Notification Information System Research Articles

Analysis of the reliability of the information system of mass notification with «client-server» architecture and using google maps service

The object of research in this work is the information system that is restored after the failures, consisting of a finite number n of the hardware and software client systems that are connected via the corresponding interface to the server S. This system is a «client-server» model for a modern public notification system in emergency situations. The system provides for the use of services of interactive terrain maps for processing or supplementing data transmitted from mobile devices of the victims, which have already been received by the server and worked through the algorithms programmed in it. In the course of research, mathematical models of the considered information system were constructed and used. The «client-server» information system that is restored after a failure with a finite number of states is approximated. A state graph is obtained that describes its behavior, and a system of Kolmogorov differential equations is also compiled. The direct Laplace transform from a system of differential equations is used. A mathematical model is built to describe the behavior of the system, taking into account the ultimate reliability of the Google Maps service system. Also, to determine the reliability of the model, a special case of the system operation is calculated without taking into account the failure of the client. This is due to the fact that the client part of each potential victim has its own individual characteristics and depends on the type of used device. The behavior of the information system in the presence of failures is analyzed, which is described by a system of differential equations with variable coefficients. This analysis shows that the information system has a fairly high reliability of the main characteristics. Through the use of the proposed mathematical model, it is possible to obtain various characteristics of the reliability of information systems such as «client-server». The solution of the obtained differential equations allows to study these characteristics in a wide range of changes in failure rates and restoration of system components.

Tuberculosis incidence inequalities and its social determinants in Manaus from 2007 to 2016

BackgroundBrazil is among the 30 countries with high-burden of tuberculosis worldwide, and Manaus is the capital with the highest tuberculosis incidence. The accelerated economic and population growth in Manaus in the last 30 years has strengthened the process of social stratification that may result in population groups that are less favored in terms of healthcare and are vulnerable to infection and illness due to tuberculosis. This study aimed to characterize inequalities associated with tuberculosis incidence in relation to the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the resident population of Manaus and to identify their determinants from 2007 to 2016.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted using the data from the Diseases Notification Information System. Tuberculosis incidence rates by population characteristics (gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level) were calculated for each year, studied, and represented in equiplot charts. To measure the disparity of tuberculosis incidence in the resident population in Manaus, the Gini index of tuberculosis in each neighborhood was calculated based on the incidence rates of the census sectors. A thematic map was constructed to represent the spatial distribution of tuberculosis incidence inequality. Linear regression models were used to identify the relationship between the tuberculosis incidence inequality and its social determinants.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2016, there was an increase in the tuberculosis incidence in Manaus, together with an increase in incident inequality among genders, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic level. The incidence of tuberculosis inequality was associated with the inequalities of its possible determinants (Gini of the proportion of male population, Gini of the proportion of indigenous population, Gini of the proportion of illiteracy, Gini of income, Gini of the proportion of households connected to the water network, and Gini of the mean number of bathrooms per inhabitant), the per capita income, and the proportion of cases with laboratory confirmation.ConclusionsDisparities in tuberculosis incidence in the resident population in neighborhoods can be explained by the sociodemographic and economic heterogeneity. Our findings recommend that public policies and tuberculosis control strategies consider differences in the determinants of tuberculosis inequality for the development of specific actions for each population group.

Notification of cases of HIV/AIDS among the elderly in the state of Ceará: the historical sequence between 2005 and 2014

Abstract Objective: to describe the historical sequence and characteristics of reported cases of HIV/AIDS among the elderly in the state of Ceará from 2005 to 2014. Method: a descriptive study was carried out, based on the Ministry of Health database, available in SINAN (Disease Cases Notification Information System) from January 2005 to December 2014. The variables studied were: gender, race, schooling, marital status and exposure category. Result: a total of 10,299 new cases were reported in the state, 1.5% (151) of which related to the elderly. The majority of those affected lived in Fortaleza (85.6%), were aged between 60 and 69 years (86.8%), were male (60.9%), brown (61.6%), had a level of schooling below unfinished elementary (42%), were heterosexual (85.4%) and had a marital status of married (29.3%). The proportion of male/female cases peaked in 2005 (5.5: 1) and declined thereafter reaching an average value of 0.8: 1 in the period between 2008 and 2011, then increased again, reaching 3.3: 1 in 2014. The highest coefficients were observed in the groups with lower schooling. Conclusion: according to the notifications during the period evaluated, AIDS among the elderly showed a tendency of growth among men, aged between 60 and 69 years old, who were heterosexual, less educated and married. This justifies the strengthening of specific strategies aimed at this population with the objective of tackling the disease.

