NOT Gate Research Articles

Teaching Circuits with an Electromechanical Adder

Topics like series and parallel circuits are typically introduced to beginning students through entirely abstract problems, such as finding the equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors. To teach these concepts in a more context-rich way, we asked students in an introductory class how they would arrange a power supply, bulb and one or two switches to make an AND gate, a NOT gate, and an OR gate. Then, we challenged them to combine these gates to make an adder circuit with two input switches and two output bulbs that could add two numbers. Finally, we built the circuit, using large relays with transparent cases so that students can actually see (and hear) how, for example, current flows through the AND gate when both input switches are thrown. For many students, this is the first time they intuitively grasp the relevance of basic circuit concepts to the complicated devices, like computers, that we use in everyday life.

Optically modulated magnetic resonance of erbium implanted silicon

Er implanted Si is a candidate for quantum and photonic applications; however, several different Er centres are generated, and their symmetry, energy level structure, magnetic and optical properties, and mutual interactions have been poorly understood, which has been a major barrier to the development of these applications. Optically modulated magnetic resonance (OMMR) gives a spectrum of the modulation of an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal by a tuneable optical field. Our OMMR spectrum of Er implanted Si agrees with three independent measurements, showing that we have made the first measurement of the crystal field splitting of the 4I13/2 manifold of Er implanted Si, and allows us to revise the crystal field splitting of the 4I15/2 manifold. This splitting originates from a photoluminescence (PL) active O coordinated Er centre with orthorhombic C2v symmetry, which neighbours an EPR active O coordinated Er centre with monoclinic C1h symmetry. This pair of centres could form the basis of a controlled NOT (CNOT) gate.

Optically controlled quantum gates for three spin qubits in quantum dot–microcavity coupled systems

We investigate theoretically the possibility of achieving feasible solid-state quantum computing by compactly constructing a set of two or three quantum gates on stationary electron spin qubits, including the controlled NOT gate, Toffoli gate and Fredkin gate. In our schemes, both of the target qubits and control qubits are all encoded on the confined electron spins in quantum dots embedded in optical microcavities with two partially reflective mirrors. In this paper, the schemes are based on spin selective photon reflection from the microcavity and are achieved in deterministic ways by the sequential detection of the auxiliary photons. The feasibilities of the proposed schemes are estimated by high average fidelities of the gates which are achievable in both the weak coupling and the strong coupling regimes. Under the present technology, our proposed schemes are feasible, opening the promising perspectives for constructing a solid-state quantum computation and quantum information processing.

Biometric based Multi-Authority Inner Product Encryption for Electronic Health Record

INTRODUCTION: Attribute-based encryption enhances the security of electronic health records outsourced to the cloud. At the same time, single authority attribute based encryption leads to user privacy breech and attribute management complexity. Multi authority attribute-based encryption enhances user privacy and attribute management, but lacks privacy and integrity of data. Therefore, biometric-based multi-authority inner product encryption is proposed to improve data integrity, data privacy, and user privacy.OBJECTIVES: The proposed scheme aims to enhance data integrity, data privacy, and user privacy in cloud-based Electronic Health Record.METHODS: An exhaustive literature review has been made related to securing electronic health record outsourced to the cloud and found that data integrity is lacking in existing schemes. So an efficient encryption scheme has been proposed which adopts elliptic curve cryptography to enhance data integrity. The security analysis and computational complexity of the proposed scheme is done and compared with existing schemes.RESULTS: The proposed scheme guarantees data integrity and privacy of the sensitive information stored in the electronic health records. The scheme also satisfied the security requirements user privacy, fine-grained access control, and scalability needed for electronic health record outsourced to the cloud. The computational complexity of the proposed scheme is compared with the existing schemes. The result shows that user access rejection complexity and key generation complexity are comparatively low.CONCLUSION: Biometric, as a global identifier of the user, could improve data integrity for the electronic health records outsourced to the cloud. Multi-authority Inner Product Encryption hides the access structure, along with the data, could improve data privacy and user privacy. Employing NOT gate in the access structure reduces user access rejection complexity.

A simple graphene nanoribbon structure-based terahertz all-optical logic gates with fano resonance

We design and numerically analyze an all-optical logic gates in the terahertz regime. The structure is composed of four graphene waveguides and a cavity resonator, which is a very simple structure. Due to the Fano resonance exciting in the asymmetry structure, the transmission spectrum can suddenly drops to a minimum value to excite logic “ON/OFF” state. By using this character, XOR, XNOR, and NOT gates can be realized with high contrast ratio of 17.8, 15.2 and 19.1 dB between logical “ON” and “OFF” states, respectively. This study opens a new avenue for designing graphene nanoribbon based integrated circuits.

