Types Of Nouns Research Articles

Defining Collective Nouns: How Cognitive Linguistics Can Help Hebrew Grammarians

In previous studies of the collective noun in Hebrew, collectives have been treated as a homogeneous group of nouns. Collectives have been defined as a noun that refers to a group of real-world entities and is grammatically singular. Sometimes included in this discussion are mass nouns and proper nouns. This article argues that mass nouns and proper nouns should not be included as part of the discussion about collective nouns. Then it seeks to apply the research of Joosten et al. on Dutch collective nouns to Biblical Hebrew. Joosten identifies three types of collective nouns. First, Type 1 nouns focus on the collection as a whole. On the other end of the spectrum are Type 3 nouns which focus on the members of a collection. Type 2 nouns have the flexibility to refer to the collection in one context, while in others it can have a member focus. Using a sampling of collectives that appear in Deuteronomy, this article uses attributives, demonstratives, and cardinal numbers to help identify collective nouns in Biblical Hebrew using Joosten’s categories. Observing these syntactical elements alongside collectives this article shows that Type 1 nouns will have agreement between adjectives and collectives. Type 3 nouns will have disagreement. Type 2 nouns will, depending on the focus, have either agreement or disagreement.

To combine is to divide: Evidence of the noun-verb distinction at the morphemic level in compound nouns

Research has shown that nouns and verbs exhibit distinctive processing patterns. It remains unclear if the noun–verb distinction is driven by semantic or grammatical differences. The present study investigated the mechanism of noun–verb distinction in Chinese, which has a simple morphological system. Participants made grammatical class judgments on two types of compound nouns in Experiment 1—NN (nominal + nominal morphemes) and VN (verbal + nominal morphemes). The shorter RTs elicited by low frequency NN nouns than those of VN nouns suggest a facilitatory effect of morpheme type. In Experiment 2, preceding contexts for NN and VN were added in an acceptability judgment task to rule out the impact from context. Results showed that the processing of NN conferred a marginal advantage over that of VN, though the underlying source of this marginal NN-VN difference remains undetermined. Experiment 3 therefore pitted semantic versus grammatical class against each other by manipulating the congruency of semantic and syntactic relations between the first morpheme of a compound and its preceding context. Results showed that low frequency NN were processed more easily when the preceding context primed a nominal morpheme both semantically and syntactically than other conditions. Together, these results indicate that the noun–verb distinction in Chinese exists at the sublexical morphemic level and reveal for the first time that such sublexical noun–verb distinction is due to semantic rather than grammatical differences.

PARIMĒLAḺAKARIṈ URAIYIL PUTIYA CINTAṈAIKAḶ [NEW IDEAS IN PARIMALACHARI'S INTERPRETATION

This study is said to have complied and analysed the messages found in the Parimalazhar text in Thirukkural. In his speech rhetorical proverbs, noun types, verb illustration, wing illustration, differential elements, differential objects pointing, dictionary, new semantics, local care fire, abbreviated grammatical field. It also points out the guilt. The parables the new thinking the musical prowess the prose, the course of the next and the morals he used. This review article also highlights the nature of Parimalazhar text book. His text is completely different from others. Exploring each word in a new perspective is the foundation of dictionary art. His multifaceted, erudition and concentration serve as a guide for other commenstrators. This main purpose of their review article is exploring the new thinking of the superintendent.

Investigating the word construction and the meaning of nonverb compound nouns in the novel of (The Lost Lamb of Rai) by Houshang Golshiri

A compound noun is a noun that is composed of two or more parts, so that each component has an independent meaning but refers to a whole person or thing as a whole. Compound nouns are divided into two types, 1- present and 2-non-present, in terms of relation to the root of the verb. Composite nouns, on the other hand, are divided into three categories: inverted, direct, and intermediate in terms of depth of construction. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, 5 types of inactive compound nouns have been identified. Non-current compound nouns are directly related, passive compound nouns are dependent, passive compound nouns are homonymous, emphatic and connective compound nouns, and Arabic compound nouns are among these 5 types. All these types of compound names have been used by the lost lamb of Rai Houshang Golshiri.

