Norwegian Air Research Articles

The Return to Reflexivity in Management and Leadership Practice: Seeing More, Seeing Differently

This symposium responds to one of the grand challenges of our times, restoring the ethos of professionalism, by inviting a return to reflexivity. Reflexivity provides the connective tissue between theory and practice, allowing us to get out of the dispositions and values of the field, breaking with the ‘logic of theory’ and turning to the ‘logic of practice’. Applied to professions, professionals, and professionalism, a return to reflexivity broadens our sights by offering new ways of accounting for professional conduct, beyond the mere focus on specialized knowledge and competence that traditionally have defined expertise. Instead, the focus is on additional modes of knowledge like practical judgement – phronesis – which bring to the fore neglected aspects of what professionalism truly means, particularly when geared to serving the common good. These neglected aspects include not only values but also virtues, cultivating character and conscience. These dimensions of professionalism can provide a response in addressing the persistence of professional misconduct and malpractice at the core of many social, political, and economic crises. Reflexivity at the interface between social complexity and individual agency supports practical judgments and the development of leadership practice, in ways that allow actors to assess their situations and gain insights into the constraints and tensions they encounter in the social contexts within which they are embedded. Reflexivity offers an essential response in contexts characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity and can enrich leadership practice. Why ‘Return’ to Reflexivity? Why Now? Presenter: Elena P. Antonacopoulou; U. of Liverpool What Does it Mean to be Reflexive in Growing Leadership? Presenter: Beverley Hawkins; U. of Exeter Business School Presenter: Christian Moldjord; Norwegian Defence U. College/Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy Norway Presenter: Chrysavgi Sklaveniti; U. of St. Gallen Presenter: Christina Stokkeland; Norwegian Defence U. College/Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy Norway Reflexivity in Leadership Development Through Art-Based Methods Presenter: Steven S. Taylor; Worcester Polytechnic Institute Cultivating Reflexivity to Avert Conduct Risk – The Internal Audit Department Case Study Presenter: Woon Gan Soh; Singapore Cultivating Reflexivity to Avert Professional Ineptitude – The Germanwings Case Study Presenter: Fotis Vouzas; Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd U. Presenter: Marina Mavromati; U. of Macedonia Presenter: Christina Nizamidou; U. of Cyprus

The development of long-haul low-cost networks in the North Atlantic airline market: An exploratory data approach

For almost two decades, discussion in the literature has continued regarding the viability of the long-haul low-cost carrier (LHLCC) business model in the North Atlantic market. From 2015 onward, LHLCC operations gained some steam, mainly due to the expansion of Norwegian's North Atlantic network. A detailed analysis of the traffic developments on the North Atlantic shows that LHLCCs have a tendency to operate on parallel routes while serving an aggregate North Atlantic network that is less seasonal than that of full-service network carriers (FSNCs). In addition, analysis of passenger flows shows that Norwegian's North Atlantic flights from its Scandinavian bases and, to a lesser extent, from London Gatwick carry substantial shares of transfer passengers. Furthermore, both in the North Atlantic market as a whole and in specific individual city pair markets there are signs that the entry of LHLCCs has a positive impact in terms of competition. Strategic responses by FSNC incumbents can be detected as well. For example, British Airways shows a larger increase in traffic (both in seats offered and in flight frequency) on routes contested by Norwegian than on North Atlantic routes not contested by Norwegian. Next to that, the British flag carrier is able to substantially undercut Norwegian's air fares on most of its contested routes. All in all, after more than a decade of EU-US and EU-Canada Open Skies agreements LHLCC operations on the North Atlantic are dominated by a single airline in financial dire straits. As a result, the long-term viability of the LHLCC business model on the North Atlantic is not a fait accompli yet.