A proposal for the implementation of quantum gates in an optomechanical system via phonon blockade

We propose a scheme to implement quantum controlled NOT gate and quantum phase gate in an optomechanical system based on phonon blockade. For appropriate choices of system parameters, the fidelities of both quantum gate operations are very close to unity in the absence of dissipation. Using recently achieved experimental values in a mechanical resonator coupled to a microwave cavity, we show that the quantum gate can be realized experimentally with very high fidelity.

Logic NOT gates of the intensity–noise correlation and squeezing in a diamond nitrogen-vacancy center

Color defects in a diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center represent an important physical system for emergent quantum technologies such as logic gates and registers at room temperature. We realized an optical logic NOT gate by inducing a phase shift in a diamond NV center under nonlinear Kerr effect of spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing (SP-FWM). Also, we discussed the intensity–noise correlation and intensity-difference squeezing of SP-FWM and composite signals (SP-FWM+fluorescence) under self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) induced by the nonlinear Kerr effect in V-type and double V-type atomic systems. Our experimental results provide an advanced technique of switching contrast by approximately 90%. Different parameters, such as the power of input laser beam and boxcar gate position, were also configured to control the SPM and XPM, which determine the switching phenomenon for correlation and squeezing.

A low-PDAP and high-PSNR approximate 4:2 compressor cell in CNFET technology

PurposeThis paper aims to present an inexact 4:2 compressor cell using carbon nanotube filed effect transistors (CNFETs).Design/methodology/approachTo design this cell, the capacitive threshold logic (CTL) has been used.FindingsTo evaluate the proposed cell, comprehensive simulations are carried out at two levels of the circuit and image processing. At the circuit level, the HSPICE software has been used and the power consumption, delay, and power-delay product are calculated. Also, the power-delaytransistor count product (PDAP) is used to make a compromise between all metrics. On the other hand, the Monte Carlo analysis has been used to scrutinize the robustness of the proposed cell against the variations in the manufacturing process. The results of simulations at this level of abstraction indicate the superiority of the proposed cell to other circuits. At the application level, the MATLAB software is also used to evaluate the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) figure of merit. At this level, the two primary images are multiplied by a multiplier circuit consisting of 4:2 compressors. The results of this simulation also show the superiority of the proposed cell to others.Originality/valueThis cell significantly reduces the number of transistors and only consists of NOT gates.

Spin-polarized transport properties and spin molecular Boolean logic gates in planar four-coordinate Fe complex-based molecular devices with carbon nanotube bridges and electrodes

Based on density functional theory combined with Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism, we investigate the spin-polarized transport properties of planar four-coordinate Fe complexes-based molecular devices with carbon nanotube bridges and electrodes. The results show that these systems can exhibit perfect spin filtering, large giant magnetoresistance and low-bias negative differential resistance effects with the external magnetic field modulation. The underlying mechanism is analyzed by spin-resolved transmission spectra, projected density of states, and spatial distributions of corresponding molecular projected self-consistent Hamiltonian orbitals. On the basis of these intriguing transport properties, we further design basic spin molecular Boolean logic gates, such as YES, NOT, AND, NAND, XOR, NXOR, OR and NOR logic gates.

FPGA Implementation of Encryption and Decryption of a Message using Optimized Reconfigurable Reversible Gate

The prime incentive to learn reversible computation is that it is the best efficient way to reduce heat dissipation than any other conventional methods. The major condition for reversibility is that there is a one-to-one connection between each input and output vectors and it has received a huge significance because of there no information loss throughout the reversible computation which results in reduces the power dissipation. Here, we proposed the design of encryption/decryption of the data schemes by using reversible computing. In this regard, a basic building block is designed for encryption design is simply cascading of a 4-bit reversible gates and it is performed every 4-variable reversible functions, for this intention a new reconfigurable reversible gate (RRG) is proposed and is designed with the use of basic reversible gates like NOT gate, CNOT gate, Toffoli gate, and Fredkin gates. In this work, the encryption/decryption of an 8-bit data is proposed and the Simulation results of encryption/decryption of the circuits using reversible gates are also presented. The gate count, delay, constant inputs, and the garbage outputs are calculated. The complete Simulation and the synthesis process can be finished with the Xilinx ISE 14.7 version and it is dumped on the FPGA Zynq board.

