Notions Of Authenticity Research Articles

A Critical Analysis of the Post-structuralist Thought with Reference to ‘The Death of the Author’ by Roland Barthes

Roland Barthes in his famous essay “The Death of the Author” from a post-structuralist position took a stand against the notion of authority in a text. He while referring to the myth of Sarrasine in Balzac asks certain essential question regarding the position of authorship. For him the author only is a participant in the existing discourse of the time—a mere explorer of the existing symbols and pre-existing linguistic and literary systems. One the other hand he only narrates the events through the existing codes but never participates in it. It is here where Barthes connotes that the author might be praised for his mastery over the existing codes but not for his genius. Likewise, Barthes explores various concepts of post-enlightenment to give his concept of the death of the author not in a literary sense where the work is found importance rather than the author who is the product of the industrial strategy and his position changes over time according to the changes in society.

Indexing authenticity in visual political (social media) communication: a metapragmatics-based analysis of two visual registers of the authentic

AbstractIn this paper, I apply a metapragmatics-based approach to visual communication, combined with adapted concepts of Social Semiotics (“visual modality”) and CDA-oriented visual analysis (“canons of use”), to reconstruct two visual registers of authenticity which are prevailing within a social media photo sample of recent Austrian chancellor Sebastian Kurz (Facebook, Instagram; total of 84 photos), posted during the parliamentary elections in 2017. Triangulated with the discourse analysis of the marketing manager’s metapragmatic reflections on this social media campaign, the study shows how the partly intertwined registers of (1) “professional sensorism” (as a blended register comprising emblems of sensory modality and balanced composition, thereby drawing on the conceptualization of authenticity as sensory and affective experience of “now”) and (2) “voyeuristic fictionalization” (comprising indexicals associated with fiction genre, and based on the notion of authenticity as arising via “unnoticed observing”) are conceptualized and implemented as a—superior—visual stylization, acting as a social positioning, in mediatized political communication.

Makeup Who You Are: Self-Expression Enhances the Perceived Authenticity and Public Promotion of Beauty Work

Abstract Although consumers put substantial effort toward their appearance, engaging in beauty work is often seen as inauthentic, posing challenges for beauty companies that increasingly rely on social media-driven product promotion where authenticity perceptions are consequential. This article draws on existentialist notions of authenticity (wherein the true self is created rather than innate) to explore how framing beauty work as self-expression alters others’ perceptions and, in turn, marketing outcomes. First, an archival analysis of Instagram posts demonstrates that rebranding beauty work as self-expression is positively associated with word-of-mouth about beauty products. Six studies then test how motivational information alters perceptions of people who engage in beauty work. Lowered authenticity perceptions arise from observers’ default assumption that beauty work is motivated by self-enhancement and serves primarily to conceal appearances. By contrast, self-expression enhances authenticity by leading others to see beauty work as a form of creation rather than concealment. This pattern extends to when people engage in a variety of beauty work transformations but not when beauty work is designed to restore appearances or is framed as connected to the innate self. These findings provide insight into judgments of authenticity and the management of a stigma associated with product use.

"ТВОРЯЩЕЕ СОЗНАНИЕ", ИЛИ М.М. БАХТИН МЕЖДУ ПРОШЛЫМ И БУДУЩИМ

Three things are investigated in the present article: first, the general situation in the so-called Bakhtin studies, East and West; secondly, a possible new approach to Bakhtin’ thinking in the context of the “non-Bakhtinian” ideological and scientific atmosphere after the end of the new times, or the Modernity; thirdly, some preliminary commentary is given to Bakhtin’s notion of authorship, or the “creating consciousness”. Consequently, the first part of the article is a discussion of the disparity between Bakhtin’s world-wide popularity and the general problematiicity of his “influence”. The second part is an attempt to investigate some possibility of “another beginning” in the humanities in general and in Bakhtin studies in particular. While a possibility of creative future, or the “new”, doesn’t seem to exist within the horizon of the present, it is not the present, then, but the creative past of the previous epochs is likely to hermeneutically produce possibilities to enrich our creative potential in the modus of “future-in-the-past”. The last part of the article demonstrates a possibility of “another beginning” elucidating Bakhtin’s concept of authorship as a “creating consciousness”. In the Bakhtinian thinking, a creating author, as well as an active person, is not so much existential or monological, but, rather, grotesque and dialogical. Authorship as the “creating consciousness”seems to overcome the ideal of autonomy typical for the Modernity by his alternative principle of the “autonomous participation or participating autonomy” in life, in art, and in science.