Sleepiness among personnel in the Norwegian Air Ambulance Service

Purpose To examine the effects of shift work and extended working hours on sleepiness among pilots and Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) crew members in the Norwegian Air Ambulance.MethodsThis field study investigated sleepiness during 3 consecutive weeks: the week before work, the work week, and the week after work. The pilots and HEMS crew members (N = 50) kept a wake diary during all 3 weeks and completed reaction time tests during the work week.ResultsThe overall sleepiness scores were low during all 3 weeks. When comparing the 3 weeks, the lowest sleepiness levels were found for the work week. There was a small difference across work days, in which subjective sleepiness scores were highest the first duty day. No change in the reaction time tests was evident during the work week. The crew members reported being most sleepy at midnight, compared to all the other timepoints over the course of a duty day. Regarding workload and total work time, having larger workload was associated with lower sleepiness scores, while having higher total work time was associated with higher sleepiness score, both compared to the medium category.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that the work schedules and setting for this distinct occupational group do not seem to negatively affect the sleepiness levels.

The Concept of Overcommitment in Rescue Operations: Some Theoretical Aspects Based on Empirical Data

ObjectiveStudies on Norwegian avalanche rescue operations have indicated high-stake searching of avalanches during elevated risk conditions. We perceive these characteristics as a sign of overcommitment. The purpose of this study is to explore the concept of overcommitment in Norwegian medical evacuation and rescue operations. How can overcommitment be described and understood as a uniform concept in rescue operations based on empirical data? MethodsIn a qualitative, exploratory study, 9 focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 30 crewmembers from the Norwegian air ambulance service. ResultsIn this first in a series of 2 articles, crewmembers’ reflections on the concept of overcommitment, important factors to consider when balancing risk and benefit in every mission, and a number of causal factors are presented. A definition of overcommitment in the context of rescue activities is presented. ConclusionAir ambulance personnel recognize overcommitment in a variety of situations. They broaden the concept to include both regular, everyday actions and hazardous rescue attempts in extraordinary incidents. The causal factors form recognizable constellations that may offer useful starting points for systems-based counteracting measures. The definition of overcommitment could provide a background for evaluation and learning in the rescue service.

The New Learning Organisation

Purpose This paper aims to revive the old idea of the Learning Organisation by providing a fresh conceptualisation and illustration. The New Learning Organisation is conceptualised, focussing on the common good through responsible action. It is positioned as responding to the VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity, Bennett and Lemoine, 2014) conditions with a VUCA approach to Learning Leadership fostering Institutional Reflexivity and High Agility Organising . Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a new organisational learning framework – the 8As – Sensuous Organisational Learning framework. It illustrates the operationalisation of this framework in PART II through the educational practices and learning culture of the Norwegian Defence University College, Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy’s (RNoAFA) approach to growing (Military) leaders. Findings The Sensuous Organisational Learning – 8As – framework illustrates how attentiveness, alertness, awareness, appreciation, anticipation, alignment, activation and agility form an integral part of the New Learning Organisation. Their unique contribution as aspect of a Sensuous Organisational Learning framework is that they explicate how the three principles of Institutional Reflexivity, High Agility Organising and Learning Leadership can be operationalised to serve the common good. Research limitations/implications The paper presents a novel way of reviving the Learning Organisation beyond an ideology as a practical approach to responding to VUCA conditions. It introduces a new learning theory and injects a fresh perspective in our understanding of the role and impact of learning in the workplace. Practical implications By focussing on Learning Leadership practices that extend previous Organisational Learning frameworks, The New Learning Organisation promoted here focuses on responsible action to serve the common good through Institutional Reflexivity and High Agility Organising. Social implications By focussing on how the common good can be better served, the New Learning Organisation becomes a mantra for social change to identify the higher purpose that social actions must serve. Originality/value The need for fresh contributions in the Organisational Learning debate is long overdue. This paper marks a new chapter in Organisational Learning research and practice by demonstrating the value of sensousness as a foundation for improving the practical judgements across professional practices.

