Novel Method For Extraction Research Articles

Evidence of small microplastics (

Microplastics (MPs) are present in fresh, brackish, or marine waters. Micro- and macroinvertebrates can mistake MPs or small microplastics (SMPs, <100 μm) to be food particles and easily ingest them according to the size of their mouthparts. SMPs may then block the passage of food through the intestinal tract (i.e. hepatopancreas), accumulate within the organism, and enter the food web. Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) are allochthonous filter-feeding bivalve mollusks, which have been introduced in coastal seas around the world in both natural banks and farms. Considering their economic and ecological value, these bivalves have been chosen as a model to study the ingestion of SMPs. A novel method for the extraction and purification of SMPs in bivalves was developed. Quantification and simultaneous polymer identification of SMPs using Micro-FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) were performed, with a limit of detection for the particle size of 5 μm.

Comprehensive Literature Review on Valuable Compounds and Extraction Technologies: The Eastern Baltic Sea Seaweeds

Abstract Seaweed valuables have been researched a lot in the last decades but there is a lack of information on brackish seaweed at the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. Previous research shows that Baltic seaweed can be used as a source for phycocolloids as well as for bioenergy. The amount of available usable biomass is not clear, also seaweed in brackish seawater does not reach the dimensions such as the same species in Western parts of the Baltic Sea where the salinity is higher. Therefore, the use of this biomass must be smart to create economic benefit. Three abundant Baltic brackish seaweed species were chosen, to represent green, brown and red seaweed groups and an in-depth information analysis was made to clarify possible focus substances that could be extracted from these species. In this paper we summarize literature of common seaweed components, traditional extraction technology, and potential amount in seaweed and give an overview of novel methods for extraction of seaweed bioactive compounds.

Extraction and purification of triterpenoid saponins from licorice by ionic liquid based extraction combined with in situ alkaline aqueous biphasic systems

Triterpenoid saponins in licorice are important lead compounds for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. This study developed a novel method for extraction and purification of triterpenoid saponins from licorice by ionic liquid based ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with in situ alkaline aqueous biphasic systems (IL-UAE-AABS). IL-UAE was firstly used to efficiently extract triterpenoid saponins from licorice, which were further purified using in situ IL-AABS formed by adding NaOH into the extraction solution. We screened out the best-performing IL, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C4MIM]BF4), from various ILs able to form AABS with NaOH, and established the optimal conditions (extraction time, [C4MIM]BF4 concentration and solvent to solid ratio for IL-UAE, and NaOH concentration and temperature for IL-AABS). The established method could achieve high extraction efficiency (26.0 mg/g for glycyrrhizin) and total purify (more than 81.5%) for triterpenoid saponins, which was far superior to conventional IL-ABS. In addition, [C4MIM]BF4 could be easily recovered and reused for the IL-UAE-AABS process for at least three times without apparent worse performance. This is the first report on extraction and purification of natural products by IL-UAE-AABS, which was shown to be able to efficiently and selectively obtain triterpenoid saponins from herbal medicines with good prospects.

A Novel Method for Extraction of Galegine by Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Technique Reinforced with Graphene Oxide and Its Evaluation Using Polarography.

Galega officinalis products have been used for the control of diabetes (type 2) across the world. Experimental and clinical evaluations of galegine substance produced by a medicinal plant (Galega officinalis) provided the pharmacological and chemical basis for metformin discovery which was confirmed for diabetes therapy. In this paper, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized for galegine, using galegine as a template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a reaction initiator, and acetonitrile as a solvent. The assisted functional groups, morphology, topographic image of surface, and crystalline structure of synthesized MIP were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, and XRD diffraction pattern techniques, respectively. Also, the performance of the mentioned electrode was quantified and qualified by the differential pulse voltammetry technique (DPV). The galegine amount was determined with the polarographic technique. In this research, the galegine extraction conditions were optimized and graphene nanoparticles were used to increase the adsorption. In addition, different parameters affecting extraction were investigated such as MIP adsorbent amount, pH of solution, effect of the surfactant, and ionic compound to achieve high recovery percent. The recovery percent, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and relative standard deviation (RSD %) were 4.101 μg·mL−1, 12.427 μg·mL−1, and 1.199% (n = 3), respectively. The results show that the prepared MIP can be used as an effective and inexpensive adsorbent for preconcentration and galegine extraction from a natural sample. It is noteworthy that this developed method was used successfully to determine galegine extracted from Galega officinalis L.

