Notable People Research Articles

Only Ada?: dominance of entrepreneurial white men as the famous figures in computing and technology for young people

ABSTRACT Prominent public figures are important representatives of their fields, potentially becoming influential role models, especially for young people. The identities of these famous people can shape and stereotype their respective domains, impacting diversity and inclusion. This paper examines young people’s awareness of the notable people in the computing and technology field, utilising data from a questionnaire with 4,112 entries from 1,788 young people aged 11–16 in England. Our study unveils two prominent groups of famous people: the tech entrepreneurs and the historic academics. The top 10 famous people identified are Bill Gates, Alan Turing, Steve Jobs, Elon Musk, Mark Zuckerberg, Jeff Bezos, Ada Lovelace, Stephen Hawking, Grace Hopper and Charles Babbage. We also analyse how young people’s demographic background, such as gender and enrolment in computer science study, predicts their awareness of famous individuals. We discuss the possible meanings and implications of these famous individuals as the leading figures in young people’s available discourses, especially the dominance of entrepreneurial white men and the fascination of wealth through technology. We consider famous individuals as potential role models for young people and discuss the challenges we face to broaden dominant discourses of who represents the computing and technology sector.

Path dependence, stigmergy, and memetic reification in the formation of the 27 Club myth

The "27 Club" refers to the widespread legend that notable people, particularly musicians, are unusually likely to die at age 27. A 2011 inquiry in The BMJ showed this is not the case, dismissing the 27 Club as a myth. We expand on this discourse by demonstrating that although the existence of the phenomenon cannot be empirically validated, it is real in its consequences. Using Wikipedia data, we show that while age 27 does not hold greater risk of mortality for notable persons, those who died at 27 are as a group exceptionally notable compared to those who died at other young ages. The 27 Club legend originated from a statistically improbable event circa 1970, wherein four superstar musicians died within the span of 2 y all at age 27. This coincidence captured the public imagination such that our fascination with the 27 Club brought itself into being, producing greater interest in those who died at age 27 than would have been otherwise. This demonstrates path dependence in cultural evolution, whereby an effectively random event evolves into a narrative that shapes otherwise unrelated events and thus the way we make and interpret history.

Head and Neck Cancer in Pan-American Notable People: An International Survey.

Background: The study of notable people as advocates for raising cancer awareness began in the latter decades of the 20th century. This research aimed to identify Pan-American notable people with head and neck cancer (HNC) and to explore senior health professionals' perspectives on communicating stories of notable patients with HNC to promote prevention. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire designed in REDCap and administered to 32 senior health professionals with long-standing academic and clinical backgrounds in HNC. In addition, a structured literature review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, and gray literature. Results: 18 notable figures were successfully identified from the survey, and 24 from the literature review. These individuals came from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, El Salvador, Chile, Colombia, and Peru, and were recognized primarily for their performances as actors, artists, musicians, and athletes. The professionals' outlooks were positive, with 31 (96.9%) agreeing that disseminating these stories can contribute to reducing risk behaviors. Furthermore, all participants (100%) agreed that such stories can promote early detection of HNC, primarily through social media, followed by the internet, and television. Conclusions: The study identified notable individuals and gathered positive perspectives from professionals. Our results suggest that notable people could serve as potential advocates for HNC prevention. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of this prevention strategy.

The Study of the Components and Indicators of the Innovative Organizations of Secondary Schools Under the Office of the Basic Education Commission

The objective of this study was to study the composition and indicators of innovative organizations of secondary schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission using research papers study principles and concepts. Then, data was collected, analyzed, and synthesized to obtain the composition and indicators of the innovative organization of secondary schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission. The tools used to collect data included document notes and assessment forms for the suitability of elements and indicators by confirming elements and indicators from 9 experts. Among the informants are notable people. Three expert groups’ credentials are ascertained by Purposive Sampling: Group 1: Academic staff members in postsecondary education establishments who hold a Ph.D. in education, educational administration, or a related field and are assistant professors or higher. Group 2: Educational Administrators having a Ph.D. in Education and a minimum of five years’ experience in the field. Group 3 consists of school administrators who have at least five years of experience managing schools and a doctorate in educational administration.
 