The New Learning Organisation: PART II - Lessons from the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy

PurposeThe purpose of this paper – PART II – is to present the lived experiences of Sensuous Organisational Learning drawn from the educational practices and learning culture of the Norwegian Defence University College, Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy’s (RNoAFA) approach to growing (Military) leaders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reflects the co-creation of actionable knowledge between military officers, academics at the RNoAFA and international scholars engaged as research collaborators. The objective is to present the benefits of “practising knowing through dialogical exchange” (MacIntosh et al., 2012) as an approach to co-creating knowledge for responsible action. In this case, the authors present the conceptualisation and illustration of the idea of the New Learning Organisation they advance.FindingsThe Sensuous Organisational Learning – 8As framework explains how Attentiveness, Alertness, Awareness, Appreciation, Anticipation, Alignment, Activation and Agility form an integral part of the educational strategy that enables the RNoAFA to respond to the wider Educational Reforms and Modernisation programme of Norwegian Defence. The RNoAFA is presented as an illustration of how the New Learning Organisation serves the common good if Institutional Reflexivity and High Agility Organising were key aspects of the Learning Leadership it fosters.Research limitations/implicationsConsistent with MacIntosh et al.’s (2012) dialogical exchanges the authors present the relational and intersubjective nature of meaningful dialogue between the co-authors that provides scope for integrative stories of practice. The resulting illustrative example of the New Learning Organisation, is an account of the learning experienced. Hence, this paper is presented neither as a traditional empirical paper nor as a self-disclosing or even auto-ethnographic account. Instead, it is one of a series of research outputs from innovative research collaboration between the authors all committed to “practising knowing”.Practical implicationsThe New Learning Organisation promoted here focuses on responsible action to serve the common good. Investing in Institutional Reflexivity becomes critical in continuing to broaden the ways of being and becoming. As individuals, communities and organisations, that comprise the institution (in this case Norwegian Defence) grow and elevate their practical judgements to serve the common good the capacity to engage in reflexive critique heightens organisational agility and leadership.Social implicationsEmbedding care as the essence of learning not only enables accepting mistakes and owning up to these mistakes, but reinforcing the strength of character in doing so demonstrating what it means to be resilient, flexible and ready to respond to the VUCA. This is what permits High Agility Organising to foster learning on an ongoing basis driving the commitment to continually renew operational and professional practices. By focussing on how the common good can be better served, the New Learning Organisation cares to pursue the higher purpose that social actions must serve.Originality/valueAdvancing leadership as a personal, relational and organisational quality supported by an orientation towards practising goes beyond single, double and triple loop learning. In doing so, the Learning Leadership that drives the New Learning Organisation energises Attentiveness, Alertness, Awareness, Appreciation, Anticipation, Alignment, Activation and Agility. This paper marks a new chapter in Organisational Learning research and practice by demonstrating the value of sensuousness as a foundation for improving the practical judgements across professional practices.

Causes and Management of Sleepiness Among Pilots in a Norwegian and an Austrian Air Ambulance Service—A Comparative Study

ObjectiveWe compared subjectively reported sleepiness and fatigue as well as causes and management strategies for combating sleepiness among pilots working in 2 different helicopter emergency medical services operating with different shift systems. MethodsPilots from the Norwegian Air Ambulance (NAA) and Christophorus Flugrettungsverein (CFV) in Austria participated. NAA performs flight missions 24/7, whereas at the time of the study the participating CFV bases did not fly after sunset. The pilots are on duty for 1 week in both services. NAA and CFV used an identical research protocol, including questionnaires about sleep, sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), coping strategies, and work-related causes of fatigue. ResultsCFV pilots kept busy, whereas NAA pilots slept and did physical exercise as strategies to prevent sleepiness. The majority in both groups used napping and coffee consumption as strategies. CFV pilots reported more frequently than NAA pilots that administrative duties and environmental factors were reasons preventing napping. ConclusionSome differences existed between the 2 pilot groups regarding strategies for managing sleepiness and causes that prevented pilots from napping. Pilots in both groups were healthy, physically active, and had normal Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores.

The Relationship between Self-Concept, Self-Efficacy, and Military Skills and Abilities

This study investigated the relationship between academic self-concept, academic self-efficacy and the self-reported acquirement of certain specific military skills and abilities. Our sample consisted of 141 military cadets from the Norwegian Military Academy (Army), the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy. Supporting our hypotheses, it was found that perceived academic self-concept related positively to self-efficacy, after controlling for initial levels of self-efficacy, and that self-efficacy relates positively to self-reported Individual Coping Capacity (ICC), Cooperation in Difficult Situations (CDS), and Motivation to Achievement (MA), this after controlling for the initial levels of these Military Skills and Abilities (MSA). We discuss the implications of these findings. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17. 10 .2