Novel Method of Extraction for Radiocarbon Measurements of Atmospheric Carbon dioxide

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present the first data from an alternative extraction method for atmospheric 14CO2 analysis, based on the direct trapping of whole air samples onto a molecular sieve zeolite (13X) trap, incorporated into a commercially available automated graphitization system. Results are presented for both inter-laboratory comparison samples and an in-house reference standard. The in-house reference was used to calculate the standard deviation of measurements (2.0‰). This newly developed method will facilitate faster sample processing and therefore lower cost per analysis, critical for scaling up such studies.

Extraction of Vasculature Map of Color Retinal Fundus Image

This paper presents an unsupervised and novel method for extraction of vasculature map from colored retinal fundus images. Proposed technique makes use of a fusion of bimodal masking and global thresholding technique for extraction of vessels. For this, adaptive histogram equalization method is used for enhancement of the retinal input fundus images while, on the other hand, an average filter is used on the masked images to remove the noise from the image. At this stage, bimodal masking is used to generate the masked image to exclude the pixels that belong to the background. The use of this technique reduces the analysis time and computational effort as operations will be focused only on the object pixels. After that, a global thresholding technique is utilized on the masked foreground image, which produces a vasculature map with border. Since the border has no concern in our system, hence, it is removed using the mask generated through bimodal masking. Fundus images of DRIVE and STARE database is used to perform extensive computations. The results are encouraging as the proposed system shows better outcomes on 3-quality measures: average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy which comes out to be (84.18%, 96.68% and 95.68%) and (81.79%, 90.74% and 90.08%) for DRIVE and STARE database respectively. The results prove that the proposed methodology is capable of extracting the vasculature map accurately, which can be further helpful for diagnosis, screening, and treatment of various disorders of fundus images.

Automated glaucoma detection using retinal layers segmentation and optic cup‐to‐disc ratio in optical coherence tomography images

Glaucoma is a blindness causing eye disease if not treated in time and caused by the increase in the cup-to-disc region (CDR). A novel method for extraction of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layers from optical coherence tomography scans is proposed. A new colour channels mean based quality assessment step is applied to segment out ILM layer for different quality images. During RPE segmentation, a new `centroid based thresholding' method is proposed to remove extended ILM regions. The method uses both the ILM layer and RPE breakpoints for a cup and disc calculation, respectively. A novel criterion for horizontal/flat cup diameter based on the average RPE break points is proposed. Based on calculated CDRs, the system classifies the subject as normal or glaucomatous. The average sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity of the proposed system are 87, 79 and 72%, respectively, on the Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology dataset when correlated with clinical annotations and CDR computer generated values. The proposed system has shown the higher correlated result of 92.59% sensitivity with the senior most ophthalmologists. It promotes the e-health field at the retinal level and employed as the decision support system by the young doctors.

Extraction of Fault Features of Machinery Based on Fourier Decomposition Method

Separations of close-frequency signal components are important for accurate diagnosis of machinery faults. Conventional methods for processing vibration signals of defective machinery can be divided into adaptive methods and parametric methods. Empirical mode decomposition (EMD), an adaptive method, suffers from a bottleneck of performance in adaptively separating close-frequency signal components. Parametric methods, such as ensemble EMD (EEMD) and variational mode decomposition (VMD), face difficulties in parameter setting. As a result, these conventional methods demonstrate limited capabilities to extract fault features from machinery vibration signals. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper proposes a novel method for extraction of fault features of machinery based on Fourier decomposition method (FDM). Firstly, this paper demonstrates adaptive narrow-band filtering properties of FDM both in low frequency and in high frequency by examining Gaussian white noise. Afterwards, this paper numerally proves that FDM can transcend the bottleneck of performance of EMD in adaptively separating close-frequency signal components. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with the method based on EMD, EEMD or VMD by investigating a turbine gearbox vibration signal. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the others in feature extraction of machinery vibration signals.