Practical Threshold Multi-Factor Authentication

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) has been widely used to safeguard high-value assets. Unlike single-factor authentication (e.g., password-only login), $t$ -factor authentication ( $t$ FA) requires a user always to carry and present $t$ specified factors so as to strengthen the security of login. Nevertheless, this may restrict user experience in limiting the flexibility of factor usage, e.g., the user may prefer to choose any factors at hand for login authentication. To bring back usability and flexibility without loss of security, we introduce a new notion of authentication, called $(t,n)$ threshold MFA , that allows a user to actively choose $t$ factors out of $n$ based on preference. We further define the “most-rigorous” multi-factor security model for the new notion, allowing attackers to control public channels, launch active/passive attacks, and compromise/corrupt any subset of parties as well as factors. We state that the model can capture the most practical security needs in the literature. We design a threshold MFA key exchange (T-MFAKE) protocol built on the top of a threshold oblivious pseudorandom function and an authenticated key exchange protocol. Our protocol achieves the “highest-attainable” security against all attacking attempts in the context of parties/factors being compromised/corrupted. As for efficiency, our design only requires $4+t$ exponentiations, 2 multi-exponentiations and $\mathbf {2}$ communication rounds. Compared with existing $t$ FA schemes, even the degenerated $(t,t)$ version of our protocol achieves the strongest security (stronger than most schemes) and higher efficiency on computational and communication. We instantiate our design on real-world platform to highlight its practicability and efficiency.

Testiranje jezika struke - specifičnosti i izazovi

In modern conditions of general globalization and mobility within different work systems, but also due to the noticeable need for narrow specializations of knowledge, languages for specific purposes are becoming an increasingly relevant category. In this paper we focused on possible ways of testing the language for specific purposes. After a brief presentation of theoretical views on the languages for specific purposes, and pointing to different views of testing in this area, we tried to describe the impact that the complex topic of interaction between language knowledge and professional knowledge can have on testing, as well as the way the dual notion of authenticity is reflected through LSP testing. Our goal was to provide an overview of different views on LSP testing, to point out its specifics, and, above all, the complex issues and possible ways to solve them by combining several different perspectives. It was also pointed out that interdisciplinary research and cooperation of experts from various fields could make a great contribution to development in this area.

HEIDEGGER’S WAY TO POETIC DWELLING VIA BEING AND TIME

Although Heidegger’s explicit account of “poetic dwelling” belongs to his later philosophy, there are important indications that he was already engaging with the core matter of the notion in his early thought. Contrary to the idea that in Being and Time, “dwelling” amounts to mere practical coping with the environment, we would like to demonstrate that the notion is already a poetic issue in his early thought, as it requires the appropriation of our relation to the world via an authentic experience of finitude. Following a topological mode of thinking, the paper thematizes the connections between Heidegger’s early and later thought, and elucidates the following three points: First, “freeing” and “letting” appears as the appropriate ethos of a poetic experience of finitude, one that maintains the “clearing” of meaningfulness. Second, a topological reading of Being and Time can explicate the notions of authenticity and inauthenticity as different disclosures of the clearing where human being-world correlation occurs. Third, the notion of “keeping-still” (Schweigen) can be interpreted as an authentic disposition that frees space for the disclosure of existence. The paper concludes that an authentic experience of finitude through “stillness” appears to reorient human ethos by releasing “discourse” from absorption in “idle-talk” and that such an act of existential re-orientation of one’s disposition towards the world is the essence of “authenticity,” and Heidegger’s early “poetic dwelling”.