Cleared for takeoff? A snap-shot of climate for change in a civil aviation context

High risk industries are facing increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) environments requiring continual innovation and change. And this is particularly true within the civil aviation industry where increasing focus on economic performance, increased competition, and growing safety threats, require continual adjustments. In this paper, we present the findings of a case study conducted within the Norwegian national air traffic management organization – Avinor, in preparation for a major reorganization initiative. In this study, we mapped the aggregated positioning for innovation and change in the three main Air Traffic Control Centers in Norway using a multi- method approach that was taken to assess the climate for creativity and change at each ATCC from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives, and a separate assessment of individual preferences for change to help organizational leaders better understand each unit’s positioning for change. The results suggest that participants at the different ATCCs had developed distinctly different problem-solving preferences at both the group and individual levels despite the fact that each facility was manned by Norwegian air traffic controllers having similar education and training backgrounds, performed the same high-altitude air traffic control functions, used the same type of equipment, and operated within the same air traffic control environment. Yet, each unit proved to be distinctly different from each other in their positioning and readiness for change.

Skillful prediction of northern climate provided by the ocean

It is commonly understood that a potential for skillful climate prediction resides in the ocean. It nevertheless remains unresolved to what extent variable ocean heat is imprinted on the atmosphere to realize its predictive potential over land. Here we assess from observations whether anomalous heat in the Gulf Stream's northern extension provides predictability of northwestern European and Arctic climate. We show that variations in ocean temperature in the high latitude North Atlantic and Nordic Seas are reflected in the climate of northwestern Europe and in winter Arctic sea ice extent. Statistical regression models show that a significant part of northern climate variability thus can be skillfully predicted up to a decade in advance based on the state of the ocean. Particularly, we predict that Norwegian air temperature will decrease over the coming years, although staying above the long-term (1981–2010) average. Winter Arctic sea ice extent will remain low but with a general increase towards 2020.

Keeping Promises: A Process Study of Escalating Commitment Leading to Organizational Change Collapse

In the present research, we employ a theoretical lens—the one of escalation of commitment to a failing course of action that so far is not sufficiently reflected in the academic literature for analyzing large-scale organizational change processes. In doing so, we highlight aspects of complex change processes that are less visible than other theoretical perspectives that use “snapshots” of change. Using 3-year longitudinal process data, we present an in-depth empirical study of the failed attempt at strategic reorientation known as corporatization of the Norwegian Air Traffic Control organization—Avinor. Underway, we identified an important new variable that emerged as a significant determinant for persistence and escalating commitment that eventually led to the total collapse of the strategic change project known as Take-Off 05.

Observed decompression sickness and venous bubbles following 18-msw dive profiles using RN Table 11.

The venous bubble load in the body after diving may be used to infer risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Retrospective analysis of post-dive bubbling and DCS was made on seven studies. Each of these investigated interventions, using an 18 meters of sea water (msw) air dive profile from Royal Navy Table 11 (Mod Air Table), equivalent to the Norwegian Air tables. A recent neurological DCS case suggested this table was not safe as thought. Two-hundred and twenty (220) man-dives were completed on this profile. Bubble measurements were made following 219 man-dives, using Doppler or 2D ultrasound measurements made on the Kisman-Masurel and Eftedal-Brubakk scales, respectively. The overall median grade was KM/EB 0.5 and the overall median maximum grade was KM/EB 2. Two cases of transient shoulder discomfort ("niggles") were observed (0.9% (95% CL 0.1% - 3.3%)) and were treated with surface oxygen. One dive, for which no bubble measurements were made, resulted in a neurological DCS treated with hyperbaric oxygen. The DCS risk of this profile is below that predicted by models, and comparison of the cumulative incidence of DCS of these data to the large dataset compiled by DCIEM [1, 2] show that the incidence is lower than might be expected.