ЛИЦО КАК МОДУСНЫЙ СУБЪЕКТ ИЗЪЯСНИТЕЛЬНОЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ В ЯЗЫКЕ МЕДИА

The article analyzes Russian explanatory sentences, understood as a semantic type characterized by a combination of dictum and modus propositions. Each of them has a number of constructive embodiments, the technique of their connection varies, which generally determines a significant range of explanatory constructions – from a simple sentence (with and without introductory words) to a complex one – complex and non-union. Observations are being made on the language of the Russian media. The object of attention is the position of the modus subject. It is revealed that it is replaced in media texts not only by designations of persons (pronouns or personal nouns), which is trivial, but also by three types of non-personal nouns – the names of media institutions, power structures and social institutions. Such facts, illustrated by examples from the media texts of a number of publications (Kommersant, Izvestia, Fontanka.ru, Ogonyok, etc.), indicate that the explanatory construction in media speech opens up for stylistics, in particular, for regular action of metonymy (author / editorial board, authority / its locus, etc.). This circumstance is interpreted against the background of general judgments about the gender of metonymy and metonymic thinking in the modern media sphere.

Church slavonic word-formation elements in serbian vernaculars (the suffix -ije)

This paper deals with Serbian dialectal neuter gender nouns with the suffix -ije. The focus is not on the Church Slavonic borrowings, but on the domestic nouns formed according to a Church Slavonic word-formation model. They can be derived from verbs of various types (perfect and imperfect, transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive), and in most cases they do not have Church Slavonic counterparts. These nouns are classified into several semantic groups: terms for meteorological phaenomena (ogrijanije, osvitanije, pometenije), nomina actionis (rktanije), terms for realia (sklepanije). However, most of them denote abstract concepts related to moral, existential and emotional spheres (preobrazenije, skapanije, po?ecenije). The nouns of this word-formation type are often used in collocations (u ogrijanije suncano, puklo mu je skapanije) and in specific contexts, such as oaths and curses (onoga mi ogrejanija, na usjecenije mu bilo). The special function of considered nouns is to emphasize expressiveness. Thanks to the suffix -ije, they are perceived as marked and used when the meaning of their unmarked counterparts has to be intensified.

About transcategorisation and pseudotranscategorisation in the domain space

This paper deals with the phenomenon of semantic dispersion and semantic structure based on continuity (graduality, scalability) and transcategorisation, with the introduction of a new term ?pseudotranscategorisation?. The aim of this research is to create a functional methodological procedure in order to examine the observed semantic phenomenon in the spirit of fuzzy linguistics. The proposed methodological procedure was applied to the examples of nouns of the nomina loci type, which formalize space as one of the basic ontological categories. The principle of continuity is reflected in the creation of a phase scale whose poles are monosemy and polysemy, while the role of the connective component in the observed semantic continuum belongs to the two-meaning semantic structure of lexemes. From the point of view of transcategorisation, one-meaning nomina loci with a phytonym as a motive word were first considered, in the context of the semanticderivational nest to which they belong. The other derivatives in the nest are indicators of potential conceptual domains that can be developed from the category of space, which are to appear as secondary realisations in two-meaning derivatives with the same motivator. The analysis of two-meaning words and polysemous lexemes is conducted in a reduced context and includes their semantic structure. If the secondary realisations and conceptual domains to which they belong have been created under the influence of the mechanisms of semantic transformations, then the observed phenomenon is defined as transcategorisation - partial, by means of the model PR SPACE ? SR SPACE (zitnjak), or complete, which indicates the ability of a particular lexeme to achieve categorically different realisations. In this case, the relation between the categories is mostly logical as a consequence of metonymy transfer, as in the model PR SPACE ? SR ANIMAL (koprivac, koprivnjak). If secondary realizations occur by repetition of the derivative model, then it is a matter of pseudotranscategorisation, as in the models PR SPACE ? SR OBJECT (bukvik, konopljik) and PR SPACE ? SR DRINK (dudara). In this case, the semantic relation of primary and secondary realisation with the motive word is established through metonymy. Polysemy has not developed in derivatives with a phytonymic motivator and those with the primary spatial meaning. In the realized polysemous structure of the lexeme vocar, secondary meanings are created by repeating the derivative model, and their feature is pseudotranscategorisation.

How to distinguish between semantically close cases: A case study of Mordvin illative and lative

In this paper I discuss the distribution of GOAL-cases in Erzya and Moksha (Mordvin, Uralic). Both languages have two productive GOAL-cases, namely illative and lative, but only one productive case for every other spatial relation (LOCATION, SOURCE, PATH). Furthermore, the two GOAL-cases do not seem to exhibit any clear division of labor (e.g., marking inner and outer GOALS). Previous studies have proposed diff erent solutions, but they do not cover all the occurring variation, and thus are notgeneral enough. In my study I propose that the best way to account for this phenomenon is to investigate the similarities in the language-external situations that are coded with each case. To accomplish this, I adopt the Cognitive Linguistics framework, and look at the conceptualizations of situations where each case is used. I assess the types of nouns used as Landmarks and divide them into eight categories: 0D objects, 2D bounded and unbounded entities, 3D bounded and unbounded entities, institutions, abstract entities, and temporal entities. The bulk of this paper treats the fi rst fi ve categories, i.e. spatial relations. I show that there are clear preferences of coding GOAL with one or the other case when the Landmark represents a certain category. Then I show that similar preferences are at work when coding GOALS with other types of Landmarks as well. After establishing these preferences, I go on to propose a solution to the variation of GOAL-marking in Mordvin languages based on the specifi city of the relation between the Trajector and the Landmark.