 The results of the study showed that 1) the innovative organizational composition of secondary schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission consisted of 5 components: (1) Vision and Strategy, (2) Organizational Structure, (3) Organizational Culture, (4) Human Resource Development and (5) organizational communication. 2) Elements and indicators of vision and strategy are most appropriate, 3) Elements and Indicators of organizational structure are most appropriate, 4) Elements and Indicators of Human Resource Development and 5) Elements and Indicators of corporate communication are most appropriate.

A brief retrospective of the history of neurosurgery in Croatia.

The beginnings of neurosurgery in Croatia date to the end of the 19th century when Teodor Wickerhauser performed the first craniotomy in the country in 1886. Exactly 60 years later, in 1946, Danko Riessner founded a separate neurosurgical ward in Zagreb and is therefore considered the founder of Croatian neurosurgery. His main scientific contribution was a paper on the shifting of brain masses, published in 1939. The Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Zagreb was founded in 1974 as one of the first institutions of its kind in Southeast Europe. Finally, the Croatian Neurosurgical Society was founded in 1992 to promote the neurosurgical profession and science at the national level. This historical vignette aimed to provide a brief chronology of the most important events and notable people in the history of Croatian neurosurgery, as well as to commemorate its founders and highlight its development from the beginning to its current state of proficiency and expertise.

Narrating the state in miniature: philatelic representations of Kazakhstan, 1992–2021

ABSTRACT Postage stamps, despite being somewhat cloaked over time by both obscurity and sheer ubiquity, are important official, primary source state documents. The iconography and visual data on the stamp have been used by states to project an official narrative, at times crossing into propaganda. Scholars have analysed these data to access how a given state has sought to portray itself to both domestic and international audiences. Over the course of its first 30 years of post-Soviet independence, Kazakhstan has produced 1130 visually distinct postage stamps. Visual content analysis reveals that much (nearly 45%) of this state’s philatelic representation can be assigned to two thematic categories: Nature and Notable People. Iconographic representations found on Kazakhstan’s first stamp issue (and others featuring the Golden Man), selected representations of flora and fauna species, a selection of stamps displaying Nursultan Nazarbayev imagery, and other selected stamps displaying multiple themes are scrutinized. These representations additionally project a concretization of the state and its territory, as well as sovereignty. While the messaging medium is miniature, for Kazakhstan the narrative itself is monumental.

Ընկերագիրք-հուշամատյանի ժանրը ԺԶ-ԺԹ դդ. Է. Քեմփֆերի Album amicorum-ի օրինակով

Since the 16th century in a number of German universities, the so-called genealogical books, which were also known as album amicorum-the book of the friendship, are in use. During that period, students and scholars took small notebooks with blank pages with them during their travels, where their friends, acquaintances, or notable people they met along the way left their notes. Taking as an example the German scientist E. Kaempfer's similar work, the structure of album amicorums, the methodology of their formation, the influence of significant historical events of the time on them, as well as the role of friend-books as a reliable source in the coverage of various historical events have been analyzed in the following article.

SOUL LONGING FOR AGAPE LOVE IN THE POEM “REMEMBER” BY CHRISTINA ROSETTI

“Literature is the art of discovering something extraordinary about ordinary people and saying with ordinary words something extraordinary.” says -Boris Pasternak. Several literary works engage readers deeply by the narratives they tell or the messages they convey. Readers are consistently motivated by biographies of notable people as well as true tales of bravery, selflessness, and other admirable traits. Such books act as both a bible of values and a window into the life of notable people for the general public. The main types of literature: Drama, Fable, Autobiography, Biography, Poetry, Prose, Science Fiction, and Journalistic Literature. Poetry is a great motivator when we try to learn it. It is rich in tradition, culture and language and gives a great opportunity to learn a language. The main function of poetry is to interpret life. There are poets who have pictured death as both a friend and an enemy. Some claim that passing away can provide relief from troubles and anguish, while others claim that it is cruel and robs a person of the fun and pleasure the world has to offer. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present Christina Rossetti’s longingness to be remembered even after death that separates her from her lover in the poem “Remember”.