Assessing the fuel burn and CO2 impacts of the introduction of next generation aircraft: A study of a major European low-cost carrier

The introduction of more fuel-efficient ‘next generation’ aircraft has the potential to yield benefits for fuel burn and CO2 emissions over current generation aircraft. This has important implications in terms of airline fuel costs and competition, but also for compliance with future environmental legislation and market based incentive schemes. In Europe, major low-cost carriers such Ryanair, easyJet, and Norwegian Air Shuttle have been active in updating their fleet, and they now operate some of the youngest fleets in the industry. Subsequently, the paper assesses the possible fuel burn and CO2 impacts of the introduction of next generation aircraft by employing OAG data and EUROCONTROL's ‘Small Emitters Tool’ to determine the annual fuel burn and CO2 emissions for easyJet, a major European low-cost carrier. Estimations were then made regarding the potential impacts on fuel burn and CO2 emissions from the introduction of the airline's next generation of aircraft under three fleet plan scenarios. Analysis indicates that while new aircraft may allow airlines to increase the capacity in their network with only a marginal increase in overall fuel burn and CO2 emissions, this is unlikely to lead to substantial overall reductions in total fuel burn and emissions, at least in the short term.

Chest compression rate measurement from smartphone video.

BackgroundOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a life threatening situation where the first person performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) most often is a bystander without medical training. Some existing smartphone apps can call the emergency number and provide for example global positioning system (GPS) location like Hjelp 113-GPS App by the Norwegian air ambulance. We propose to extend functionality of such apps by using the built in camera in a smartphone to capture video of the CPR performed, primarily to estimate the duration and rate of the chest compression executed, if any.MethodsAll calculations are done in real time, and both the caller and the dispatcher will receive the compression rate feedback when detected. The proposed algorithm is based on finding a dynamic region of interest in the video frames, and thereafter evaluating the power spectral density by computing the fast fourier transform over sliding windows. The power of the dominating frequencies is compared to the power of the frequency area of interest. The system is tested on different persons, male and female, in different scenarios addressing target compression rates, background disturbances, compression with mouth-to-mouth ventilation, various background illuminations and phone placements. All tests were done on a recording Laerdal manikin, providing true compression rates for comparison.ResultsOverall, the algorithm is seen to be promising, and it manages a number of disturbances and light situations. For target rates at 110 cpm, as recommended during CPR, the mean error in compression rate (Standard dev. over tests in parentheses) is 3.6 (0.8) for short hair bystanders, and 8.7 (6.0) including medium and long haired bystanders.ConclusionsThe presented method shows that it is feasible to detect the compression rate of chest compressions performed by a bystander by placing the smartphone close to the patient, and using the built-in camera combined with a video processing algorithm performed real-time on the device.

From F-16 to F-35: Optimizing the Training of Pilots in the Royal Norwegian Air Force

The Norwegian Armed Forces will soon make the largest investment in its history. It plans to spend $8 billion to replace the Royal Norwegian Air Force’s existing fleet of F-16 aircraft with 52 new F-35 aircraft. The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) has undertaken multiple analyses to support the Norwegian Defence Logistics Organisation (NDLO) with the transition planning. During the transition period, Norway must maintain adequate fighter capability. The rate at which it can train new pilots and convert F-16 pilots to fly the F-35 will influence the cost and length of the transition period and the Air Force’s operational-readiness status. Although finding the optimal training rate for pilots is a difficult planning problem, we achieved substantial success by using an integer linear program to generate optimal plans. By using this model, we were able to investigate multiple scenarios for pilot training. We determined the earliest year that the Air Force could reach a fully operational F-35 fighter capability, the optimal ratio of new to converted pilots, and the number of pilots that FFI should train each year during the transition phase. Our results enabled FFI to generate a training plan that resulted in large savings and operational advantages compared to the previous solution, which did not employ operations research techniques for planning.

Analysis of demand structures on intercontinental routes to and from Europe with a view to identifying potential for new low-cost services

In contrast to short- and medium-distance flights, intercontinental flights by legacy carriers need feeder demand from both passengers and freight, in order to be commercially viable. The origin to destination (OD) demand on intercontinental routes is often only a small fraction of the total passenger volume on that route. Low-cost carriers like Norwegian Air (DY) are more and more interested in serving intercontinental routes, although their business model relies primarily on point-to-point traffic. It is the objective of this paper to describe the demand structure on intercontinental routes – that is, the direct OD demand, the OD demand using transfer services, and the feeder demand at both trip origin and destination – by route type, and to draw conclusions regarding the potential for new services (i.e. in the low-cost segment and on hub-bypassing routes, where a lack of OD and/or feeder demand may form obstacles for carriers attempting to enter the market). The analysis concentrates therefore on routes with relatively small passenger volumes and on a demand model which estimates the passenger volumes in relation to the OD demand and supply factors.