Produktyvieji daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių vedinių naujadarų tipai

    Straipsnyje analizuojami produktyviesiems darybos tipams priklausantys su priesagomis padaryti daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių naujadarai, surinkti iš lietuvių autorių tekstų. (Naujadaru laikomas atraminiuose šaltiniuose – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne, Lietuvių kalbos žodyne ir Lietuvių kalbos žodyno papildymų kartotekoje – nefiksuoti dariniai.) Tyrime remiamasi 374 naujadarų, priklausančių šešiems daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių darybos tipams, analizės duomenimis: straipsnyje aptariami priesagų -imas / -ymas ir -tis veiksmažodžių abstraktai, -umas, -ybė, -ystė vardažodžių abstraktai, taip pat priesagos -iškas, -a būdvardžiai. Tyrimu siekiama atskleisti šių tipų naujadarų darybos, semantikos ir vartosenos ypatumus. Empirinės analizės duomenys lyginami su žodžių darybos veikaluose ir gramatikose pateiktais šių darybos tipų aprašais, taip pat Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyno tyrėjų įžvalgomis. Pateikiama keletas rekomendacijų leksikografams.

Effects of Differential Presentation of Noun Types on Sentence Processing in Elderly Adults: An Eye-tracking Study

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate how aging influences sentence processing when noun-phrases are presented differently.Methods: A total of 40 participants participated in the study ranging in age from 19 to 71. All were presented with sentences and pictures under either dative or accusative conditions. After that, they were asked to judge if the sentences were correct or incorrect.Results: First, there were significant differences between the older adults and younger adults in accuracy. The older group showed lower accuracy in the sentence judgment task. Second, there were significant differences between the older adults and younger adults in response time. The older group needed more time due to their lower cognitive resources. They made more errors when accusative noun phrases were provided. Third, the fixation proportion of the target stimulus between regions were significant in both types of dative and accusative noun phrase presentation. The older group showed lower proportions in the last region of the sentence.Conclusion: These results shows that both the elderly and the young gradually deal with the meaning of words through the noun phrase information. However, the elderly showed difficulty in assigning the correct thematic roles by using case-markers, given the lower proportion of fixation in the region where the target stimuli are presented. It is expected that difficulties in the communication process of the elderly will be better understood through this study.

The category of aspect and numbers as determinants of verb nature of the hybrid verb forms (based on verbal nouns in Polish and Ukrainian)

The article deals with different approaches to identify the notions of verbal nouns. The main attention is given to the terms for the nomination of the verbal nouns and their classification. Verbal nouns are a clear example of hybridity as they combine categories typical for different classes of words. The verb nature of these formation is proved by the grammatical categories of aspect and number. Thus, two types of verb nouns are distinguished: predicate nouns, which are used only in the singular and imitate aspectual semantics, and subject nouns, which accordingly lose their aspect and can be used in the plural, they are divided into several semantic subtypes: terms, mode of action, condition, etc. The results of this comparison with examples from the modern Ukrainian and Polish literature are presented in the article, in particular regarding new formed examples, which are used in the Internet space.

Сложные существительные подчинительного типа в венгерском языке

The paper aims to identify the most productive word-formation models for compound nouns of subordinate type in the Hungarian language. The main focus of attention lies in the consideration of different parts of speech as the first component. The scientific originality of the research consists in the thorough analysis of compound nouns of subordinate type in the Hungarian language on the material of the dictionary “Magyar-orosz szótár = Hungarian-Russian Dictionary”. As a result, it has been revealed that any part of speech can be the first component, while the second component is presented by a noun, which determines the belonging of compound words to this part of speech. The examples provided prove that the formation of compound nouns based on the subordinate relationship is a productive way of word-formation.