A cross-verified database of notable people, 3500BC-2018AD

A new strand of literature aims at building the most comprehensive and accurate database of notable individuals. We collect a massive amount of data from various editions of Wikipedia and Wikidata. Using deduplication techniques over these partially overlapping sources, we cross-verify each retrieved information. For some variables, Wikipedia adds 15% more information when missing in Wikidata. We find very few errors in the part of the database that contains the most documented individuals but nontrivial error rates in the bottom of the notability distribution, due to sparse information and classification errors or ambiguity. Our strategy results in a cross-verified database of 2.29 million individuals (an elite of 1/43,000 of human being having ever lived), including a third who are not present in the English edition of Wikipedia. Data collection is driven by specific social science questions on gender, economic growth, urban and cultural development. We document an Anglo-Saxon bias present in the English edition of Wikipedia, and document when it matters and when not.

Merging with History Early and Late: Challenging Times for D.T. Niane

Among the tributes honoring the memory of Djibril Tamsir Niane, this piece surrenders the tempting inclination to discuss some aspect of his scholarly work in favor of a few observations based on my personal experiences in the company of both Niane and his wife. These few brief episodes from a long life colored by historical events and notable people were mostly framed by politically generated circumstances that partly defined Niane’s existence. As a charismatic representative of dramatic times in postindependence Guinea, Niane’s persona was shaped by determined intellectual pursuit in defiance of tyrannical government persecution, and the ability to recognize and embrace serendipitous opportunities. The writer’s personal experiences are framed here in the context of efforts to preserve the D. T. Niane research tape archive.

It's a Man's Wikipedia? Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia

Wikipedia is a community-created encyclopedia that contains information about notable people from different countries, epochs and disciplines and aims to document the world's knowledge from a neutral point of view. However, the narrow diversity of the Wikipedia editor community has the potential to introduce systemic biases such as gender biases into the content of Wikipedia. In this paper we aim to tackle a sub problem of this larger challenge by presenting and applying a computational method for assessing gender bias on Wikipedia along multiple dimensions. We find that while women on Wikipedia are covered and featured well in many Wikipedia language editions, the way women are portrayed starkly differs from the way men are portrayed. We hope our work contributes to increasing awareness about gender biases online, and in particular to raising attention to the different levels in which gender biases can manifest themselves on the web.

SADİ-Yİ ŞİRAZÎ’NİN AŞK VE SABIR ÜZERİNE BİR TERCİİBENDİ

Saʿdi Shirazi, who lived between VI-VII. (XII-XIII.) the centuries is one of the greatest poets of Persian literature. He was born in Shiraz in 606/1209. The full name of him is Abu Mohammad Mosharref-al-Din Mosleh b. ʿAbd-Allah b. He used the pen name Sa‘dî in his poems. Youth of the poet who was born during the period of the Salghurids coincided with the Mongols invasion period. The poet has important works that have greatly influenced and resonated in both Eastern and Western literature. The poet wrote both poetic and prose works. His Kolliat is a pretty important work as well as his world-renowned works of Gulistan and Bostan. He based all of his works on a didactic moral and sentimental basis. As can be understood from both his works and the sources that mention him, he traveled to Iraq, Hejaz, Damascus, Lebanon, North Africa, Anatolia and even the Far East and he talked with the notable people of the that period and the in those lands. After his 30-year journey, he returned to Shiraz and died here (690/1291). In this study, after giving shortly information about Saʿdi's life and literary personality, the Persian text of his love and patience Tarjı-Band in his Kolliat was written and translated into Turkish and it was examined in terms of literary arts and grammar. This is known as the only Tarjı-Band, other than the Tarjı-Band, which Saʿdi said as elegy upon Sa‘d b. Ebi Bekr’'s death and it is the subject of love and patience for the troubles of love. Tarjı-Band is a type of poetry in Persian poetry, which consists of several verse in the same meter and different rhythm. Some information was given in the annotation about the proper names and some issues in the Tarjı-Band.