Realisation of all photonic logic gates using plasmonic-based photonic structure through bandgap analysis

NOT, AND, OR, Ex-OR, NAND, NOR,and Ex-NOR logic gates have been realized in this work with the help of plasmonic-based two-dimensional triangular structure. The physics of the research manipulates with the photonic band gap analysis where the mathematics of the band calculation manipulates with plane wave expansion. Further both physics and mathematics of this communication relies on effective refractive index,the diameter of air holes and lattice constant of the structure to envisage optical logic gates. Moreover, the operation ofphotonic logic interacts with two signal of input (orange and red signals) where IR signal of 1.2 μm is taken as a power supply signal. Lastly, the output of this paper discloses that the suitable combination of plasmonic-based triangular structures with suitable values of lattice constant and diameter of air holes bestows all type of logic gates, which could be future applications in the field of optical computing.

Characterisation of the bacterial biosensor GMG in E‐coli BL21 (DE3)

In this work, a gold biosensor has been constructed and characterised in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Though gold biosensors have been previously reported, a NOT gate gold biosensing genetic circuit was constructed using an orthogonal inverter system as an alternative to a circuit where output is contingent solely on input. This enables the detection of changes in gold concentration whereby circuit remains OFF in presence of inducer and ON in absence of inducer. The proposed biosensor is an alternative to conventional forms of gold detection such as Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The constructed biosensor is a collection of components – golTSB operon (isolated from Salmonella enterica), mf-Lon protease (isolated from Mesoplasma florum) and associated ssrA degradation tag with GFP acting as a reporter. The minimum time and concentration required by the biosensor gol-mflon-GFP (GMG) to achieve the ON output is characterised here using plate reader data derived from a single multi-stage assay.

Optoelectronic logic gates using the all-or-nothing response in a two-section excitable laser

We theoretically analyze and demonstrate a kind of novel optoelectronic logic gates with the possibility of massive scalability based on the all-or-nothing response in the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with saturable absorber (SA). We show that the designed system exhibits sub-nanosecond response pulses under a single pulse perturbation and analyze the roles of bias pump current and SA injection current. Switch-controlled optoelectronic logic AND, OR and NOT gates are achieved, respectively, which grants the capacity for complex, ultrafast categorization and decision-making tasks.

Three-Terminal Superconducting Digital Transistor

Discrete array of small Josephson junctions can exhibit flux-flow behavior, which is drastically different from that of long Josephson junctions. In particular, the flux-flow voltage does not monotonically increase with magnetic field; rather, it decreases after a threshold until it reaches zero. Here, using simulation and experimental results, we show that the flux-flow voltage switches abruptly to zero if a magnetic field larger than the threshold is applied to a part of the array. This provides for a digital NOT gate in which the flux-flow voltage corresponds to digital state 1 and zero voltage denotes digital state 0. For a device size of 230 μm, a switching frequency of 15 GHz is evaluated, which can be improved by downsizing the device. Since this device provides gain, its input and output are isolated and has unlimited fan-out, designing and implementing various digital systems is easily accomplished.

A Fluidic Adder Circuit Based on a Microfluidic System

Automation based on pneumatic soft actuators (PSAs) offers extensive benefits for operation in strong magnetic fields, at ultrahigh electric potentials and in underwater environments. However, due to the lack of automated pneumatic control systems, most of the PSAs require external electronic controls, such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs), pumps, and solenoid valves. Recently, researchers have investigated the use of microfluidic logic gates as a promising alternative for the control of submillimeter-scale fluidic components. In this letter, we demonstrate the use of microfluidic logic gates for addition operations. Based on functionally integrated fluidic components with local and global physical characteristics, we examine a fundamental class of the basic NOT gate. In addition, an adder application is described in this letter. We also introduce a calculation signal into a flip latch that is then connected to a microfluidic decoder. The system can avoid the need for cumbersome and fragile external electronic controllers.

New symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders/subtractors in quantum-dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the emerging nanotechnologies, promising alternative to CMOS technology due to faster speed, smaller size, lower power consumption, higher scale integration and higher switching frequency. Also, power dissipation is the main limitation of all the nano electronics design techniques including the QCA. Researchers have proposed the various mechanisms to limit this problem. Among them, reversible computing is considered as the reliable solution to lower the power dissipation. On the other hand, adders are fundamental circuits for most digital systems. In this paper, Innovation is divided to three sections. In the first section, a method for converting irreversible functions to a reversible one is presented. This method has advantages such as: converting of irreversible functions to reversible one directly and as optimal. So, in this method, sub-optimal methods of using of conventional reversible blocks such as Toffoli and Fredkin are not used, having of minimum number of garbage outputs and so on. Then, Using the method, two new symmetric and planar designs of reversible full-adders are presented. In the second section, a new symmetric, planar and fault tolerant five-input majority gate is proposed. Based on the designed gate, a reversible full-adder are presented. Also, for this gate, a fault-tolerant analysis is proposed. And in the third section, three new 8-bit reversible full-adder/subtractors are designed based on full-adders/subtractors proposed in the second section. The results are indicative of the outperformance of the proposed designs in comparison to the best available ones in terms of area, complexity, delay, reversible/irreversible layout, and also in logic level in terms of garbage outputs, control inputs, number of majority and NOT gates.