Compound Nouns Found in The Jakarta Post Website

This study is aimed to identify the types of compound nouns and analyze the meanings of compound nouns conveyed on The Jakarta Post website. Two theories applied in this study, the theory of compound proposed by Katamba and the theory of meaning proposed by Palmer. Eight articles from The Jakarta Post website were chosen as the data source. The selected articles are related to technology, lifestyle, and business from December 2020 until February 2021. Documentation method and note-taking technique used in collecting the data. The collected data was analyzed by using a descriptive qualitative method and triangulation technique. Meanwhile, in presenting the data analysis, this study used formal and informal methods. The result shows that all types of compound nouns based on the theory applied are found in the data source. The types are: noun + noun, adjective + noun, and preposition + noun. In terms of meaning, there are transparent and opaque meanings.

THE STUDY OF NOUN FOUND IN SHAWN MENDES’ SONG ENTITLED LOST IN JAPAN

Descriptive qualitative method is used in this study. This study aimed to investigate nouns and the variety of nouns found in a song entitled Lost in Japan by Shawn Mendes. In collecting the data, the researchers applied three steps, namely selecting one song to be examined, read and elaborate the song lyrics to discover nouns, and classify nouns based on the types. Based on the data analysis, the researchers discovered 16 nouns with seven types of nouns. All nouns can be indicated to more than one type. The results are summarized as follows; 15 common nouns, 1 proper noun, 11 abstract nouns, 5 concrete nouns, 12 countable nouns, 4 uncountable nouns, and 4 compound nouns. Keywords : Noun, Song lyrics, Types of noun

Phonological restrictions on nominal pluralization in Sign Language of the Netherlands: evidence from corpus and elicited data

Abstract This study focuses on nominal pluralization in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). The aim is to offer a comprehensive description of nominal pluralization processes in the language, based on both corpus data and elicited data, taking into account potential phonological restrictions. The results reveal that NGT nouns can undergo several pluralization processes, the main ones being simple reduplication (i.e., repeating the noun sign at one location) and sideward reduplication (i.e., repeating the noun sign while moving the hand sideward). The choice of pluralization process depends on phonological properties of the base noun: (i) nouns that are body-anchored or involve a complex movement undergo simple reduplication; (ii) nouns articulated at the lateral side of the signing space undergo sideward reduplication; (iii) nouns articulated on the midsagittal plane can undergo both simple and sideward reduplication. Strikingly, the data show considerable variation, and all types of nouns can be zero-marked, that is, plural marking on the noun is not obligatory. The results further suggest that all nouns can undergo at least one type of reduplication. Thus, while phonological properties of the base noun influence the type of reduplication, they do not block reduplication altogether. Plural reduplication in NGT is therefore less constrained than has been reported for other sign languages, where certain noun types cannot undergo reduplication. This shows that reduplication – despite being iconically motivated – is subject to language-specific grammatical constraints.

Phonological restrictions on nominal pluralization in Sign Language of the Netherlands: evidence from corpus and elicited data

Abstract This study focuses on nominal pluralization in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). The aim is to offer a comprehensive description of nominal pluralization processes in the language, based on both corpus data and elicited data, taking into account potential phonological restrictions. The results reveal that NGT nouns can undergo several pluralization processes, the main ones being simple reduplication (i.e., repeating the noun sign at one location) and sideward reduplication (i.e., repeating the noun sign while moving the hand sideward). The choice of pluralization process depends on phonological properties of the base noun: (i) nouns that are body-anchored or involve a complex movement undergo simple reduplication; (ii) nouns articulated at the lateral side of the signing space undergo sideward reduplication; (iii) nouns articulated on the midsagittal plane can undergo both simple and sideward reduplication. Strikingly, the data show considerable variation, and all types of nouns can be zero-marked, that is, plural marking on the noun is not obligatory. The results further suggest that all nouns can undergo at least one type of reduplication. Thus, while phonological properties of the base noun influence the type of reduplication, they do not block reduplication altogether. Plural reduplication in NGT is therefore less constrained than has been reported for other sign languages, where certain noun types cannot undergo reduplication. This shows that reduplication – despite being iconically motivated – is subject to language-specific grammatical constraints.

AL ISMU GHOIRI AL-MUNSHARIFI FI KITAB MUKHTASHAR IBNU ABI JAMRAH LI ASY SYANWANI

This research aims to identify the types and characteristics of the indefinite noun in the book Mukhtasar Ibn Abi Jamra by Al-Bukhari, written by Muhammad bin Ali Al-Shafi’i Al-Shanawani. The qualitative descriptive approach is used. The main data source is "The Mukhtasar Book of Ibn Abi Jamra by Al-Bukhari". The secondary data sources are the book and other periodicals related to the research topic. Miles and Huberman's theory was used to analyze the data involving data reduction, presentation, and summary. The result shows nine types of indefinite nouns, with 316 nouns. As for its characteristics in the existing vowel standing in the presence of two vowels, for feminine with the shortened thousand is represented by the names of people, and for feminization with the extended thousand, in which the names of the chain of narrators are represented.