Breathed into Wholeness: Catholicity and Life in the Spirit by Mary Frohlich

Reviewed by: Breathed into Wholeness: Catholicity and Life in the Spirit by Mary Frohlich John J. Markey O.P. (bio) Breathed into Wholeness: Catholicity and Life in the Spirit. By Mary Frohlich. Foreword by Ilia Delio. A volume in Catholicity in An Evolving Universe. Series Editor, Ilia Delio. Mary Knoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2019. 242 pp. $28.00. In this impressive work Frohlich desires to develop an enhanced interpretation of the Christian doctrine of the Holy Spirit within the broader context of the term catholicity in its renewed meaning advocated by the series of which this book is a part. To accomplish this end, the author has set for herself a threefold task. First, she explains the internal relationship between doctrine of the Spirit and that of catholicity as implicit in the doctrinal tradition and in the extended treatment the term catholicity in the series. Second, she attempts, successfully in my opinion, to trace and articulate the "trajectory" of the inter-relationship of the theology of the Spirit of God and the human spirit as it has been understood in the Christian tradition. Finally, she seeks to re-imagine this relationship through an exploration of these themes in the context of Christian spirituality by which she means that field which primarily describes the experiential dimension of the relationship between traditional pneumatology and theological anthropology. Frohlich begins with an extended investigation into the concept of catholicity that discovers it initially signifies that the Church embraces and fulfills everything that is fundamentally human. Catholicity then implies that God's grace, through Christ and the Church, extends to all aspects of human experience and beyond human experience into all of creation to varying degrees. This understanding of the extensiveness and inclusivity of grace in turn expands traditional notions of the role of the Holy Spirit in human history and creation. Drawing on biblical and patristic sources, Frohlich chooses to highlight the interpretation of the terms ruah and pneuma as "breath," and so the Holy Spirit is the "Divine Breath" that flows within human beings and the world as a whole. The Divine Breath animates and enlivens all things metaphorically through as process of breathing "in and out." Frohlich extends this metaphor throughout the rest of the book as a way of re-imagining the traditional mission of the Spirit as well as reconceiving the implications of a robust pneumatology for both Christian spirituality and moral/ethical action. Frohlich, therefore, sees the Spirit as a "total environment that exerts influence" in unique way throughout the whole of creation (21). This also allows Frohlich to define the term "panentheism," one of the most important theological themes of the last century, in terms of pneumatology. From this starting point, Frohlich proceeds to analyze the traditional issues of Christian anthropology and spirituality. The Spirit as Breath is at the very heart of even seemingly "natural" human experiences as the "inner-dynamism that urges toward the maximum awareness of being inter-connected, whole or in harmony" with oneself and the wider social and created reality of which each person is a part (42). Chapter Three explores the contemporary crisis of what Frohlich calls the "Anthropocene." The Anthropocene is defined as the era of earth's history when human beings determine the primary structures of the earth's ecosystem. The potential and constantly looming destruction of earth's existing ecosystem by human beings creates the context in which all contemporary interpretations of Catholic person-hood must be done. In the following three chapters of her book, Frohlich examines [End Page 330] the various theoretical and methodological challenges to developing an integrative concept of catholic personhood. In these chapters Frohlich discerns that an authentic notion of catholic personhood must be rooted in a vision of an "apophatic" self that possesses real agency that enables it co-creates itself in cooperation with the Divine Spirit that universally works to bring each person and the whole of creation into a broader and deeply inclusive reality that offers a way through the present crisis of our time. The third part of this book, Chapters Seven through Nine, examines and describes the various practices–both traditional spiritual practices and contemporary modes of expressing the...

Derivas de la autoridad y del autoritarismo: el paterfamilias y la patria en el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt / Derivatives of authority and authoritarianism: paterfamilias and fatherland in Hannah Arendt’s thought

En función de esclarecer las derivas actuales del autoritarismo, emprendemos un examen crítico de los abordajes de la noción de autoridad en el pensamiento político. Rastreando las dos aproximaciones dominantes a la autoridad, procuramos mostrar la necesidad de complejizarlas, concibiéndolo como un fenómeno que se sustenta tanto en el reconocimiento como en la dominación. Sostenemos que se ha producido desde mediados del siglo pasado un fortalecimiento de la dimensión de la dominación a la vez que un desplazamiento desde el autoritarismo como forma de organización estatal hacia tipos sociales y modalidades de subjetivación autoritarias. Nos centraremos en la figura del paterfamilias y en la noción de patria en el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt como dos pilares para analizar la dinámica autoritaria que estructuran los modos sociales imperantes de relacionarse y forjar las comunidades políticas.

Evaluation of Authenticity in the Conservation and Development of the Jameh Mosque of Urmia

ABSTRACT Authenticity is a fundamental concept in the conservation of architectural and urban heritage. It has a very close relationship with cultural heritage values as well as being a conveyor of such values. This paper identifies the factors of recognition in relation to this concept by qualitative research methods and content analysis of international documents and theories. It also sets out the main research questions to be considered in relation to the concept of authenticity in the conservation and development of the Jameh Mosque complex in the city of Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, north-western Iran. Based on this premise, the paper evaluates the conservation and development of the Mosque at different periods, where the evaluation indicate that the measures of 1988 failed to consider the notion of authenticity. Then, establishing the correlation between the explanatory factors of authenticity and the actions taken in 1988 the impact of development is assessed by quantitative research methods. The result is that from the point of view of the specialists and the local people, socio-cultural factor has been neglected to a greater degree than other factors; so much so that the ‘socio-cultural’, ‘historical-evidential’ and ‘aesthetic’ values have been neglected in a downward trend. The findings are confirmed for both groups of local people and specialists.

