Compound Nouns Research Articles

Defining, labelling and evaluating poverty: A corpus-based discourse analysis of category construction in The Times newspaper 1900–2009

This paper explores the construction of different understandings of poverty in The Times newspaper (1900–2009). Using corpus-based discourse analysis, it examines the premodification of poverty with different nouns. Rising to prominence from the 1950s onwards, the resulting compound nouns, including world poverty and child poverty, facilitate the discursive construction of different types of poverty as distinct entities. Through close reading of concordance lines and collocate analysis, the paper investigates how these categories are presented as qualitatively similar/different and discusses how such representations reflect broader ideological contexts in the UK.

Morphological Processes in English and Sanskrit: A Cross-Linguistic Study

Morphology is the sub-discipline of linguistics. It is the study of morphemes and their arrangement in forming words. The present study attempts to identify and compare the morphological processes in English and Sanskrit. This study was based on qualitative methods and the selected documents of both languages were used as the research tools for this study. The results reveal that the English suffixes such as -age, -al,-ation,-ism, -ment, -ant, -ent, -er, and Sanskrit suffixes such as -ya/-eya, -man, -na, -an, -a, -ti -a, -ana, -ah, -ti, -tri, -aka, -man, are nominal derivational suffixes. The plural morpheme -s, and genitive morpheme -'s are English nominal inflectional morphemes whereas there are twenty-one inflectional suffixes (sup) (su, au, jas) in Sanskrit. Similarly, English verbal inflectional morphemes are -ed, -en, and -ing whereas there are eighteen verbal inflectional suffixes (tin) (tip, tas, jhi,) in Sanskrit. Furthermore, there are compound nouns (breakfast), verbs (fine tune), adjectives (open-ended), and adverbs (uprightly) in English. In contrast, there are only two special sub-class of exocentric compounds in Sanskrit, namely numerative (dvigu), and adverbials (avyayībhāva). As a comparative study, it can help identify the root knowledge of both languages as languages are related to each other.

Morphological encoding in language production: Electrophysiological evidence from Mandarin Chinese compound words.

This study investigates the role of morphology during speech planning in Mandarin Chinese. In a long-lag priming experiment, thirty-two Mandarin Chinese native speakers were asked to name target pictures (e.g., "" /shan1/ "mountain"). The design involved pictures referring to morpheme-related compound words (e.g., "" /shan1yang2/ "goat") sharing a morpheme with the first (e.g., "" /shan1/ "mountain") or the second position of the targets (e.g., /nao3/ "brain" with prime /dian4nao3/ "computer"), as well as unrelated control items. Behavioral and electrophysiological data were collected. Interestingly, the behavioral results went against earlier findings in Indo-European languages, showing that the target picture naming was not facilitated by morphologically related primes. This suggests no morphological priming for individual constituents in producing Mandarin Chinese disyllabic compound words. However, targets in the morpheme-related word condition did elicit a reduced N400 compared with targets in the morpheme-unrelated condition for the first position overlap in the ERP analyses but not for the second, suggesting automatic activation of the first individual constituent in noun compound production. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Consideration of Compound Nouns of the “Intransitive Conjunction Form + Noun” Specialized for Actions

Consideration of Compound Nouns of the “Intransitive Conjunction Form + Noun” Specialized for Actions

Compound words of Central Kurdish from the perspective of configuration theory

This study is entitled “Compound Words of Central Kurdish from the Perspective of Configuration Theory”. to analyzes compound words from the perspective of Configuration theory. The scope is within the framework of Cognitive Morphology based on Zaki Hamawand (2011). The importance of this research is the originality as the first work in Kurdish language on the mentioned field above. The concept and meaning of compound words are changed, according to people's view and experiences. They fall into different domains, which is the problem. The aim of the study is to find a solution from the perspective of configuration theory for it, and identify the domain and facet, that include Central Kurdish compound nouns and compound adjectives. The focus is only on compound nouns and adjectives among compound words for analysis process. In addition to the researcher’s interest and being native in the targeted language, the used materials are taken from library data that are used as sources in the study. The paper consists of an introduction, two sections, conclusions, and the list of references. As a result, the domains and facets that contain Middle Kurdish compound nouns and compound adjectives are identified, which are explained by distinguishing two kinds: first, Compound words in Inter-class words. Second, Compound words in Intra-class words.