Magnetic beads, a particularly effective novel method for extraction of NGS-ready DNA from macroalgae

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies allow for the generation of robust information on the genetic diversity of organisms at the individual, species and higher taxon levels. Indeed, the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected using next-generation sequencing is order of magnitudes higher than SNPs and/or alleles detected using traditional barcoding or microsatellites. However, the amount and quality of DNA required for next-generation sequencing is greater as compared with PCR-based methods. Such high DNA amount and quality requirements can be a hindrance when working on species that are rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides, such as macroalgae (seaweeds). Various protocols, based on column-based DNA extraction kits and CTAB/Phenol:Chloroform, are available to tackle this issue. However, those protocols are usually costly and/or time-consuming and may not be reliable due to variations in the polyphenols/polysaccharide content between individuals of the same species. Here, we report the successful use of a magnetic-beads-based protocol for efficient, reliable, fast and simultaneous DNA extraction of several macroalgae species. DNA extracted from macroalgae using this method is of high quality and purity, allowing successful library preparation for next generation sequencing. We generated Genotype-By-Sequencing (GBS) data for 12 Ulva spp. (Sea Lettuce; Ulvophyceae, Ulvaceae) individuals and were able to generate a robust phylogenetic tree that we compared with traditional barcoding methods.

AJ's Extraction Technique: A Novel Method of Extraction of Lingually Erupted Mandibular Incisor Teeth

AJ's Extraction Technique: A Novel Method of Extraction of Lingually Erupted Mandibular Incisor Teeth

A novel method for extraction of neural response from single channel cochlear implant auditory evoked potentials

Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) are used to evaluate cochlear implant (CI) patient auditory pathways, but the CI device produces an electrical artifact, which obscures the relevant information in the neural response. Currently there are multiple methods, which attempt to recover the neural response from the contaminated CAEP, but there is no gold standard, which can quantitatively confirm the effectiveness of these methods. To address this crucial shortcoming, we develop a wavelet-based method to quantify the amount of artifact energy in the neural response. In addition, a novel technique for extracting the neural response from single channel CAEPs is proposed. The new method uses matching pursuit (MP) based feature extraction to represent the contaminated CAEP in a feature space, and support vector machines (SVM) to classify the components as normal hearing (NH) or artifact. The NH components are combined to recover the neural response without artifact energy, as verified using the evaluation tool. Although it needs some further evaluation, this approach is a promising method of electrical artifact removal from CAEPs.

Interactive Exploration and Visualization Using MetaTracts extracted from Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites.

This work introduces a tool for interactive exploration and visualization using MetaTracts. MetaTracts is a novel method for extraction and visualization of individual fiber bundles and weaving patterns from X-ray computed tomography (XCT) scans of endless carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs). It is designed specifically to handle XCT scans of low resolutions where the individual fibers are barely visible, which makes extraction of fiber bundles a challenging problem. The proposed workflow is used to analyze unit cells of CFRP materials integrating a recurring weaving pattern. First, a coarse version of integral curves is used to trace sections of the individual fiber bundles in the woven CFRP materials. We call these sections MetaTracts. In the second step, these extracted fiber bundle sections are clustered using a two-step approach: first by orientation, then by proximity. The tool can generate volumetric representations as well as surface models of the extracted fiber bundles to be exported for further analysis. In addition a custom interactive tool for exploration and visual analysis of MetaTracts is designed. We evaluate the proposed workflow on a number of real world datasets and demonstrate that MetaTracts effectively and robustly identifies and extracts fiber bundles.

Separation and purification of alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Ait. by focused microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction coupled with reversed micellar extraction

Based on advantages of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) and reversed micellar extraction (RME), a novel method of extraction and purification of alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Ait. was put forward by using focused microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction (FMAATPE) coupled with the reversed micellar extraction (RME). The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisted of ethanol and ammonia sulfate was used as extracting solvent, FMAATPE conditions such as the compositions of ATPS, and the extraction temperature, extraction time and solvent-to-materials ratio were optimized by orthogonal test through HPLC analysis. Then alkaloids extracted by FMAATPE were further purified with reverse micelles of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate/isooctane/n-octanol. The relative purity of total alkaloids in the product was improved greatly by RME from 58.30% to 88.75% (w/w), and purification recovery was higher than that of solvent extraction, ion exchange resin and macroporous adsorption resin. Moreover, the reverse micelles used could be readily recycled by adding salt and water, keeping better extraction performance with about 80% (w/w) of recovery. Thus, the proposed method is easy to adjust, operate and enlarge for better application prospect; the purity of alkaloids obtained meets the requirements of the compound drug preparation.