Arte interativa: quem é o autor e onde está o espectador?

This article examines how the emergence of interactive art brought about the necessity of re-positioning the traditional role of the spectator and led to the re-formulation of the notion of authorship. The non-linear structure of interactive artworks empowers the spectator with the (apparent) control of its narrative and creates a relational space filled with an input-output dynamic. It is suggested that this elevates the spectator to the realm of co-authorship of the work of art that he/she is interacting with, because the specificity of each interaction generates symbolic meanings that the original author cannot anticipate.It is also argued that the input required from the spectator to interact with the artwork could be compared to a theatrical performance. Thus, an analogy between the spectator-in-action of an interactive artwork and the figure of an actor is established. This brings us to the question concluding the article: as the reception of interactive art implies an action from its spectator, the compatibility between action and contemplation is questioned.Finally, the article concludes that the corpus of an interactive artwork has to include the spectator that acts and creates the input needed for the interaction to be established. Therefore, only from the point of view of an external observer one can gain access to its global dimension, that is, as meta-spectators.

«No somos nadie sin el otro»: autenticidad y ciudadanía al interior de una comunidad transnacional de «resurgentistas» de la música andina

A partir de la década de 1970, ciudades latinoamericanas como Lima, La Paz, Buenos Aires, Santiago y Bogotá han atestiguado el surgimiento y desarrollo de escenas musicales basadas la interpretación colectiva de las flautas de Pan conocidas con el nombre aimara de sikus —instrumentos originalmente interpretados por agricultores indígenas en los Andes centrales. Aunque la mayoría de quienes participan en estas escenas no crecieron en contextos en que la interpretación de sikus formara parte de un traspaso generacional,hoy asumen esta práctica como propia y le confieren usos y significados funcionales a sus propios entornos y agendas. Con base en numerosas jornadas de trabajo de campo multisituado al interior de las escenas sikuri de Buenos Aires, Santiago y Bogotá, en este artículo argumento que su creciente interconexión ha dado forma a un movimiento transnacional. Exploro las nociones de autenticidad y respeto en tanto mecanismos a través de los cuales los sikuris negocian su legitimidad para interpretar músicas de origenindígena, y concluyo que sus actividades inspiran estilos de vida alternativos con el potencial de generar transformaciones profundas en la identidad, cultura y sociedad latinoamericanas.

Contradictory or aligned? The nexus between authenticity in heritage conservation and heritage tourism, and its impact on satisfaction

The discrepancy between authenticity regarding heritage conservation and perceived authenticity in heritage tourism has been extensively discussed and seen as an obstacle for sustainable heritage tourism and management. In this article, we reviewed the notion of authenticity respectively in heritage conservation and in heritage tourism, interviewed 5 experts and 363 tourists regarding three cultural heritages in Nanjing, China. Findings indicate that once visitors are fully aware of the essential nature, the cultural significance of the cultural heritage, and the connotation of authenticity in heritage conservation, they can assess the cultural values and the authenticity of a given heritage property intellectually from the perspective of conservation. Tourists’ assessment also significantly affects their perceived authenticity and satisfaction. We argue that, heritage conservation can be compatible with heritage consumption, by publicizing sufficient heritage information and encouraging the exchange of heritage knowledge between conservation practitioners and the public.

Reconstructie en verzet

Reconstructies van verdwenen gebouwen zijn nieuwe scheppingen, zonder eenheid van tijd, plaats en functie. Daarom zijn argumenten die voortkomen uit de theoretische grondbeginselen van de monumentenzorg – die het behoud van ouderdoms- en getuigeniswaarden en historische bouwsubstantie voorstaan – veelal niet op hun plaats. Toch schuilt er een gevaar in reconstructies, omdat ze de waarde van historische materialiteit relativeren. De ‘dissolution of the real monument’ (Glendinning 2013) is daarvan het gevolg.
 Het brede begrip en de waardering van materiële overblijfselen uit het verleden zijn sinds de Nara Conference on Authenticity in 1994 gedestabiliseerd. Het authenticiteitsbegrip dient volgens Nara te worden beoordeeld vanuit de culturele context waarop het betrekking heeft. Binnen die context kan een monument niet alleen authentiek zijn op basis van geloofwaardige historische bronnen en materiaal, maar ook op basis van bronnen die getuigen van authentieke aspecten als functie, ontwerp, traditie en geestelijke of maatschappelijke waarde.
 Deze conceptualisering van authenticiteit voert tot de verdringing van de materiële authenticiteit. Het prevaleren van conceptuele benaderingswijzen heeft een negatieve invloed op de manier waarop met het materiële erfgoed wordt omgegaan. Het devalueren van het wetenschappelijke, materiële bronnenmateriaal plaatst dat materiële erfgoed in een narratieve context, waarmee het kwetsbaar wordt voor ideologische beeldvorming.