THE THE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS� ABILITY IN APPLYING MODULATION TECHNIQUE IN TRANSLATING COLLOCATION ON �THE LOST SYMBOL� NOVEL BY DAN BROWN

The objective of this research was to analyze how students� ability in applying modulation technique in translating collocation from the novel �The lost Symbol� by Dan Brown. The research was a content analysis of descriptive qualitative. The population was the 6thsemester students of PBI IAIN Bengkulu in academic year 2019 with a total number of students 120 students. Out of this population, 25 students were taken as respondent, there were refresented from each class. The data were collected by using translation test which was contained six types of collocation. The data was found that the result of students� average score in collocation that researched as follow: Adjective and noun ware 60% (average) ,Noun and noun were 49% (very poor), Noun and verb were 41.6% (very poor), Verb and expression with preposition were 22,88% (very poor). The finding showed that there that the students�ability is dominant in collocation type of adjective and noun because to translate it just simple and the phrase of word is most familiar in their activities not also in translation subject but other skill language material. In other hand, the students� low ability in translate collocation of Verb and expression with prepositionbecause they could not just use the literal translation but they have to adapt it or changenged their point of view and use their cognitive and focus on the context, which make relevant and coherent.However, overall the average of students ability must be improved it with learn more and lecturer must be able to focus on students� weakness in applying translation technique especially on modulation to get the progress by the students� translation well.

Linguistic multi-competence in the community: the case of a Japanese plural suffix -tachi for individuation

Abstract Applied linguists have investigated the nature of linguistic multi-competence (LMC) as a consequence of languages in contact in the minds of individuals and have observed that our first language is more amenable to change than once thought. However, LMC can manifest itself in not only an individual language user but also a linguistic community. This study explores the manifestation of LMC at the community level from historical and socio-cognitive perspectives with special focus on the use of a Japanese plural marker -tachi. It is a suffix usually attached to humans, but is frequently observed with animals and even inanimate nouns such as hon-tachi ‘books,’ which is conventionally considered unacceptable. This study analyzes over 100 -tachi cases collected from narrations and commentaries in public broadcasts. The analysis investigates the type of nouns to which -tachi is attached and the contexts where -tachi is used. The findings suggest that while retaining its original plural system, Japanese has accomplished the integration of a certain grammatical feature of English into Japanese. We argue that this innovative expressive means embedded in LMC as an integrated system in the community enables Japanese users, when necessary, to realize discrete objects, irrespective of whether they are living things or not, as individuated entities in the cognitive foreground with conceptually characteristic profiles.

FUNCTIONING OF STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SECONDARY NOMINATION IN FRENCH POETIC TEXTS (PIERRE DE MARBEUF, VINCENT VOITURE, CLAUDE DE MALLEVILLE, MADELEINE DE SCUDÉRY)

The research deals with the essence of text-forming aspects of structural types of secondary nomination in French poetic texts. The aesthetic directions of development of French culture of the XVII century are described. It is assumed that in the French literature of the period of Preciosity in the basis of secondary nominative activity rest cognitive mechanisms of knowledge of contemporary realities and their styling in art speech of the authors of the mentioned times. For the disclosure of cognitive-pragmatic mechanisms of secondary nomens to denote objects of reality, displayed in French precious literature, a comprehensive methodology has been developed that was proved effective in determination of structural-semantic types of secondary nomination with their varieties and performance in the works of Pierre de Marbeuf, Vincent Voiture, Claude de Malleville, Madeleine de Scudéry. A new criterion for the typification of secondary units according to their belonging to the grammatical or lexical-semantic level of the language has been proposed. Structural types of secondary nomination (grammatical anaphora) relate to the grammatical process of repetition of a word, phrase, or syntagm using a secondary nomen (anaphora). Pronoun, noun, adjectival, adverbial, verbal (simple, complex) and propositional structural types of secondary nomens are traced out. They are classified into such kinds as exact, inexact, conceptual, divergent, associative and zero ones. The semantic types of the secondary nomination are united by the common principle of creation: associative thinking and expressive-figurative content. Among them stand out the stylistic anaphora, metaphor (announced/explicit, direct/pure, developed, proportional, dead, contextual), metonymy and periphrasis.A lexical analysis of specific types of secondary nouns, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verb anaphors and their varieties in the poetry of the brightest representatives of the Precision period is also presented. The functions and purpose of the use of the studied means by the mentioned authors are clarified.