Female representation among notable people born in 1700–2000

Using Wikipedia personal entries, we analyze female representation among notable people born in 1700–2000 in thirty countries that currently account for 75% of the world population. Female representation has improved over the last three hundred years but is far from reaching parity with men. In terms of years of birth, female representation was stagnant at 7% in 1700–1810, increased at modest rates in 1810–1935 to reach 14%, and grew faster in 1925–2000 to attain 30%. Female representation differs across sectors of notability. It is higher in entertainment and lower in sports. Growth in the relative importance of entertainment has favored female representation, while growth in sports has disfavored it. Analyses by country show gains in female representation are generalized, although at different paces.

A Perceptual Leadership Style for The Philippine Airline Management: An Initial Survey

The research was an initial survey of the diverse types of leadership used by notable people across the globe. This qualitative study analyzed these leadership styles and the relevance of leadership at work. There were several styles listed, but the researcher has found one style to be appropriate in the management of the Philippine Airlines. This study utilizes observation and documentary analysis. As a result of this paper, it was found out that the best model for leadership that can be used is the transformational model which is also the leadership of the transition or transformational leadership. In order to confirm its usefulness and relevance for the good of the organization or business, the researcher will prefer to perform an extensive analysis on transformational leadership in the future.

Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study

SummaryBackgroundObesity is a major risk factor for adverse outcomes after infection with SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to examine this association, including interactions with demographic and behavioural characteristics, type 2 diabetes, and other health conditions.MethodsIn this prospective, community-based, cohort study, we used de-identified patient-level data from the QResearch database of general practices in England, UK. We extracted data for patients aged 20 years and older who were registered at a practice eligible for inclusion in the QResearch database between Jan 24, 2020 (date of the first recorded infection in the UK) and April 30, 2020, and with available data on BMI. Data extracted included demographic, clinical, clinical values linked with Public Health England's database of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results, and death certificates from the Office of National Statistics. Outcomes, as a proxy measure of severe COVID-19, were admission to hospital, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), and death due to COVID-19. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the risk of severe COVID-19, sequentially adjusting for demographic characteristics, behavioural factors, and comorbidities.FindingsAmong 6 910 695 eligible individuals (mean BMI 26·78 kg/m2 [SD 5·59]), 13 503 (0·20%) were admitted to hospital, 1601 (0·02%) to an ICU, and 5479 (0·08%) died after a positive test for SARS-CoV-2. We found J-shaped associations between BMI and admission to hospital due to COVID-19 (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per kg/m2 from the nadir at BMI of 23 kg/m2 of 1·05 [95% CI 1·05–1·05]) and death (1·04 [1·04–1·05]), and a linear association across the whole BMI range with ICU admission (1·10 [1·09–1·10]). We found a significant interaction between BMI and age and ethnicity, with higher HR per kg/m2 above BMI 23 kg/m2 for younger people (adjusted HR per kg/m2 above BMI 23 kg/m2 for hospital admission 1·09 [95% CI 1·08–1·10] in 20–39 years age group vs 80–100 years group 1·01 [1·00–1·02]) and Black people than White people (1·07 [1·06–1·08] vs 1·04 [1·04–1·05]). The risk of admission to hospital and ICU due to COVID-19 associated with unit increase in BMI was slightly lower in people with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease than in those without these morbidities.InterpretationAt a BMI of more than 23 kg/m2, we found a linear increase in risk of severe COVID-19 leading to admission to hospital and death, and a linear increase in admission to an ICU across the whole BMI range, which is not attributable to excess risks of related diseases. The relative risk due to increasing BMI is particularly notable people younger than 40 years and of Black ethnicity.FundingNIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre.