Always the real the thing?

Walter Benjamin’s famous 1935 essay ‘The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction’ addresses the authenticity of a work of art as something beyond the merely material and technical. Benjamin constructs a broader notion of authenticity that includes ‘the life of things’ and is related to new techniques in artistic production. This broader sense of authenticity is used here to explore how it may help us to understand architecture in the age of digital reproduction. Two aspects of authenticity in Benjamin’s article are discussed: process reproduction and image reproduction.
 In process reproduction, authenticity is transformed through the mediation of technical procedures. Benjamin’s analysis of photography and film is a seminal version of how the digital age raises new questions through tools and techniques such as programs, coding and algorithms. The work of Kees Christiaanse in collaboration with Ludger Hovestadt provides an example of an increasingly algorithmic approach to urban planning. In image reproduction, the question of authenticity revolves around the increasing proliferation of images. In this context, the Wangjing soho complex by Zaha Hadid and its apparent imitation by a Chinese developer proves illuminating. These projects show aspects of the changing conditions of the digital age, in which new techniques of realization may transform current notions of authenticity.

Materiële echtheid of geschiedvervalsing

In 1917 publiceerde de Koninklijke Oudheidkundige Bond (KNOB) ‘Grondbeginselen en voorschriften voor het behoud, de herstelling en de uitbreiding van oude bouwwerken’. Deze betekenden een breuk met de restauratieopvattingen van P.J.H. Cuypers en Victor de Stuers. De Grondbeginselen keerden zich tegen het reconstrueren of naar eigen inzicht vervolmaken van historische gebouwen, omdat dit leidde tot geschiedvervalsing en vernietiging van monumenten als historische documenten. In de praktijk werd echter vaak van deze principes afgeweken. Bovendien bracht tijdens de Wederopbouw de wens tot herstel van het geschonden stadsschoon velen tot een minder puristisch standpunt en bestond weinig behoefte aan nieuwe regels. In de jaren zeventig riep de KNOB echter op tot een herijking van de grondbeginselen. Tijdens een studiebijeenkomst over restauratiefilosofie- en theorie in 1978 werd gediscussieerd over het thema ‘authenticiteit’. De opvattingen over dit begrip liepen uiteen. Waar het voor de een strikt ging om echtheid van het oorspronkelijke materiaal, kon voor anderen authenticiteit ook gelegen zijn in ontwerp, vorm, ruimte of afwerking. Dit laatste bleek echter te subjectief voor een gezamenlijk standpunt; de KNOB bleef vooral hoeder van de authentieke historische substantie.

Sound hunting in postwar Japan: recording technology, aurality, mobility, and consumerism

ABSTRACT Throughout the 1970s, the hobby of sound hunting boomed in Japan. A magazine and numerous guidebooks urged young people to get out and about recording the soundscape and hunting for “real sound”. The mobility inherent in the technological transformations of the previous decades fed into a media discourse which drew together theories and practices taken from the protests and sub-cultures of the 1960s that celebrated creativity, openness, and individuated lifestyles, whilst challenging notions of authority and expertise. Sound hunting and amateur recording was a mediatised pastime that sought new ways of incorporating technological change, as well as professional experimentation in music and sound recording, into everyday life. Sound as an object – to be understood, controlled, and manipulated – was incorporated into consumer society through a media discourse that emphasised the individualism, mobility, experimentation, and spending at the heart of youth lifestyles in the 1970s. Capturing sound required detailed research, an individual, creative approach and an amateur spirit. The sound hunting boom in Japan highlights the importance of technology, consumerism and the media to sound studies by shedding light on the wider social, cultural and media contexts within which portable sound-recording technology and new practices of listening became increasingly commodified.

