nozzle opening pressure of a biogas-biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

Currently reduce, reuse and recycle are the three attractive options for minimizing the disposal of solid waste generated in the world; and reducing the environmental pollution. Spent tea waste (STW) and waste cooking oil (WCO) are the two different organic wastes which are disposed into open land after their usage. A continuous accumulation of these wastes may increase anthropogenic activity and result in an increase in methane concentration into the atmosphere. Previous research works report that, biogas can be obtained from STW by anaerobic digestion and biodiesel can be produced from WCO by the transesterification processes. In this research work, an attempt was made to explore the possibility of using biodiesel from WCO and biogas obtained from STW as fuels to operate a compression ignition (CI) engine on a dual fuel mode (DFM). The feed stocks WCO and STW were collected from restaurants, and hostels situated in an educational institute. For experimentation, a 4.4 kW, single cylinder, naturally aspirated, DI diesel engine run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm was converted into a DFM to operate on biodiesel-biogas. Experiments were conducted in the DFM test engine to assess the performance, emission and combustion parameters when the dual fuel engine was operated to run on three different mass flow rates of biogas, three different injection timings, and three different nozzle opening pressures. The results obtained from the experimentation were analysed, compared with the diesel operation and presented in this paper.

The Effect of Nozzle-Opening Pressure on the Performance and Emission Parameters of a Diesel Engine Operated on Aphanizomenonflos Biodiesel-Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) Nanofluid-Diesel Blend

In the present investigation, titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nano-fluid (5%, 10%, and 15%) was blended with AphanizomenonFlos (AF) biodiesel (20%)-diesel (80%) blend. Among all blends, AFD-10TiO2 blend was optimum, as per the authors earlier investigation. Hence, to find the optimum operating parameter of AFD-10TiO2 , the nozzle opening pressure of the existing diesel engine was varied in the range of 160 bar to 220 bar in steps of 20 bar. AFD-10TiO2 /200 gave optimized results compared to other test fuels. BSFC forAFD-10TiO2 /200 decreased with an increase in injection pressure of AFD-10TiO2 .The BTE of the engine increased about 1.5% to 5.5% more than in the case of diesel, and AF-D blend respectively. The tailpipe emissions for AFD-10TiO2 /200such as CO, HC, smoke reduced by about 16%, 12%, and 18% respectively. The NOx emission forAFD-10TiO2 /200increased by about 14% more than that for diesel.

An assessment of diesel ethanol blend fueled diesel engine characteristics using butanol as cosolvent for optimum operating parameters

ABSTRACT Researchers found Diesel ethanol blends as one of the potential alternatives to fuel diesel engine and indicated that 45% ethanol can be utilized along with diesel using 10% butanol as co-solvent. However, the performance of this blend was found inferior compared to that of diesel. Hence, it is necessary to identify the engine operating parameters at which this blend performs better. The present study aims to utilize 45% ethanol by volume into diesel using 10% butanol as co-solvent in diesel engine and to identify the optimal engine operating parameters. The experimental study investigates the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the Diesel Ethanol blend by varying the engine operating parameters, namely, Injection Timing, Nozzle Opening Pressure and Compression Ratio for various load conditions in a CI engine. The experiments to be conducted for determining optimal level of the three engine operating parameters were designed by Taguchi method using L9 orthogonal array. Then, the blend was tested as per the design of experiments for various engine operating parameters as fuel in a diesel engine under various load conditions. The results were compared to that of diesel as a base fuel. The test results showed that fuel blend produced 40.5% higher brake thermal efficiency and 33.5% increase in oxides of emissions when operated under Injection Pressure −190 bar, Injection Timing −29⁰ before top dead center (BTDC) and Compression Ratio – 19:1 compared to those operated under standard parameters. However, the emissions of CO & HC are found slightly higher compared to that of diesel.

Reduction of smoke and NOx from the combined effect of thermal barrier coatings and Raphanus sativus biodiesel in a diesel engine for transport sectors

ABSTRACTThe present research work is to analyze the effect of the ceramic coating materials like Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ), Titanium di-oxide (TiO2), and Radish biodiesel on its performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of single cylinder 4-s, DI diesel engine fueled with diesel and Radish biodiesel blends. In the first phase, Radish seed oil is converted into biodiesel by transesterification process. The properties of biodiesel blends (B0, B25, B50, B75, and B100) are evaluated and presented; tests were conducted at 1500 rpm constant speed with 220 bar of nozzle opening pressure and 23°bTDC of static injection timing as engine setup under steady state condition. The cylinder head, valves, and piston crown of the engine components were coated with 450 µm of PSZ and TiO2 by atmospheric plasma spray coating techniques (APS) for test purpose. From the test results, it could be observed that PSZ-coated mode of operation gives better specific fuel consumption (SFC) than the conventional diesel engine, slight hike in brake thermal efficiency, reduction in hydrocarbon by 16–30% and low level of CO in emissions were observed. However, the NOx increases by 17–23% when compared to conventional engine operation. In case of TiO2-coated mode of operation, slight increase in the SFC is recorded, whereas, Oxides of Nitrogen, Smoke, Hydro Carbon, and Carbon monoxide emissions are decreased for all test fuels (B0, B25, B50, B75, and B100) when compared with that of the conventional engine.