Microwave Pioneers: Kam Lau, “μWaves Meet Photons”

This article is part of a continuing series of biographical pieces on persons who have made significant and continuous contributions to microwave science, technology, and applications over the course of their careers. It is intended to bring to the reader, especially those new to the field, a portrait of an individual who serves as a role model for the community and a detailed description of their accomplishments. At the same time, it tries to bridge with commonality, the experiences of the subject with those of the scientists, engineers and technologists who are following in their footsteps or hope to establish a similar record of success. The articles are composed only after an extensive face-to-face interview with the subject and are helped immensely by additional input and editing by the subjects themselves. The focus of this article is Professor Kam-Yin Lau, who developed the first photonic source capable of high-fidelity optical modulation at 10 GHz and beyond, and successfully introduced photonics into the traditional microwave disciplines. His work during the 1980s enabled hitherto unattainable long-distant (∼50 km) guided transport of microwave signals over optical fibers. These accomplishments helped spur the microwave photonics industry that has transformed both wired and wireless communications networks, and as you will read, several other applications of national and scientific significance. It is appropriate that Professor Lau is the recipient of this year's Microwave Theory and Techniques Society's Microwave Pioneer award for his development and commercialization of RoF (RF-over-Fiber) which launched the microwave photonics industry. As both an industry pioneer and an academic, Professor Lau's accomplishments fit well within the scope of this series. I hope you will both enjoy and learn from his account of where he came from, what motivated his career choices, and the many notable people he interacted with.

El envejecimiento activo en la antigua Roma: ¿mens sana in corpore sano?

Taking as a starting point the verse 356 of the satire X by Juvenal –mens sana in corpore sano- and the analysis and study of its misinterpretation, is described in detail as one of the proper elements of the model of active aging, the physical activity practiced by the elderly, it was present in the writings of several notable people in Ancient Rome. Through the exegesis of literary sources, we see that there is a relation between Ancient Rome and our time, with respect to the model of active aging and particularly in respect to the practice of physical exercise by the elderly. Various texts by Ciceron, Seneca, Plinio the Young, Plutarco, Juvenal and Galeno, reflect the existence of proper concepts of the model of active aging dating back as early as the I b.C -II a.C. It is about commentaries, descripctions and advises, that show the importance given to physical exercise as guarantor of quality of life from an empirical and theorical perspective as well.

Assistive Technology for People with Special Needs and Its Role in Enriching Arabic Grammar and Quranic Studies-Abd Allah Ibn Al-Husayn Ukbari as a Model

Assistive technology has an important role in helping people with disabilities, so what this technology can offer goes beyond simple help limits, is that it opens up broad prospects for a new lifestyle. Those with special needs have high concerns, strong wills, solid intentions and creative minds, which Allah Almighty blessed them to encourage and satisfy their hearts. In the context of preface of the book “Nakt al-Humyān fī Nukat al-Umyān, (biographies of notable blind people, with a section on the causes of blindness).” Its writer Khalīl ibn Aybak al-afadī (1296–1363) pointed out a saying, which has high value, deep impact, and significance tribute to people with special needs, where he said: “it's rare to see a blind man being a dull, inefficient, inactive but blind person only can be found as an intelligent, smart and genius. “This research's title is “Assistive Technology for People with Special Needs and its Role in enriching Arabic Grammar and Qur'anic Studies (Abd All āh ibn al-usayn ‘Ukbarī as a model).” We will address issues of people with special needs specially Abd Allāh ibn al-Husayn ‘Ukbarī as a model as he was blinded in his youth as he was hit by chickenpox. The research seeks to discuss the saying: “Although Al-‘Ukbarī was a handicapped person, but he had outstanding efforts and contributions in enriching Arabic grammar and Quranic studies.” It (research) aims to explain the concept of assistive technology and people with special needs, also to know our duty towards them and to mention the most important and preferred effects of Al-‘Ukbarī. As well as clarifying the most prominent features of Al-‘Ukbarī's curriculum in his grammatical works and highlighting his efforts in enriching Arabic grammar and Quranic studies.