Leprosy in the elderly population of Alagoas

Abstract Objective: to describe the epidemiological profile of elderly persons with leprosy in the state of Alagoas. Method: a descriptive epidemiological study of leprosy cases among the elderly reported to the Disease Notification Information System between 2005 and 2015 was carried out. Results: a total of 896 cases were identified, with a predominance of 60-69 years old (60.5%), who were male (50.4%), had no schooling (34.8%), no source of income (54.1%), multibacillary forms of the disease (67.9%), and a high proportion of grade I (30.3%) and II (11.8%) disability at diagnosis. Hyperendemicity was noted during the survey period, with a mean detection rate of 29.48 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: leprosy is a growing disease among the elderly and early detection should be encouraged in this population to prevent the impairment of active aging.

Análise multivariada da esquistossomose no estado de Minas Gerais: análise de componentes principais

Introdução: A esquistossomose mansônica é uma doença negligenciada no Brasil, logo, relacionada à pobreza e ausência de condições sanitárias. Ocorre na região litorânea do nordeste e se interioriza a partir do estado da Bahia, chegando a Minas Gerais. Objetivo: Agrupar, por meio da análise de componentes principais, as principais variáveis relacionadas à esquistossomose em fatores que possam explicar a variância dos dados. Métodos: Foram avaliadas as notificações de esquistossomose entre os anos de 2007 a 2014, considerando a média por 100 mil habitantes. As variáveis: educação, saúde, economia, infraestrutura e saneamento, população, altimetria e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), foram obtidas no Atlas Brasil; os dados das notificações de esquistossomose foram obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN). A análise estatística foi realizada a partir da análise de componentes principais, visando identificar os principais fatores que contribuem de forma mais significativa, com a variância dos dados. Resultados: Considerando os critérios propostos, três fatores explicaram mais de 76% da variância, sendo o primeiro relacionado às variáveis: taxa de analfabetismo em 18 anos ou mais, sem ensino fundamental, mortalidade infantil, extremamente pobre, vulnerável a pobreza, esgotamento sanitário inadequado e população rural. O segundo foi relacionado à variável esgotamento sanitário e o terceiro fator à variável altitude. Conclusão: As variáveis associadas aos fatores, principalmente aquelas pautadas nos determinantes sociais de saúde, demonstram uma forte relação com a ocorrência da esquistossomose. A contribuição do estudo nos remete a possibilidade de agrupar variáveis em fatores que comportam de forma sinérgica e favorecem a incidência da parasitose.

HANSEN’S DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE CHARACTERIZATION IN CAJAZEIRAS REGION IN THE STATE OF PARAÍBA

Hansen’s Disease is a chronic, infectious and slowly evolving disease caused by the etiologic agent Mycobacterium leprae, or Hansen's bacillus. The contagion is by secretions of the upper airways and droplets of saliva. Although it is a basically cutaneous disease, it can also affect peripheral nerves, eyes and eventually other organs. Its presentation is manifested in four clinical forms: indeterminate, tuberculoid, borderline or dimorphic and virchowian. And the operational classification for therapeutic purposes consists of two groups: paucibacillary and multibacillary. Objective: To characterize the epidemiological profile of leprosy cases in Cajazeiras - PB. This is a quantitative study, exploratory and descriptive, based on the collection of secondary data contained in the leprosy notification sheets of the Aging and Notification Information System (SINAN), in the period from 2012 to 2016. The work was carried out with the data obtained in the macro-region of Cajazeiras, which gathers about fourteen municipalities. A total of 468 cases of leprosy were reported in the period from 2012 to 2016. Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, it was identified that the majority are male, brown, age group between 30 and 39 years old and schooling with incomplete elementary school. In relation to the clinical characterization of leprosy, the data show a predominance of the dimorphic form and multibacillary operational classification. It is concluded that it is important to reorganize the work process in order to integrate the control actions to the primary care services, especially in the Family Health Teams, with emphasis on the collective approach.

Screening for infectious diseases among newly arrived asylum seekers, Bavaria, Germany, 2015.