Succeeding in international competition by making use of home-country institutions

Purpose – This paper aims to addresses the question how a low-cost carrier (LCC) embedded in a coordinated market economy is succeeding in a highly competitive industry with a strong cost focus. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reports the results of a case study of a LCC (Norwegian Air Shuttle). The case study draws on both organizational and institutional theory as to how the international business environment and the national institutional framework continuously impact on its strategies. Findings – It is found that home-country high wage levels and strong labour regulation have been overcome by developing firm-specific capabilities based on active employee involvement which aligns with the tradition of the national system of industrial relations. Research limitations/implications – The present case study provides an input for further research on how actors deal with conflicting pressures. It supports the varieties of capitalism (VOC) argument that national institutional arrangements influence firms and actors’ strategies and practices, but it also supports the call within institutional theories for a more malleable conceptualizing of the link between actors and institutions than is the case in the VOC models. Originality/value – The paper provides an account of a successful case in a highly competitive international business despite disadvantages linked with home-country institutions.

Efficiency Evaluation of Low-Cost Long-Haul Carriers in the Trans-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific Markets

There has been a resurgence of interest in low-cost long-haul (LCLH) operations as airlines seek new growth opportunities. However, researchers have yet to evaluate and compare the relative efficiency of LCLH carriers in this competitive business environment. The purpose of this paper was to determine the relative efficiency of LCLH carriers in the Trans-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific markets. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models were developed to compare the efficiency of five low-cost carriers: AirAsia X, Cebu Pacific, Norwegian Air, WestJet, current LCLH carriers, and JetBlue, a prospective LCLH carrier. The key findings from this DEA were that AirAsia X, Norwegian Air, and JetBlue were relatively efficient for all four quarters, whereas, Cebu Pacific was relatively efficient for three out of four quarters, while WestJet was relatively inefficient. Recommendations include suggestions for WestJet to lower its cost structure, and increase load factor, revenue passenger miles, and total revenue to achieve success with LCLH operations.

Observation and rating HEMS Crew in Non-Technical Skills, CRM Medical Simulation in Norwegian Air Ambulance

“Camp Torpomoen” is an annual training camp for HEMS crew in Norwegian Air Ambulance. The main goal is to improve medical treatment of the sick and injured patient. To obtain this, the crew practice in Medical Simulation, team training in a patient scenario, creating realistic environments. The objective for this study was to observe and rate the non-technical skills of the crew in a medical trauma scenario. The results give an implication on the status of the crew performance on CRM.

Debriefing a rescue mission during a terror attack

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore a better understanding of Holistic Debriefing processes from a learning perspective. Design/methodology/approach – During a terror attack in which 69 people were killed and 66 were wounded, a Search and Rescue crew experienced “fear of death” while giving life-saving help to victims of the attack. Afterwards, the crew conducted a Holistic Debriefing. The crew participated in interviews to share their experience of this type of debriefing. Findings – The findings from the Holistic Debriefing sessions suggest that the debriefing process was experienced as positive in terms of social support, emotions and meaning. These experiences are further explained from a learning perspective. Research limitations/implications – This research was conducted on a small group of individuals experiencing an extreme situation, and findings may not readily generalize to other populations or situations. Practical implications – Holistic Debriefing has been adopted by an increasing number of squadrons in the Norwegian Air Force. Social implications – Holistic Debriefing has been implemented at the Norwegian Air Force Academy, and may be relevant for other units involved in similar operations. Originality/value – This study is unique when it comes to exploring Holistic Debriefing of rescue personnel in the aftermath of a terror attack. Moreover, Holistic Debriefing is also addressed as a reflection process in order to enhance individual and group learning processes.