A novel method of extraction of bamboo seed oil (Bambusa bambos Druce) and its promising effect on metabolic symptoms of experimentally induced polycystic ovarian disease.

Objective:To evaluate the potential effect of bamboo seed oil in decreasing the major metabolic symptoms associated with letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian disease using female rat model.Materials and Methods:A new method of microwave-assisted extraction was developed. Female rats were grouped into four with six animals each. All rats were daily administered with letrozole (1 mg/kg b.wt.) for 21 days except control, and during this period, changes in estrous cycle were observed. After letrozole treatment, Group 2 was considered negative control, Groups 3 and 4 were treated orally with bamboo oil, 0.5 ml/kg b.wt. and 1 ml/kg b.wt., respectively, for 3 weeks (five consecutive estrus cycles). Various parameters such as estrus cycle, blood sugar level, lipid profile, and weights of reproductive system were determined. The characteristics of cystic ovaries were evaluated by histopathological studies.Results:The isolated bamboo oil restored estrus cyclicity showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. 1 ml/kg b.wt. of bamboo oil showed a marked glucose reduction from 254.04 ± 2.08 to 92.6 ± 1.63, and levels of total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride were reduced from 186.45 ± 2.28, 30.07 ± 2.36, 100.36 ± 2.35 to 152.14 ± 2.63, 25.94 ± 1.66, 93.32 ± 1.09, respectively. Histopathological results showed the presence of ovulation and recovery from cystic ovaries.Conclusion:A novel and promising drug was isolated in the treatment and maintenance of various metabolic symptoms associated with polycystic ovary disease.

A method for extraction of electron mobility in power HEMTs

In this paper, a novel method for extraction of electron mobility in the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) under the gate of power HEMTs is presented. Using this method enables the potential impact of the gate metal and the gate voltage on electron mobility in the 2DEG under the gate to be measured without the error due to the resistive regions outside the gate, which are the gate-to-source and gate-to-drain regions. The application of the new method was demonstrated by measurements on fabricated circular HEMTs.

Development of Circulating Ultrasounic-Assisted Online Extraction Coupled to Countercurrent Chromatography and Centrifugal Partition Chromatography for Simultaneous Extraction and Isolation of Phytochemicals: Application to Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort

Circulating ultrasonic-assisted extraction (CUAE) was developed as a novel method for extraction of medicinal herbs, and the method was validated. In addition, the novel hyphenated technique comprising CUAE coupled with countercurrent chromatography (CCC) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was developed and applied to the continuous extraction and online isolation of chemical constituents from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. The optimum extraction parameters, including the extraction time of 30 min, extraction temperature of 45 °C, ultrasound power of 300 W, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10 mL/g were determined by response surface methodology. Furthermore, a schematic and the mechanism of online CUAE coupled with CCC and CPC were presented. Three lactones, levistolide A (52.2 mg), Z-ligustilide (48.3 mg), and wallichilide (118.2 mg), with respective purities of 95.8, 96.7, and 96.2%, were obtained from 500 g of the L. chuanxiong raw material using CUAE/CCC. In contrast, senkyunolide A (26.2 mg), levistolide A (34.2 mg), and wallichilide (95.1 mg), with respective purities of 96.2, 95.3, and 96.1%, were obtained from 500 g of the L. chuanxiong raw material by using CUAE/CPC employing the two-phase solvent system comprising n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water in a volume ratio of 4:3:4:2 (v/v). Compared with reference extraction methods, scientific and systematic extraction and isolation of natural products was achieved with the instrumental setup, and this system has great prospects for industrial application, where the combined use of CCC and CPC can enhance the separation efficiency.