ЗОЛОТОЙ СТАНДАРТ НАЦИИ: ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПЕРСОНИФИКАЦИЙ В ДИЗАЙНЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ВАЛЮТ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ

This article investigates the significance of personifications depicted on national currencies of Eastern Europe in the 19th – 21st cent. Eastern Europe is considered as a region of high research potential due to its status of borderland space with active symbolic struggle on political, socioeconomic and cultural levels. Currency design is an ideological tool that defines collective cultural tradition and historical memory, while national narratives vary in their response to the conditions of their formation. Basing on the visual analysis of money that circulated on the territories of Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia and the Ukraine, the author outlines main categories of human depictions used in the currency design of the states that emerged in the region during the mentioned period. In the 19th cent., most widespread were money of the Russian Empire featuring the emperors and state representation Mother Russia. After the October Revolution in 1917, new states emerged in the region, but no personifications were used in their currency design. Human depictions of that time featured either ordinary people correlating with socialist movements or notable persons denoting political and cultural authenticity of certain state. Another category of human depictions was allegorical feminine figures representing patriarchal values and reproductive resources. Most remarkable examples of this type are Polish coins depicting state representation Polonia (or queen Jadwiga) as well as Polish banknotes with Mother Poland and national heroine Emilia Plater, both issued during the dictatorship of Jósef Piłsudski. Contemporary issues of money use no state representations, preferring instead either notable people, mostly men among them, or introducing other means of cultural representations not related to human depictions. Thus state representations used in the designs of national currencies become less popular in the 21st cent. due to globalisation and de-materialisation of money.

Reuse of Wikimedia Commons Cultural Heritage Images on the Wider Web

Abstract
 Objective – Cultural heritage institutions with digital images on Wikimedia Commons want to know if and how those images are being reused. This study attempts to gauge the impact of digital cultural heritage images from Wikimedia Commons by using Reverse Image Lookup (RIL) to determine the quantity and content of different types of reuse, barriers to using RIL to assess reuse, and whether reused digital cultural heritage images from Wikimedia Commons include licensing information.
 Methods – 171 digital cultural heritage Wikimedia Commons images from 51 cultural heritage institutions were searched using the Google images “Search by image” tool to find instances of reuse. Content analysis of the digital cultural heritage images and the context in which they were reused was conducted to apply broad content categories. Reuse within Wikimedia Foundation projects was also recorded.
 Results – A total of 1,533 reuse instances found via Google images and Wikimedia Commons’ file usage reports were analyzed. Over half of reuse occurred within Wikimedia projects or wiki aggregator and mirror sites. Notable People, people, historic events, and buildings and locations were the most widely reused topics of digital cultural heritage both within Wikimedia projects and beyond, while social, media gallery, news, and education websites were the most likely places to find reuse outside of wiki projects. However, the content of reused images varied slightly depending on the website type on which they were found. Very few instances of reuse included licensing information, and those that did often were incorrect. Reuse of cultural heritage images from Wikimedia Commons was either done without added context or content, as in the case of media galleries, or was done in ways that did not distort or mischaracterize the images being reused.
 Conclusion – Cultural heritage institutions can use this research to focus digitization and digital content marketing efforts in order to optimize reuse by the types of websites and users that best meet their institution’s mission. Institutions that fear reuse without attribution have reason for concern as the practice of reusing both Creative Commons and public domain media without rights statements is widespread. More research needs to be conducted to determine if notability of institution or collection affects likelihood of reuse, as preliminary results show a weak correlation between number of images searched and number of images reused per institution. RIL technology is a reliable method of finding image reuse but is a labour-intensive process that may best be conducted for selected images and specific assessment campaigns. Finally, the reused content and context categories developed here may contribute to a standardized set of codes for assessing digital cultural heritage reuse.