Notion Of Algebra Research Articles

On the operator origins of classical and quantum wave functions

We investigate operator algebraic origins of the classical Koopman–von Neumann wave function ψKvN\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{KvN}$$\\end{document} as well as the quantum-mechanical one ψQM\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{QM}$$\\end{document}. We introduce a formalism of Operator Mechanics (OM) based on a noncommutative Poisson, symplectic, and noncommutative differential structures. OM serves as a pre-quantum algebra from which algebraic structures relevant to real-world classical and quantum mechanics follow. In particular, ψKvN\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{KvN}$$\\end{document} and ψQM\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{QM}$$\\end{document} are both consequences of this pre-quantum formalism. No a priori Hilbert space is needed. OM admits an algebraic notion of operator expectation values without invoking states. A phase space bundle E\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\mathcal {E}}}$$\\end{document} follows from this. ψKvN\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{KvN}$$\\end{document} and ψQM\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{QM}$$\\end{document} are shown to be sections in E\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\mathcal {E}}}$$\\end{document}. The difference between ψKvN\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{KvN}$$\\end{document} and ψQM\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\psi _{QM}$$\\end{document} originates from a quantization map interpreted as “twisting” of sections over E\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\mathcal {E}}}$$\\end{document}. We also show that the Schrödinger equation is obtained from the Koopman–von Neumann equation. What this suggests is that neither the Schrödinger equation nor the quantum wave function are fundamental structures. Rather, they both originate from a pre-quantum operator algebra. Finally, we comment on how entanglement between these operators suggests emergence of space; and possible extensions of this formalism to field theories.

Conservative algebras of 2-dimensional algebras, IV

The notion of conservative algebras appeared in a paper by Kantor in 1972. Later, he defined the conservative algebra [Formula: see text] of all algebras (i.e. bilinear maps) on the [Formula: see text]-dimensional vector space. If [Formula: see text], then the algebra [Formula: see text] does not belong to any well-known class of algebras (such as associative, Lie, Jordan, or Leibniz algebras). It looks like [Formula: see text] in the theory of conservative algebras plays a similar role to the role of [Formula: see text] in the theory of Lie algebras. Namely, an arbitrary conservative algebra can be obtained from a universal algebra [Formula: see text] for some [Formula: see text] The present paper is part of a series of papers, which is dedicated to the study of the algebra [Formula: see text] and its principal subalgebras.

Strategies and representations used by early childhood education students in a functional thinking task: A case study

This article presents a study that addressed the functional relationships that two early childhood education students (five-six years old) evidenced, as well as the representations they used when solving a functional thinking task. The proposed task involved the function <i>f(x)=2x</i>, with six questions on particular cases and one on generalization. The data was collected through a semi-structured interview to each of the students and a qualitative analysis of their answers was carried out in each of the questions of the task. The results suggest that the two students are capable of approaching the proposed task through different strategies, such as additive and multiplicative correspondence relationship, and covariation. Also, it was found that they use systems of varied representations, being the verbal representation to express the generalization of the functional relationship one that stands out. It is concluded that early childhood education students may be able to tackle tasks that involve algebraic notions that focus on functional thinking.

Analysis of Learning Outcomes of Class VIII SMPN Students in View of the Ability to Understand Mathematical Concepts

The results of learning are a measure to see students succeed in understanding the material after carrying out the learning activity, and obtaining it by evaluation, and the quality of success is obtained from the test at the end of the study. As for the purpose of this study to enhance the learning results of students. As for the method used in this study, it is a qualitative descriptive method. The aim of this method is to know and describe the results of student study seen from its ability to understand mathematical concepts, related to root and rank matter, algebra and scientific notation. The study was conducted at one of the only SMPN centers in the full river city, with its subject the eighth graders of 19. The instrument used in the study consists of tests with as many as 5 grains of problems and as many as 15 grains of multiple choice. As for the results of this self-study it's obtained that the results of students' learning are categorized as low because, the scores students obtained from tests performed do not meet the standard, by which the highest score is worth 46. It is therefore expected that after conducting this study, each energy educator should evaluate the students' learning results and also observe the student's learning style to achieve desired results.

