North-western Part Of Romania Research Articles

Irrigation and Fertilization: A Comprehensive Analysis of Their Influences on Qualitative Indices in Two Plum Varieties

The chief aim of this study is to provide information regarding the value and effectiveness of localized irrigation applied to plum trees grown in nurseries; this study also emphasizes how irrigation impacts various qualitative indices in the context of different fertilization treatments. By increasing production in the nursery, the application of differentiated rules for fertilization and irrigation is expected to yield vigorous, healthy fruit tree planting material. As in the case of all cultivated plants, fruit trees in nurseries are primarily dependent on soil and climatic conditions. This research was carried out in a private fruit tree nursery in the northwestern part of Romania. The soil taxonomic unit identified on the research field was arable, weakly glaciated loamy clay on fluvial deposits. The two plum cultivars that were studied were Stanley and Cacanska Lepotica, both of which are valued for the high caliber of their fruit. This research was conducted using a 4 × 2 × 4 trifactorial experiment, with irrigation acting as the primary factor, cultivar as the secondary factor, and fertilization as the tertiary factor. During this research, the fertilization treatments proved to have the most significant impact (34.50%) on stem diameter compared with irrigation (20.67%) and cultivar (5.63%), given that the cultivar had no discernible influence on the increase in the diameters of the grafted trees.

Soil Properties and Forest Decline in the North-Western Part of Romania

The paper presents the study of the soil quality and health expressed by the chemical and biological properties in a research field placed at Varciorog, Bihor County, Romania. The soil samples were collected from 3 soil variants in March 2023. In each soil variant, some soil chemical parameters and the abundance of bacteria were determined. The frequency and intensity of colonization, along with arbuscules and vesicles, were scored to determine the mycorrhizal potential of each soil. The community-level physiological profile was used to determine the functional microbiome and its ability to decompose a specific set of substrates. In the control variant (CTRL), which is a functional forest cultivated with beech in a proportion of 90%, the soil properties were compared with those determined from Site 1 (a declined mixed forest) and from Site 2 (chestnut forest in a stage of complete drying). The data were statistically processed with a one-way ANOVA test, followed by the Duncan post-hoc test, which revealed significant variation in the potential of microbial functional communities across the analyzed sites. Also, the soil parameters that significantly varied in the 3 soil variants were bacterial number, pH, humus, exchangeable aluminum, coarse sand, dust, and fine sand. The Pearson correlation was computed to study the links between bacterial numbers and chemical parameters. The results showed strong correlations between most of the studied soil properties. The Ecoplates approach to soil functional microbiome highlighted various differences between the microbial communities of the three tested sites. Mycorrhizal colonization shows different potentials for symbiosis formation. The peak of mycorrhizal colonization was in declined forest, with 43.36% colonization frequency and 24.56% intensity. Arbuscules reached 11.36% in declined forest, while in control and decayed sites, the indicator was under 4%. Vesicles are more associated with control and decayed forests, with values of presence over 1.30%. As an indicator of microbial general activity, the sum of recorded activities was higher in declined and decayed forests. At these sites, the activity of the functional microbiome was amplified. The decline process activates a higher diversity of functional groups and is associated with a larger area of substrate decomposition capacity, which indicates a more extensive range of microbial functions related to breaking down organic matter.

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality. Case Study: Seini City, Maramureș County, Romania

"In the present study, in was investigated the groundwater quality from several private wells located in Seini city, Maramureș County (northwestern part of Romania). The investigated quality parameters were pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, dissolved ions and heavy metals. The analysis showed that some of the investigated wells had a high content of nitrate, ammonium, and heavy metals. The continuous consumption of water from these sources can be a real threat for consumers’ health. The inhabitants should limit as much as possible the usage of water from these wells for drinking purposes and they should use the water from the local distribution network. Keywords: ground water quality, drinking water, chemical quality parameters"

”ÎN LUMEA CELOR FĂRĂ CER” - PROJECT DEDICATED TO SAVING THE INTANGIBLE HERITAGE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MINING ACTIVITY FROM THE NORTH-WEST PART OF ROMANIA

The paper presents the steps and actions taken to design and implement the project "În lumea celor fără cer", a project dedicated to preserving the collective memory of those who worked in the underground of the former Baia Mare mining region. The project is intended to be a professional effort to save as much as possible of the intangible heritage, represented by the testimonies of various people, who worked in the traditional and emblematic activity of mining in the northwestern part of Romania, in general, and of Baia Mare, in particular.