Extraction of salient objects based on image clustering and saliency

Over the past decades, numerous methods have been proposed on salient object detection. However, most of these methods need users' interactions as a prerequisite to control their progress. In this paper, we propose a novel method for extraction of salient objects based on image clustering and saliency map from natural scene images. This method is a combination of image clustering, saliency map generation and automatic initialization. First, a graph based clustering method is applied to split the input image into regions. Second, a saliency map of the input image is generated using the contrast among split regions. From the split regions and generated saliency map, an adaptive threshold is defined, which classify the split regions into foreground and background. After that, the initial mask for object detection is determined using the classified foreground and background clusters and saliency values. A grab-cut with our initial mask is applied to extract the objects of interest, and the experimental results have shown that our proposed method is able to replace manual labeling of initialization in object detection.

A novel method for extraction of a proteinous coagulant from Plantago ovata seeds for water treatment purposes

Several chemicals have been applied in the process of coagulant extraction from herbal seeds, and the best extraction has been obtained in the presence of KCl or NaNO3[1–3], and NaCl [4]. However, the main challenge posed to these methods of coagulant extraction is their relatively low efficiency for water treatment purposes and the formation of dissolved organic matter during the treatment process. In these methods the salts, which have a one-valance metal (Na+ and K+), are deposited in the internal structure and the pore of the coagulant, and may be useful for the coagulation/flocculation process. In this research, we found that modified methods produced more dense protein. Therefore, the modified procedure was better than the older one for removal of turbidity and harness from the contaminated water. Here we describe a method where:•According to the Hardy–Schulze rule, we applied the Fe3+ ions instead of Na+ and K+ for the extraction of protein from Plantago ovata seeds.•The method was narrowed to extract protein by ethanol (defatting) and ammonium acetate and CM-Sepharose (protein extraction).•Two consecutive elutriations of crude extract was directly performed using 0.025-M FeCl3 and 0.05-M FeCl3 according to the basis of the ion-exchange processes.

Ultrasonic extraction of plant-parasitic nematodes from plant roots

Extraction of nematodes from plant roots is a very time- and labour-intensive process, so new methods offering advantages for either speeding or lessening workloads are highly desired, but must be tested before adoption. This paper reports a novel method for extraction of nematodes using ultrasonic waves that is fast and simple. It is also non-destructive to roots, and whole root systems can be sampled for migratory endoparasitic nematodes. The method was tested and optimized for extraction of Burrowing Nematodes (Radopholus similis) from the roots of the aquatic plant Anubias sp. in water. Different durations of treatment and ultrasonic frequencies were tested, and the number of nematodes and plant damage recorded. The highest extraction efficiencies per sample were obtained after 40 min or longer sonication at a frequency of 40 KHz, but the condition of the extracted nematodes was poor for identification at these long durations. Considering efficiency as number of nematodes extracted per unit time, optimal extraction was obtained with a duration of 20 min at a frequency of 40 KHz. With this duration there was little observable damage to nematodes (allowing use in experiments or inoculation trials), or plants (so that successfully replanting is possible). The ultrasonic method was compared with other extraction techniques, and was much more efficient than root incubation, shaking or mist chamber techniques, but a little less efficient per sample than the maceration-centrifugal-flotation method. The ultrasonic method is suitable for extracting migratory endoparasites and semi-endoparasites from plant roots. If present, ectoparasites are also extracted. Ultrasonic extraction requires less time and effort for root preparation than other methods, so it can be a lower cost method for routine use. Furthermore, it can be incorporated into a simple, cheap, mass-manufactured, portable and automated kit, which can be made widely available, so that the technique can be widely used.

A Novel Method of Extraction of Blend Component Structure from SANS Measurements of Homopolymer Bimodal Blends.

A new method is presented for the extraction of single-chain form factors and interchain interference functions from a range of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on bimodal homopolymer blends. The method requires a minimum of three blends, made up of hydrogenated and deuterated components with matched degree of polymerization at two different chain lengths, but with carefully varying deuteration levels. The method is validated through an experimental study on polystyrene homopolymer bimodal blends with . By fitting Debye functions to the structure factors, it is shown that there is good agreement between the molar mass of the components obtained from SANS and from chromatography. The extraction method also enables, for the first time, interchain scattering functions to be produced for scattering between chains of different lengths.