Background and aimAs a consequence of socioeconomic and political crises in many parts of the world, many European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries have faced an increasing number of migrants. In the German federal state of Bavaria, a mandatory health screening approach is implemented, where individuals applying for asylum have to undergo a medical examination that includes serological testing for HIV and hepatitis B, screening for tuberculosis, and until September 2015, stool examination for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.. Methods: Data from mandatory screening of all first-time asylum seekers in Bavaria in 2015 was extracted from the mandatory notification and laboratory information system and evaluated. Results: The HIV positivity and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity rate of tested samples from asylum seekers were 0.3% and 3.3%, respectively, while detection rate of active tuberculosis was between 0.22% and 0.38%. The rates for HIV, hepatitis B, and tuberculosis among asylum seekers were similar to the corresponding prevalence rates in most of their respective countries of birth. Only 47 Salmonella spp. (0.1%) were isolated from stool samples: 45 enteric and two typhoid serovars. Beyond mandatory screening, louse-borne relapsing fever was found in 40 individuals. Conclusions: These results show that mandatory screening during 2015 in Bavaria yielded overall low positivity rates for all tested infectious diseases in asylum seekers. A focus of mandatory screening on specific diseases in asylum seekers originating from countries with higher prevalence of those diseases could facilitate early diagnosis and provision of treatment to affected individuals while saving resources.

Spatial analysis and climatic factors related to dengue in a small municipality of São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: to analyze the relationship of climatic variables, temperature and rainfall, - with dengue, in addition to identifying possible areas of greater spatial concentration of confirmed dengue cases. Methods: This is an ecological study with secondary data in the city of Ubirajara / SP. The confirmed cases of Dengue, assumed as an outcome, were obtained from the Aging and Notification Information System (SINAN) of the Ministry of Health; while the climatic data were used as independent variables and temperature and precipitation were provided by IPMet - Center of Meteorology of Bauru / SP, from 2007 to 2015. Pearson’s correlation (r) was used for statistical analyzes. The addresses were geocoded and related to the digital cartoFigureic base of the municipality through the software QGIS and elaborated the thematic map through the kernel intensity estimator. Results: 187 cases of dengue were reported in the study period, with 119 cases (63.7%) occurring in 2015 with an incidence coefficient of 25.39 cases per 1,000 inhabitants. Mean annual temperature correlated positively with dengue and (r) (Pearson) cases = 0.6889, p = 0.0401 (α = Type I error) and β = 0.6652 (Type II error). The Kernel map identified four areas of greatest concentration for dengue transmission. Conclusions: The relationship between temperature increase and dengue cases requires adequate responses from the institutions, with continuous monitoring of trends, construction of predictive models for the formulation of plans by using spatial analysis in the identification of the priority areas for actions that will be performed.

Gestational and congenital syphilis: maternal, neonatal characteristics and outcome of cases

Abstract Objectives: to describe the occurrence of gestational and congenital syphilis in Guarapuava-PR, according to maternal, neonatal characteristics and outcome of cases. Methods: cross-sectional study, retrospective, held in Guarapuava/PR, with secondary data collected in the laboratory of clinical analyses and information system of Compulsory Notification, collected between October 2015 and August/2016, the variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. Results: of the 40 newborn (NB) children ofpregnant women with syphilis, 30.0% had congenital syphilis. The variables that were associated with were: gestational quarter of positive examination (p=0.008), number of antenatal consultations (p=0.041), gestational risk stratification (p= 0.041) and treatment of partner (p<0.001). The variables that were associated with the occurrence of congenital syphilis were: risk classification at birth (p=0.004) and examination VDRL in the peripheral blood of the NB (p=0.004). Conclusions: reinforcing prenatal, with the early capture of the pregnant woman by basic care, expansion of the diagnostic coverage and timely and adequate treatment of the pregnant woman and partner, as a prophylactic measure of a possible reinfection.

Evaluating the Surveillance System for Spotted Fever in Brazil Using Machine-Learning Techniques.

This work analyses the performance of the Brazilian spotted fever (SF) surveillance system in diagnosing and confirming suspected cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), from 2007 to 2016 (July) using machine-learning techniques. Of the 890 cases reported to the Disease Notification Information System (SINAN), 11.7% were confirmed as SF, 2.9% as dengue, 1.6% as leptospirosis, and 0.7% as tick bite allergy, with the remainder being diagnosed as other categories (10.5%) or unspecified (72.7%). This study confirms the existence of obstacles in the diagnostic classification of suspected cases of SF by clinical signs and symptoms. Unlike man–capybara contact (1.7% of cases), man–tick contact (71.2%) represents an important risk indicator for SF. The analysis of decision trees highlights some clinical symptoms related to SF patient death or cure, such as: respiratory distress, convulsion, shock, petechiae, coma, icterus, and diarrhea. Moreover, cartographic techniques document patient transit between RJ and bordering states and within RJ itself. This work recommends some changes to SINAN that would provide a greater understanding of the dynamics of SF and serve as a model for other endemic areas in Brazil.

Epidemiological study of scorpion stings in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil.