Tridimensional Sustainability and Feasibility Assessment of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems Applied for the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

Nowadays, as the technology behind solar photovoltaic systems has been significantly improved, along with a significant decrease in costs, grid-connected photovoltaic systems are becoming an important option to reach a low-carbon energy transition. The high cost of electricity consumed at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca represented a good reason for the university to increase its energy efficiency by adopting and increasing energy consumption from renewable energy sources. This paper assesses the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of deploying four photovoltaic systems at the aforementioned university situated in the Northwestern part of Romania, according to the Romanian renewable energy legislation. PVSOL software has been used to estimate the performance of photovoltaic installations. The results indicated that the most viable distributed generation system is the one with a capacity of 100 kW, meeting approximately 23 percent of university electricity needs, and at the same time, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 460 tons. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to evaluate the effect of several critical parameters on the PV system’s economic feasibility. The results provide valuable decision-making information regarding the buildings’ solar potential for other universities, supporting the transition to solar energy.

History and Traditions of the Orthodox Ukrainian Community in Maramureș

Maramureș County, located in the north-western part of Romania, has always represented one of the oldest religious centres of the ancient province of Transylvania. The first part of the present essay will illustrate the most relevant moments in the history of the Christian community of Orthodox Ukrainian people, who lived within the historical region of Maramureș, and also the structure and the evolution of the local Ukrainian Church. The second part will present and demonstrate the key role played by the Orthodox faith and beliefs in establishing mutual relations of friendship and collaboration between the smaller Ukrainian community and the larger Romanian population, within the boundaries of Maramureș County. These relations of friendship and mutual understanding must endure in order to fight against the newly emerging Antichristian ideology that has shaken the moral and Christian foundations of our society. By sharing the same faith and the same religious beliefs, members of the Ukrainian community have managed to preserve their customs and traditions, their traditional dress codes, music and dance and kept alive their spiritual heritage.

Particularities of the Cultural Tourism in Zalău in the Context of the European Heritage: The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum

"Particularities of the Cultural Tourism in Zalău in the Context of the European Heritage: the Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum. Covering an area of 3,850 square kms, the county of Sălaj lies in the north-western part of Romania, as a passage between the Western and Eastern Carpathians. The main settlement of Sălaj is the city of Zalău, lying at the heart of the county, along Zalău valley, near the Northern Meseş Mountains. Evidence of the Dacian culture and civilization can be found all over the county. The stronghold was well known in antiquity as Dacidava, a central place for the gatherings of Dacian tribes living in the region, known today as Sălaj. Here 14 treasures of Dacian silver coins and jewels were found, which may explain the fact that Sălaj was one of the towns that laid on the ancient road of salt whereon salt used to be traded from Transylvania to Central Europe. Another important Dacian settlement would be Moigrad (Porolissum), on the heights of Măgura Moigradului, mentioned by Ptolemeu in his „Geographia”. After the Roman conquest and the colonization of Dacia as a Roman province, Roman experts in military strategy transfomed the Meseş Mountains into the north-eastern border of the Roman Empire. This „limes” separated the territories of the Roman province Dacia from the unoccupied area which belonged to the free Dacians. The military structure of Porolissum, the capital of the province „Dacia Porolissensis”, acquired the rank of „municipium”, by an order of the Emperor Septimius Severus. Ruins of the Porolissum town, together with Roman fortifications near the passage Poarta Meseşului stretch to an area of about 200 hectares. In Porolissum, archaeological discoveries brought to light two large stone-built Roman „castrum”, one amphitheatre, several temples, civilian constructions and Roman roads. Within the study there were both open-response questionnaires, when the subject was free to answer as he saw fit, and closed-response questionnaires, in which the subject had several possible answers from which he could choose the response considered convenient. The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum recovers a part of the shared historical past within a geographical space where the European community now functions. Through impeccable organization and administration, this part made possibile the development of the greatest empire in ancient times. Through The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum, the Zalău City Hall proposes to its inhabitants and tourists a vast event with an educative-cultural dimension. We believe that this sort of manifestation may counteract the promotion tendencies of the underground culture. We wish for The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum to pleasantly provide to the public history moments, traditions, culture and specific costumes. The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum is an event of our identity that reconfirms our values and space in Europe. At the European Union’s construction a few fundamental facts contributed: shared geography and history, the Greek culture, the Christianity and the Roman legacy. The Roman culture and civilization are marks of the European identity, which define the present European citizen’s consciousness. Keywords: The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum, Cultural tourism, Global values, European Heritage."