Enhancing Malay Language Education: Usability Evaluation of the Kia ArPoly Kit for Malay Figurative Compound Nouns

The creation and evaluation of instructional tools are vital for improving the quality of education. This research assesses the usability of a newly developed instructional aid called the "Kia ArPoly Kit" for teaching Malay figurative compound nouns. Despite the availability of various instructional aids, their usability is often overlooked, leading to inefficiencies and decreased user satisfaction. The main objective of this study is to gauge the effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction of the instructional aid and provide insights for further enhancements. The study comprises three phases: needs analysis, design and development, and usability evaluation. Usability testing, conducted through questionnaires with eight Malay Language Expert Teachers, formed the basis of the third phase. The evaluation focused on four key constructs: usefulness, ease of use, ease of learning, and user satisfaction. The results of the usability assessment demonstrate the high effectiveness and efficiency of the instructional aid kit. Specifically, 87.5% of respondents acknowledged the kit's contribution to helping teachers achieve teaching objectives more efficiently, while 90% found it easy to use and 88.3% expressed overall satisfaction. Furthermore, the kit was found to facilitate effective classroom activity management (90%), save preparation time (87.5%), and align with existing curriculum standards (92.5%). The research's key findings suggest that the instructional aid kit significantly enhances the teaching and learning process of Malay figurative compound nouns. The feedback obtained emphasizes the kit's strengths, including its user-friendliness and practical application in classroom settings. Moreover, the study offers valuable suggestions for further improvement, ensuring that the kit meets the evolving needs of both educators and students. These findings highlight the potential for broader applications of similar instructional aids in language education.

WORD FORMATION THROUGH COMPOUNDING IN GEN-Z SLANG ON TIKTOK

Language is dynamic and reflective of societal changes, with Gen-Z, the first true digital natives, playing a pivotal role in linguistic evolution. This study examines the phenomenon of word formation through compounding in Gen-Z slang on TikTok, exploring its linguistic structures and meanings. By analyzing the common compounding patterns in Gen-Z slang, we gain insights into the creative processes and social influences shaping language use among this demographic. Utilizing a qualitative approach, data was collected from TikTok videos and comments between January 2023 and May 2024. The findings reveal 15 distinct compound words, with compound nouns being the most prevalent, followed by compound verbs and compound adjectives. Endocentric compounds were more common than exocentric ones. This research highlights the innovative nature of language within Generation Z, reflecting their values of self-expression, technological engagement, and creative problem-solving. The study underscores the role of social media in shaping contemporary language and provides a foundation for further exploration of linguistic innovations and their implications for language development and cultural expression in the digital age.

Revisiting the Formation of Korean Compound Nouns: Focusing on ‘N-N’ Compounds

Revisiting the Formation of Korean Compound Nouns: Focusing on ‘N-N’ Compounds

Between syntax and morphology: German noun+verb units

We show that graphemic variation—at least in some writing systems—can be analysed in terms of grammatical variation given a usage- based probabilistic view of the grammar-graphemics interface. Concretely, we examine a type of noun+verb unit in German, which can be written as one word or two. We argue that the variation in writing is rooted in the units’ ambiguous status in between morphology (one word) and syntax (two words). The major influencing factors are shown to be the semantic relation between the noun and the verb (argument or oblique relation) and the morphosyntactic context. In prototypically nominal contexts, a reinterpretation of the unit as a noun+noun compound is facilitated, which favours spelling as one word, while in prototypically verbal contexts, a syntactic realisation and consequently spelling as two words is preferred. We report the results of two large-scale corpus studies and a controlled production experiment to corroborate our analysis.

Ways of classifying idiomatic compound nouns

Linguistics' investigation of idiomatic compound nouns is a fascinating field that sheds light on the complex interplay among language, culture, and cognition. The structure and meaning of idiomatic compound nouns in the English and Karakalpak languages are examined in this scholarly article. We seek to provide light on the distinctive qualities and underlying mechanisms that control the genesis and interpretation of idiomatic compounds in these two languages through a comparative study. We find fascinating similarities and differences between English and Karakalpak that highlight their linguistic diversity and cultural subtleties by looking at the structural patterns and semantic relationships within idiomatic compounds

Англоязычный лингвокультурный сценарий “Marketing”: структурно-семантические особенности языковых единиц

The aim of the study is to identify the structural and semantic features of the linguistic units that are the means of linguistic representation of the English-language linguocultural scenario “Marketing”. The paper sheds light on the notion of a “linguocultural scenario”, describes the frame structure of the scenario by highlighting the supporting concepts and sub-concepts. The scientific novelty of the study consists in considering the English-language linguocultural scenario “Marketing”, which has not previously become the object of research, as a cognitive scheme of a speech situation using an integrated cognitive and cultural approach to linguistic material. As a result of the study, the predominance of structurally separable nominal linguistic units was determined, they are represented by non-prepositional constructions, two-component phrases with a deverbal substantive as a core element, means of compressive word formation and two-word verb phrases. Affixal agentive nouns, compound nouns denoting types of goods and basic terms of the marketing sphere, emotionally charged adjectives used in describing the qualities of goods and services, verbs of the business sphere and “highly specialized verbs” of the marketing domain predominate among structurally inseparable linguistic units.