ABSTRACTThis communication is a retrospective epidemiological study of the scorpion sting cases recorded from 2007 to 2014 in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil. The data was collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Rio Grande do Norte State. A total of 20,555 cases were studied. The cases were distributed over all months of the period studied and occurred mainly in urban areas. Victims were predominantly 20-29 year-old women. Most victims were stung on the foot and received medical care within 1-3 h after being stung. The cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Scorpion stings in Rio Grande do Norte State are an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year.

The epidemiology of snakebite in the Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil.

ABSTRACTThis report is a retrospective study of the epidemiology of snakebite cases recorded from 2007 to 2014 in the Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil. Data was collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Rio Grande do Norte. A total of 3,019 cases were studied. Cases were distributed over all months of the period studied and occurred mainly in rural areas. Snakes of the genus Bothrops, Crotalus, Micrurus, Lachesis and non-venomous snakes were responsible for 1,507, 185, 52, 6 and 673 cases, respectively. Snakebites predominated in males with age between 10 and 29 years old. Most victims were bitten on the feet and received medical assistance within 1-3 h after being bitten. Cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Envenomation by snakebite in Rio Grande do Norte is an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year. Additionally, the training of health professionals is urgent in order to improve the registration of epidemiological information and medical care to victims.

Work-related cancer in Brazil: description of the notifications, 2007-2012

It is estimated that 2-4% of the world’s cancer is associated with exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. The objectives of the study were to describe the characteristics of occupational cancer notifications in Brazil from 2007 to 2012, and to evaluate the completeness of the variables of these notifications. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study from the data collected in the Injury Notification Information System. In the study period 269 cases of occupational cancer were more often reported in the Midwest (59.1%), of cases of skin cancer (92.0%), among workers in agriculture, forestry and hunting and fishing (43.5%), who were 11-20 years of work in profession (24.2%), and were self-employed (30.1%). As for classification of incomplete fields, it was evident that the minority of the variables in the notification were poorly filled out. The complete filling out of notifications and monitoring workers’ health with preventative actions against occupational cancers are necessary to reduce their incidence and promote workers’ health in healthy environments.

Time trends and changes in the distribution of malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon Region, 2004-2013.

Recent efforts to reduce malaria incidence have had some successes. Nevertheless, malaria persists as a significant public health problem in the Brazilian Amazon. The objective of this study was to describe changes in malaria case characteristics and to identify trends in malaria incidence in the Brazilian Amazon. This study used data from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance and Case Notification Information System from 2004 to 2013. The annual parasite incidence (API) was calculated and joinpoint regression was used to assess the trends in API over time. There was a sharp increase in API in the state of Acre, followed by two periods of decrease. Pará also presented inconsistent decreases over the study period. Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, and Roraima showed statistically significant decreases over the period. The sharpest decrease occurred in Rondônia, with a reduction of 21.7% in the average annual percent change (AAPC) (AAPC: -21.7%; 95% confidence interval: -25.4%, -17.8%; p < 0.05). This panorama of malaria incidence highlights the importance of integrating evidence-based malaria surveillance and control. Malaria is highly preventable, and eliminating its transmission should be a goal in coming decades.

Epidemiologic situation of tuberculosis in Rio Grande do Sul: an analysis about Sinan's data between 2003 and 2012 focusing on indigenous peoples.

This article analyzes the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, emphasizing the indigenous population. The data are based on the Information System of Grievance Notification (Sinan) between 2003 and 2012. The notified cases of tuberculosis were analyzed according to age, sex, zone of residence, input type, means of diagnosis, clinical form, anti-HIV exam, medical care, supervised treatment (in Portuguese, TDO), closure, and race. The highest incidence rates in the period were among Afro-Brazilians, yellow, and indigenous peoples. The cases affected mainly adult men living in urban areas. Indigenous peoples showed the highest rates of notifications among people aged less than 10 years (12%). In the sputum test, missing information and not-performed exams reached more than 50.0% in all periods and groups. The cure was more prevalent among white people (66.2%); indigenous, brown, and Afro-Brazilian people presented the lowest cure rates: 59.4, 58.4, and 60%, respectively. Tuberculosis is one of the biggest problems in Rio Grande do Sul. The actions of diagnosis, clinical form, and treatment of the cases have not been implemented as proposed. The indigenous peoples' situation is similar and diverse at the same time in comparison with other peoples from different areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, it is unfavorable on a balanced evaluation of the whole scenario. Furthermore, the discrepancies among races are evident: the indigenous and Afro-Brazilian peoples fill the spread sheet, in general terms, on the worst situation, whereas the white people fill the data with the best health situation.