Automorphisms of extensions of Lie-Yamaguti algebras and inducibility problem

Lie-Yamaguti algebras generalize both the notions of Lie algebras and Lie triple systems. In this paper, we consider the inducibility problem for automorphisms of Lie-Yamaguti algebra extensions. More precisely, given an abelian extension [Display omitted] of a Lie-Yamaguti algebra L, we are interested in finding the pairs (ϕ,ψ)∈Aut(V)×Aut(L), which are inducible by an automorphism in Aut(L˜). We connect the inducibility problem to the (2,3)-cohomology of Lie-Yamaguti algebra. In particular, we show that the obstruction for a pair of automorphisms in Aut(V)×Aut(L) to be inducible lies in the (2,3)-cohomology group H(2,3)(L,V). We develop the Wells exact sequence for Lie-Yamaguti algebra extensions, which relates the space of derivations, automorphism groups, and (2,3)-cohomology groups of Lie-Yamaguti algebras. As an application, we describe certain automorphism groups of semi-direct product Lie-Yamaguti algebras. In a sequel, we apply our results to discuss inducibility problem for nilpotent Lie-Yamaguti algebras of index 2. We give examples of infinite families of such nilpotent Lie-Yamaguti algebras and characterize the inducible pairs of automorphisms for extensions arising from these examples. Finally, we write an algorithm to find out all the inducible pairs of automorphisms for extensions arising from nilpotent Lie-Yamaguti algebras of index 2.

Cartier smoothness in prismatic cohomology

Abstract We introduce the notion of a 𝑝-Cartier smooth algebra. It generalises that of a smooth algebra and includes valuation rings over a perfectoid base. We give several characterisations of 𝑝-Cartier smoothness in terms of prismatic cohomology and deduce a comparison theorem between syntomic and étale cohomologies under this hypothesis.

Classification of Ideals in Banach Spaces

Let an operator T belong to an operator ideal J, then for any operators A and B which can be composed with T asBTA then BTA \(\in\) J. Indeed, J contains the class of finite rank Banach Space operators. Now given L(X; Y ). Then J(X; Y ) \(\subseteq\) L(X; Y ) such that J(X; Y ) = {T : X \(\gets\) Y : T \(\subseteq\) }. Thus an operator ideal is a subclass J of L containing every identity operator acting on a one-dimensional Banach space such that: S + T \(\in\) J(X; Y ) where S; T \(\in\) J(X; Y ). If W;Z;X; Y \(\in\) K;A \(\in\) L(W;X);B \(\in\) L(Y;Z) then BTA \(\in\) J(W;Z) whenever T \(\in\) J(X; These properties compare very well with the algebraic notion of ideals in Banach Algebras within whose classes lie compact operators, weakly compact operators, finitely strictly regular operators, completely continuous operators, strictly singular operators among others. Thus, the aim of this paper is to characterize the various classes of ideals in Banach spaces. Special attention is given to the characteristics involving the ideal properties, the metric approximation properties, the hereditary properties in relation to the ideal extensions in the Hahn-Banach space, projection and embedments in the biduals of the Banach Space.

Homotopes of Quasi-Jordan Algebras

The notion of quasi-Jordan algebras was originally proposed by R. Velasquez and R. Fellipe. Later, M. R. Bremner provided a modification called K-B quasi-Jordan algebras; these include all Jordan algebras and all dialgebras, and hence all associative algebras. Any quasi-Jordan algebra is special if it is isomorphic to a quasi-Jordan subalgebra of some dialgebras. Keeping in view the pivotal role of homotopes in the theory of Jordan algebras, we begin a study of the homotopes of quasi-Jordan algebras; among other related results, we show that the homotopes of any special quasi-Jordan algebra are special quasi-Jordan algebras and that the homotopes of a K-B quasi-Jordan algebra is a quasi-Jordan algebra. In the sequel, we also give some open problems.

Cyclic Shuffle-Compatibility Via Cyclic Shuffle Algebras

A permutation statistic st\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{st}\\,}}$$\\end{document} is said to be shuffle-compatible if the distribution of st\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{st}\\,}}$$\\end{document} over the set of shuffles of two disjoint permutations π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi $$\\end{document} and σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma $$\\end{document} depends only on stπ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{st}\\,}}\\pi $$\\end{document}, stσ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${{\\,\ extrm{st}\\,}}\\sigma $$\\end{document}, and the lengths of π\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\pi $$\\end{document} and σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma $$\\end{document}. Shuffle-compatibility is implicit in Stanley’s early work on P-partitions, and was first explicitly studied by Gessel and Zhuang, who developed an algebraic framework for shuffle-compatibility centered around their notion of the shuffle algebra of a shuffle-compatible statistic. For a family of statistics called descent statistics, these shuffle algebras are isomorphic to quotients of the algebra of quasisymmetric functions. Recently, Domagalski, Liang, Minnich, Sagan, Schmidt, and Sietsema defined a version of shuffle-compatibility for statistics on cyclic permutations, and studied cyclic shuffle-compatibility through purely combinatorial means. In this paper, we define the cyclic shuffle algebra of a cyclic shuffle-compatible statistic, and develop an algebraic framework for cyclic shuffle-compatibility in which the role of quasisymmetric functions is replaced by the cyclic quasisymmetric functions recently introduced by Adin, Gessel, Reiner, and Roichman. We use our theory to provide explicit descriptions for the cyclic shuffle algebras of various cyclic permutation statistics, which in turn gives algebraic proofs for their cyclic shuffle-compatibility.