Formation of the Spelling of Compound Nouns with an Initial Imperative in the History of Russian Writing

Formation of the Spelling of Compound Nouns with an Initial Imperative in the History of Russian Writing

A Study of “AB Ren” From the Perspective of Construction Grammar

The “AB Ren” construction such as 打工人da gong ren ‘wage earner’ is fast becoming one of the key instruments in a riot of social media. In this corpus-based study to explore the nature of the “AB Ren” construction from Goldberg’s construction grammar perspective, a total of 108 “AB Ren” expressions were retrieved from the Beijing Language and Culture University Modern Chinese Corpus (BCC), and social media network Weibo. The study aims to investigate the formal features, constructional meaning, social functions and implied cognitive mechanisms behind the “AB Ren” construction. From the standpoint of the formal composition, this construction consists of two parts, the variable part and the fixed part. It can be divided into three categories (verb, noun, and adjective compounds). The “AB Ren” construction has the independent constructional meaning, which is used to describe a certain group of people who are engaged with an occupation corresponding to the “AB” part and are fond of particular activities as well as individuals who are defined as possessing certain features. Because of the high frequency of occurrences, some expressions acquire new emotional meanings as far as constructional meanings are concerned. A group of commonly-appeared “AB Ren” expressions, combining the use of metaphorical and metonymical mechanisms, illustrate language simplicity and are a great way to express self-encouragement and mockery. This study reveals the common generation trends of popular language on the internet in today’s world and the

How Is a “Kitchen Chair” like a “Farm Horse”? Exploring the Representation of Noun-Noun Compound Semantics in Transformer-based Language Models

Abstract Despite the success of Transformer-based language models in a wide variety of natural language processing tasks, our understanding of how these models process a given input in order to represent task-relevant information remains incomplete. In this work, we focus on semantic composition and examine how Transformer-based language models represent semantic information related to the meaning of English noun-noun compounds. We probe Transformer-based language models for their knowledge of the thematic relations that link the head nouns and modifier words of compounds (e.g., KITCHEN CHAIR: a chair located in a kitchen). Firstly, using a dataset featuring groups of compounds with shared lexical or semantic features, we find that token representations of six Transformer-based language models distinguish between pairs of compounds based on whether they use the same thematic relation. Secondly, we utilize fine-grained vector representations of compound semantics derived from human annotations, and find that token vectors from several models elicit a strong signal of the semantic relations used in the compounds. In a novel “compositional probe” setting, where we compare the semantic relation signal in mean-pooled token vectors of compounds to mean-pooled token vectors when the two constituent words appear in separate sentences, we find that the Transformer-based language models that best represent the semantics of noun-noun compounds also do so substantially better than in the control condition where the two constituent works are processed separately. Overall, our results shed light on the ability of Transformer-based language models to support compositional semantic processes in representing the meaning of noun-noun compounds.

Multiword Expressions: Understanding the Meanings of Noun-Noun Compounds in L2

Multiword Expressions: Understanding the Meanings of Noun-Noun Compounds in L2

English complex premodifiers and their German and Swedish correspondences

Abstract This study concerns English hyphenated premodifiers (science-based targets; lower-back pain) contrasted with their German and Swedish correspondences. The data stem from the Linnaeus University English-German-Swedish corpus (LEGS), which contains non-fiction texts, but comparisons are also made to fiction texts from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC). The study shows that these condensed and complex premodifiers are more frequent in English originals than in English translations, and more typical of the non-fiction genre than that of fiction. Information density and terminological precision thus seem to be more important factors for the use of hyphenated premodifiers than creativity and expressiveness. In original English, two-thirds of the right-hand elements are either nouns or ed-participles. In translated English, numerals as left-hand elements (three-page document) are less frequent than in original English. Regarding German and Swedish correspondences, around half are premodifiers. Postmodifiers in the form of prepositional phrases and relative clauses are more frequent in Swedish than in German, which instead “overuses” premodifying extended attributes. Compound adjectives/participles and compound nouns are the most frequent correspondences in both German and Swedish. In almost half the instances, German and Swedish translators choose the same correspondents, indicating a high degree of similarity in the structural preferences in the two target languages.

Слова со сложными основами как члены словообразовательного гнезда в немецком языке (на примере гнезда с вершиной “lieben”)

The study aims to identify the word-formation, semantic and stylistic features of words with complex stems belonging to the word family with the verbal base word “lieben” in the German language. The paper examines in detail the formation of words according to parts of speech, finds polysemous units among them and determines how their meanings developed, as well as the type of polysemy. In addition, the author drew attention to the spheres of functioning of these words in speech. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author is the first to describe words with complex stems belonging to the word family comprehensively, from different positions. As a result of the study, it was found that compound nouns are the most numerous class of compound words and blends in this word family. Compound words, or composites, are formed by compounding, blends are formed by blending. According to their semantic structure, words with complex stems are monosemants, only a small number of them have four and two meanings. Words with complex stems of this word family both denote common concepts and are terms in certain branches of science, such as biology, botany, psychology, astronomy, mythology, etc.