O Autor e a Medida: alguns enunciados da classificação métrica de autores

Objetivo: Explorar e analisar, através de uma perspectiva epistemológico-histórica enunciados que possibilitam o discurso métrico entre autores no âmbito de uma economia política da produção científica. Mais especificamente, aquele discurso que permite medir e estabelecer um tipo de ranking entre os autores. Propor que a noção de biobibliografia, mais que a noção geral de bibliografia, está diretamente ligada a esta conformação discursiva. A pesquisa está voltada para a autoria científica. Método: O procedimento metodológico adotado se define pela exploração teórica aplicada à literatura científica. Dar-se-á maior relevância aos enunciados produzidos no campo de saber da Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação (BCI), apesar de não se restringir a este. A unidade discursiva, que permite descrever, medir e classificar os autores científicos, se forma a partir da relação heterogênea entre enunciados que lidam com as noções de autor e medição. Portanto, tratamos destes enunciados enquanto acontecimentos que constroem este saber. Resultado: A exploração demonstra que as ideias de medição e de classificação entre os autores já era possível no início do século XX. No entanto, de uma perspectiva histórica podemos aferir algumas mudanças epistêmicas que influenciaram a esta prática. O caráter quantitativo está presente nos dois modelos discursivos estudados. No entanto, a formação dos objetos quantificados difere. No primeiro caso, há uma preocupação em medir a superioridade de um autor sobre o outro na superfície discursiva acerca deles, uma espécie singular de ordem moral (um ethos vertical para estabelecimento de padrões de comportamento). Em um segundo momento, que chamamos de virada epistêmica, temos que a produtividade autoral é fator de maior relevância para classificar a autoria científica. Assim, no capitalismo, a obra é convertida em produto e o autor em produtor. Conclusões: A noção da medida e de autor estão, há muito tempo, presentes no macro discurso da bibliografia, enquanto discurso de saber. No entanto, podemos afirmar que estas relações não são estáticas no tempo. O discurso biobibliográfico sustenta a prática classificadora entre sujeitos. Ele passou de polo biográfico para uma episteme da produção bibliográfica do indivíduo, atravessado por questões métricas. Se a bibliometria só é possível pela estruturação de uma prática bibliográfica, também a avaliação pelo critério de produção para sujeitos, dotados da função autor, perpassa por uma lógica biobibliográfica, podendo sustentar uma noção “bio-bibliométrica”.

Plagiarism and Authorship in Turn-of-the-Century Venezuela

Abstract This article explores the connection between modernismo, a literary movement that relied heavily on imitation and intertextuality, and accusations of plagiarism, copying, and appropriation. It contextualizes the analysis within a nineteenth-century legal moment in which intellectual property protections were just beginning to take hold at the international level. It examines claims of authorship in the absence of meaningful intellectual property legislation, and in an asymmetrical context in which European authors were widely reprinted and read in Latin America but Latin American authors were barely read in Europe. And it considers performances of plagiarizing and of being plagiarized—that is, the unease expressed by one who suspects his work has been copied. Specifically, the article analyzes an accusatory epistolary exchange between Enrique Gómez Carrillo and Manuel Díaz Rodríguez; the novel El hombre de hierro (The Iron Man; 1907) by Rufino Blanco Fombona, which was interpreted as a copy of Flaubert’s Madame Bovary but justified by its local character; and the very curious case of Rafael Bolívar Coronado, whose writing implodes the category of authorship that underlies intellectual property legislation. Taken together, the three cases demonstrate the development of the notions of authorship and plagiarism in Venezuelan literature at the turn of the century.

21st-century Buffalo Boys: Intersectional approaches to the complexities of modern masculinity

Scottish-born stylist, Ray Petri, founder of the maverick Buffalo Collective, defined the look and feel of radical 1980s fashion magazines such as i-D, The Face and Arena. The Buffalo Boy look pioneered a more sexually ambiguous form of fashion iconography, undermining the putative immutability of normative codes of gender and sexuality and communicating a new image of masculinity. Previous conviction that the Buffalo spirit died with its founder has been upended by a new generation tapping into the Buffalo legacy, notably British-Ghanaian photographer, model-casting agent and publisher, Campbell Addy, and West African stylist, Ibrahim Kamara – both former interns of original Buffalo Collective members. This article explores how Addy and Kamara’s imagery interrogates the fragile relationship between menswear and masculinity, underpinned by intersectional issues of sex, race, faith and identity. Breaking down the construct of hegemonic masculinity, this article compares contemporary works by Addy and Kamara with the output of Buffalo to argue that the Buffalo spirit is evolving in how Addy and Kamara address notions of authenticity, exploit cross-cultural influences and transcend binary oppositions – redefining modern masculinity.