Post-Hopf algebras, relative Rota–Baxter operators and solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation

In this paper, first, we introduce the notion of post-Hopf algebra, which gives rise to a post-Lie algebra on the space of primitive elements and the fact that there is naturally a post-Hopf algebra structure on the universal enveloping algebra of a post-Lie algebra. A novel property is that a cocommutative post-Hopf algebra gives rise to a generalized Grossman–Larson product, which leads to a subadjacent Hopf algebra and can be used to construct solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation. Then, we introduce the notion of relative Rota–Baxter operator on Hopf algebras. A cocommutative post-Hopf algebra gives rise to a relative Rota–Baxter operator on its subadjacent Hopf algebra. Conversely, a relative Rota–Baxter operator also induces a post-Hopf algebra. Finally, we show that relative Rota–Baxter operators give rise to matched pairs of Hopf algebras. Consequently, post-Hopf algebras and relative Rota–Baxter operators give solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation in certain cocommutative Hopf algebras.

Time and band limiting for exceptional polynomials

The “time-and-band limiting” commutative property was found and exploited by D. Slepian, H. Landau and H. Pollak at Bell Labs in the 1960's, and independently by M. Mehta and later by C. Tracy and H. Widom in Random matrix theory. The property in question is the existence of local operators with simple spectrum that commute with naturally appearing global ones.Here we give a general result that insures the existence of a commuting differential operator for a given family of exceptional orthogonal polynomials satisfying the “bispectral property”. As a main tool we go beyond bispectrality and make use of the notion of Fourier Algebras associated to the given sequence of exceptional polynomials. We illustrate this result with two examples, of Hermite and Laguerre type, exhibiting also a nice Perline's form for the commuting differential operator.

The peculiarities of mathematic communication of the eight-formers

The national research of 2005 revealed that in the eighth form the achievements in algebra are lower than in other fields of mathematics. The results of the boys are statistically much lower compared to the girls (the author of the article is a member of the research group). The possibility of the eighth-formers (boys and girls) to solve problems in algebra are analyzed and compared in the article. The research included 2146 students. The students were given 16 problems to solve and the girls coped with them approximately 7–12 percent better than the boys. The girls compared with the boys, performed standard operations better, made less mistakes in combining them, and most often carried out them consecutively. The boys did not solve problems and exercises in mathematics especially if the tasks had operations with fractions. The tasks of concrete content containing small numbers were tried to be solved more by the boys. However, to solve them the boys most frequently choose an arithmetic way and wrote down only the answer. It is evident that the period of transition from concrete perception to the abstract one is at an average later for boys than girls. Boys accept loads of abstract notions in algebra more difficult. The authors of textbooks and teachers should pay attention to is phenomenon.

Directed Ramsey and anti-Ramsey schemes and the Flexible Atom Conjecture

In this paper, we shed new light on the Flexible Atom Conjecture. We first give finite representation results for relation algebras [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Prior to our paper, only [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were known to be finitely representable. We accomplish this by generalizing the notion of a relation algebra generated by a Ramsey scheme to the directed (antisymmetric) setting, and then showing that each of these algebras embeds into a finite directed anti-Ramsey scheme. The notion of a directed anti-Ramsey scheme may be of independent interest. We complement our upper bounds with some lower bounds. Namely, we show that any square representation of [Formula: see text] requires at least 14 points, any square representation of [Formula: see text] requires at least 11 points, and any square representation of [Formula: see text] requires at least 12 points. Our technique adapts previous work of Alm et al. [Algebra Univ. (2022)], in that we examine the combinatorial structure induced by the flexible atom.