Constructions of the Compound Noun in Indonesian: A Derivational Morphology Approach

This research investigated the intricate process of constructing compound nouns in Indonesian through the lens of derivational morphology. Indonesians, renowned for their rich linguistic structure, employed compound nouns extensively in daily communication. This study delved into the mechanisms behind the formation of compound nouns, analyzing the intricate interplay between constituent morphemes and the rules governing their combination. Employing a derivational morphology framework, the research aimed to unveil the underlying patterns, rules, and semantic nuances that governed the construction of compound nouns in Indonesian. The findings showed that (1) the formation of compound nouns in the Indonesian language primarily occurred through compounding, which involved the combination of two or more free morphemes; (2) there were various cognitive processes such as categorization, metaphorical extension, and conceptual blending for better understanding and generating compound nouns; and (3) a set of systematic rules dictated how morphemes were combined and modified to create complex compound nouns. The findings contributed to a deeper understanding of the structural intricacies of the language, shedding light on its derivational processes and their implications for linguistic analysis.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE LEXEMES HEART AND SOUL IN THE NOVEL «THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD» BY COLSON WHITEHEAD

Background. The article deals with the analysis of the conceptualization of the lexemes heart and soul in the English language based on a historical fiction novel «The Underground Railroad» written by American author Colson Whitehead. Even though there is a number of research dedicated to investigation of the nature of concept and conceptualization this topic is still of paramount importance. 
 The purpose. The purpose of the investigation is to study the peculiarities of conceptualization of the lexemes heart and soul and count their conceptual meanings based on the novel «The Underground Railroad» written by Colson Whitehead. 
 Methods. To reach the aim of the research the following methods have been chosen: the descriptive method, the comparative analysis, the constructive method, the cognitive analysis.
 Results. Due to the results of the investigation, the lexeme heart which has been used 26 times in the novel as a separate lexical unit, as a component of a phrase, as a derivative and as a compound noun represents 10 conceptual meanings: 1) center; 2) complete involvement; 3) feeling of fear; 4) sincerity; 5) enthusiasm and energy; 6) unconcern; 7) kindness; 8) indifference; 9) body organ; 10) hopefulness. According to the conducted analysis, the lexeme soul used 21 times in the text of the novel conveys two main conceptual meanings: 1) a person; 2. nonphysical part of a person. 
 Discussion. Having researched all 26 examples of use of the lexeme heart and 21 instances of use of the lexeme soul in the novel «The Underground Railroad» written by Colson Whitehead, the following conclusion is formed: the number of the lexeme heart and the lexeme soul used in the novel is not significantly different, the lexeme heart is used 26 times and the lexeme soul is implemented 21 times but the number of conceptual meanings verbalized by the lexemes heart and soul is dramatically different as the lexeme heart expresses 10 conceptual ideas, whereas the lexeme soul counts 2 main conceptual meanings. This result can be explained by the use of the lexeme heart as a stem of compound nouns und as a root of derivatives which also influences the number of conceptual meanings the lexeme heart reveals, and the results can be also explained by the specificity of the genre of the novel.

Композити як засіб створення експресивності та їх функціювання в англійськомовних текстах

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of lexical expressiveness and composites as a means of its actualization. A distinction is made between different approaches to understanding the category of expressiveness, including stylistic, pragmatic, functional, and semantic ones. Among the main types of lexical expressiveness in the English language, inherent and adherent expressiveness were distinguished. Attention is paid to the correlation of neutral and expressively marked vocabulary in the modern English language. The vocabulary selected in the study includes lexical units of different parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs), since the phenomenon of expressiveness is not determined by belonging to a certain part of speech, and almost every unit can acquire an expressive tone. It was determined that the formation of language units with inherent explicit expressiveness is facilitated by composition. Special attention is paid to the model of composition of neutral nouns that is the most productive among expressive composites. The peculiarity of this model realises when compound the bases of words, not their neutral meanings, but their secondary ones, which have historically developed from the main meanings through metaphorization, metonymization, and partial de-semantization, are often realized. That is why compound nouns are characterized by their high stylization, their emotional and expressive character is emphasized. Adherent expressiveness of words is formed on the basis of metaphorization. Expressiveness can vary depending on the area of knowledge and communication situation, as well as depending on the type of text. Adherent expressiveness is predominant in modern English. It is confirmed that the adherent and inherent expressiveness of journalistic and fiction works are clearly expressed with the help of expressively marked lexical units.