Paired quantum Fourier transform with log2N Hadamard gates

The quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is perhaps the furthermost central building block in creation quantum algorithms. In this work, we present a new approach to compute the standard quantum Fourier transform of the length \( N = 2^{r} , \;r > 1 \), which also is called the r-qubit discrete Fourier transform. The presented algorithm is based on the paired transform developed by authors. It is shown that the signal-flow graphs of the paired algorithms could be used for calculating the quantum Fourier and Hadamard transform with the minimum number of stages. The calculation of all components of the transforms is performed by the Hadamard gates and matrices of rotations and all simple NOT gates. The new presentation allows for implementing the QFT (a) by using only the r Hadamard gates and (b) organizing parallel computation in r stages. Also, the circuits for the length-2r fast Hadamard transform are described. Several mathematical illustrative examples of the order the \( N = 4,\;8 \), and 16 cases are illustrated. Finally, the QFT for inputs being two, three and four qubits is described in detail.

All-optical logic gates based on unidirectional surface plasmon polaritons

Optical logic gates are important elements in optical computing and optical circuits. In this study, all-optical logic gates, including OR, XOR, XNOR, NAND, and NOT gates, are obtained in a composite structure composed of gyroelectric material and metal based on the interference and absorption of surface waves. In the composite structure, a Y-shaped channel through which surface plasmon polaritons propagate unidirectionally is formed. Through the ingenious one-way surface plasmon polaritons, backscattering and side-scattering generated by the composite structure and influencing the surrounding devices are prohibited effectively. The precisely controlled optical phase difference ensures the realization of five different logic gates with high contrast ratios. The maximum contrast ratios for XOR, XNOR, NAND, and NOT gates are 31.64dB, 43.47dB, 31.47dB, and 43.47dB, respectively. The output logic states "1"or "0" obtained by different logic inputs have nearly the same light intensity. Our research results provide the possibility for constructing all-optical integrated logic devices.

Logic gates on stationary dissipative solitons.

Stable dissipative solitons are perfect carries of optical information due to remarkable stability of their waveforms that allows the signal transmission with extremely dense soliton packing without losing the encoded information. Apart from unaffected passing of solitons through a communication network, controllable transformations of soliton waveforms are needed to perform all-optical information processing. In this paper we employ the basic model of dissipative optical solitons in the form of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation with a potential term to study the interactions between two stationary dissipative solitons under the control influences and use those interactions to implement various logic gates. In particular, we demonstrate not, and, nand, or, nor, xor, and xnor gates, where the plain (fundamental soliton) and composite pulses are used to represent the low and high logic levels.

An Automated Biomodel Selection System (BMSS) for Gene Circuit Designs.

Constructing a complex functional gene circuit composed of different modular biological parts to achieve the desired performance remains challenging without a proper understanding of how the individual module behaves. To address this, mathematical models serve as an important tool toward better interpretation by quantifying the performance of the overall gene circuit, providing insights, and guiding the experimental designs. As different gene circuits might require exclusively different mathematical representations in the form of ordinary differential equations to capture their transient dynamic behaviors, a recurring challenge in model development is the selection of the appropriate model. Here, we developed an automated biomodel selection system (BMSS) which includes a library of pre-established models with intuitive or unintuitive features derived from a vast array of expression profiles. Selection of models is built upon the Akaike information criteria (AIC). We tested the automated platform using characterization data of routinely used inducible systems, constitutive expression systems, and several different logic gate systems (NOT, AND, and OR gates). The BMSS achieved a good agreement for all the different characterization data sets and managed to select the most appropriate model accordingly. To enable exchange and reproducibility of gene circuit design models, the BMSS platform also generates Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL)-compliant gene circuit diagrams and Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) output files. All aspects of the algorithm were programmed in a modular manner to ease the efforts on model extensions or customizations by users. Taken together, the BMSS which is implemented in Python supports users in deriving the best mathematical model candidate in a fast, efficient, and automated way using part/circuit characterization data.