Relative regular sequences and generalized cohomology of infinite real Grassmannians

We introduce a generalization of the algebraic notion of a regular sequence, which we call a relative regular sequence, and prove some structural properties of this concept. Applications of this concept arise in algebraic topology, where they help clarify the structure of generalized cohomology rings of infinite real Grassmannians.

Quaternion Factorization Machines: A Lightweight Solution to Intricate Feature Interaction Modeling.

Due to the sparsity of available features in web-scale predictive analytics, combinatorial features become a crucial means for deriving accurate predictions. As a well-established approach, a factorization machine (FM) is capable of automatically learning high-order interactions among features to make predictions without the need for manual feature engineering. With the prominent development of deep neural networks (DNNs), there is a recent and ongoing trend of enhancing the expressiveness of FM-based models with DNNs. However, though better results are obtained with DNN-based FM variants, such performance gain is paid off by an enormous amount (usually millions) of excessive model parameters on top of the plain FM. Consequently, the heavy parameterization impedes the real-life practicality of those deep models, especially efficient deployment on resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) and edge devices. In this article, we move beyond the traditional real space where most deep FM-based models are defined and seek solutions from quaternion representations within the hypercomplex space. Specifically, we propose the quaternion factorization machine (QFM) and quaternion neural factorization machine (QNFM), which are two novel lightweight and memory-efficient quaternion-valued models for sparse predictive analytics. By introducing a brand new take on FM-based models with the notion of quaternion algebra, our models not only enable expressive inter-component feature interactions but also significantly reduce the parameter size due to lower degrees of freedom in the hypercomplex Hamilton product compared with real-valued matrix multiplication. Extensive experimental results on three large-scale datasets demonstrate that QFM achieves 4.36% performance improvement over the plain FM without introducing any extra parameters, while QNFM outperforms all baselines with up to two magnitudes' parameter size reduction in comparison to state-of-the-art peer methods.

Homological properties of 3-dimensional DG Sklyanin algebras

In this paper, we introduce the notion of DG Sklyanin algebras, which are connected cochain DG algebras whose underlying graded algebras are Sklyanin algebras. Let [Formula: see text] be a [Formula: see text]-dimensional DG Sklyanin algebra with [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] We systematically study its differential structures and various homological properties. Especially, we figure out the conditions for [Formula: see text] to be Calabi–Yau, Koszul, Gorenstein and homologically smooth, respectively.

Two-dimensional conformal field theory, full vertex algebra and current-current deformation

The main purpose of this paper is a mathematical construction of non-perturbative deformations of two-dimensional conformal field theories.We introduce the notion of a full vertex algebra which formulates a compact two-dimensional conformal field theory. Then, we construct a deformation family of full vertex algebras which serves as a current-current deformation of conformal field theory in physics. The parameter space of the deformations is expressed as a quotient of an orthogonal Grassmannian. This parameter space is a part of the CFT moduli space expected in physics. We demonstrate that nontrivial quotients of Grassmannians are obtained from holomorphic vertex operator algebras of central charge 24.

Demi-complementation on distributive lattices

The notion of demi-complementation is introduced on distributive lattices. Certain important properties of demi-complemented distributive lattices are investigated. Some equivalent conditions are given for every demi-complemented lattice to become a pseudo-complemented lattice. The notion of demi-implication algebras is introduced and their properties are investigated. Some applications of demi-complementation to implication like algebras are studied.

Generalized mathbb {XOR} Operation and the Categorical Equivalence of the Abbott Algebras and Quantum Logics

Considering the inference rules in generalized logics, J.C. Abbott arrives to the notion of orthoimplication algebra (see Abbott (1970) and Abbott (Stud. Logica. 2:173–177, XXXV)). We show that when one enriches the Abbott orthoimplication algebra with a falsity symbol and a natural mathbb {XOR}-type operation, one obtains an orthomodular difference lattice as an enriched quantum logic (see Matoušek (Algebra Univers. 60:185–215, 2009)). Moreover, we find that these two structures endowed with the natural morphisms are categorically equivalent. We also show how one can introduce the notion of a state in the Abbott mathbb {XOR} algebras strenghtening thus the relevance of these algebras to quantum theories.

Cohomology and deformation quantization of Poisson conformal algebras

In this paper, we first recall the notion of (noncommutative) Poisson conformal algebras and give some constructions of them. Then we introduce the notion of conformal formal deformations of commutative associative conformal algebras and show that Poisson conformal algebras are the corresponding semi-classical limits. At last, we develop the cohomology theory of noncommutative Poisson conformal algebras and use this cohomology to study their deformations.