Implementation of the Information System of Preliminary Notification about Passengers at Railway and Air Checkpoints

The aim of the study is to analyze the process of implementing and putting into practice the Information System of Preliminary Notification about Passengers at Railway and Air checkpoints into the activity of the Border Guard Service of the Republic of Belarus. The main tasks of the study are as follows: to analyze the practical methods of operating of the Information System during the border control’s procedures at railway and air checkpoints; to estimate the functional practice of the Information System at railway and air checkpoints of Belarus. The study under consideration is fundamentally based on the dialectical-philosophical method alongside with general scientific and specific scientific methods. Background of the System’s implementing, achieved results and directions for further development

Hepatite B no Município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil: Padrão Epidemiológico e Associação das Variáveis Sociodemográficas

Objective: To describe the epidemiologic profile of hepatitis B and identify the demographic area of residence of individuals affected by this disease in the city of Salvador, Bahia, in the period 2007-2012. Material and Methods: This was an epidemiological descriptive study based on secondary data from the Injuries and Notification Information System (SINAN), which includes all cases of the disease (reported and confirmed) in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Results: A total of 9,100 viral hepatitis cases were reported and confirmed in the state of Bahia. Over the study period, Salvador accounted for 535 cases, which represents 20.26% of all notifications in the state. Our analysis confirmed some aspects reported in the literature, e.g., men aged 20 to 49 years are the individuals mostly affected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. Sexual transmission was the most frequent route present in approximately 40% of cases in the years 2009 to 2011. As to the geographical location of residence, the health district Cabula Beiru had the highest number of confirmed cases (n=65), followed by Pituba Barra Rio Vermelho and Suburbio Ferroviario, a territorial division marked by distortions in the economic pattern. Conclusion: Although vaccination is available to prevent hepatitis B infections, the number of cases have increased significantly in the city of Salvador, thus highlighting the need for public policies to implement control actions as well as to support health promotion and disease prevention strategies. DESCRIPTORS Hepatitis B. Disease Notification. Epidemiological Surveillance.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCORPION ENVENOMATION IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

This report is a retrospective study of the epidemiology of scorpion sting cases recorded from 2007 to 2013 in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 11,134 cases were studied and distributed across all the months of the studied period and they occurred mainly in urban areas. Victims were predominantly 20-29 years-old women. Most victims were bitten on the hand; and received medical assistance within 1-3 hours after being bitten. Cases were mostly classified as mild and progressed to cure. Scorpion envenomation in Ceará is an environmental public health problem that needs to be monitored and controlled throughout the year.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HONEYBEE STING CASES IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL.

In the American continent, honeybee envenomation is a public health problem due to the high incidence and severity of the cases. Despite its medical importance, there is a lack of epidemiological studies on this topic in Brazil, especially referring to the Northeastern states. The present study has aimed to describe the epidemiological features of honeybee envenomation cases in the state of the Ceará, Northeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2013. Data were collected from the Injury Notification Information System database of the Health Department of Ceará. A total of 1,307 cases were analyzed. Cases were shown to be distributed in all the months of the studied years, reaching higher frequencies in August. The majority of cases occurred in urban areas and involved men aged between 20 and 29 years. Victims were mainly stung on the head and torso, and they received medical assistance predominantly within 3 hours after being stung. Local manifestations were more frequent than systemic ones. Most cases were classified as mild and progressed to cure. The high number of honeybee sting cases shows that Ceará may be an important risk area for such injuries. Moreover, the current study provides data for the development of strategies to promote control and prevention of bee stings in this area.

Tuberculosis In Brazil: New Cases, Healing And Abandonment In Relation To Level Of Education

SETTING: The situation of tuberculosis in Brazil OBJECTIVE :Analyze the intensity of the relation between new cases of Tuberculosis and ending situations, healing and treatment abandonment compared to level of education in Brazilian States in 2013. DESIGN: Transversal-quantitative study, using data from Diseases and Notification Information System related to the notified cases of Tuberculosis. In order to have a study sample cases that identify the level of education were selected. Data were analyzed through the hierarchical classification method (heat maps and dendrograms). RESULTS: The results showed the importance of level of education when the rising of new cases, cure and treatment abandonment of the disease in Brazil. The higher the level of education is the lower the frequency of those three variables are, but lower levels of education (less than 9 years) implicate on higher occurrences of the three analyzed factors in all states. CONCLUSION: The knowledge about Tuberculosis’ patients level of education in Brazilian states is really important to Public Health because it gives essential information to the strengthening of health actions related to the effective control of the disease.