Preface

The ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL SESSION OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS - IMT Oradea 2020 is an International Conference which held, usually, in Felix Spa, near Oradea, in the NorthWestern part of Romania. We are delighted, proud, and honored to be your hosts every year at the scientific events of the Faculty of Managerial and Technological Engineering at the University of Oradea. But, this year, our Conference held virtually, due to the mass disruption caused by the coronavirus.We had to find solutions so as not to affect the continuity in the annual event of the Conference, even if on March 16, 2020, a state of emergency was declared on the Romanian territory. The decision of the Romanian authorities was referred to as travel, transport, and accommodation restrictions, respectively, the closure of restaurants and the prohibition of public meetings, even the formation of groups of more than three people. Thus, we were morally obliged towards our fellow researchers, university professors, scientists, to find feasible solutions for the Conference. Therefore, we found that the best option is to change the format of the Conference to a virtual format, with the presentation of works online, live video-audio.The Conference’s Editors And CommitteesList of Editors, Editorial Board, Scientific Committee and Steering Committee are available in this pdf.

Annual Session of Scientific Papers “IMT ORADEA 2019”

PrefaceThe Annual International Session of Scientific Papers - IMT Oradea 2019 is an International Conference which held in Felix Spa, near Oradea, in the North-Western part of Romania. We are delighted, proud and honored to be your hosts every year at the scientific events of the Faculty of Managerial and Technological Engineering at the University of Oradea. The high value of the works presented at each of the Annual Session of the Scientific Works makes us the Editorial Board, The Scientific Committee and The Organizing Committee, trust that we have carried out intensive work dedicated to the progress and dissemination of scientific, multidisciplinary engineering information. We have proposed that the rate of acceptance of papers should always be a reflection of the scientific review process, the more demanding, the higher the scientific level, and the lower the rate of acceptance of the works, respectively. The high degree of exigency in the review process has been instrumental in accepting publication by IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (MSE). In this regard, the papers presented at The Annual Session of Scientific Papers, IMT Oradea, have been indexed SCOPUS and since this year they will be indexed in Web Of Sciences (Clarivate Analytics, ISI). The road was not easy, nor straight, due to the many difficulties encountered, but the results are obviously positive. Our objectives, courageous and motivating, at the same time, were based on ethical criteria unequivocally. We have succeeded in promoting this scientific event to such an extent that it has been accepted as full membership in the respected and recognized of global profile organization, we named here The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). In the meantime, we did not give up on the proposed objective, namely that the papers presented at the IMT Oradea Conference should be free of any deviations from scientific ethics, thus discouraging plagiarism. We verify the degree of “overlap” of the texts of the works, with a maximum error of 5% being allowed, which are accepted at the level of writing References titles. All the papers presented at the IMT Oradea Conference are identified by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) as we are full members of CROSSREF, which allows us to have access to any search engine as it enables robots and crawlers to recognize Crossref DOIs as URLs. There, it is significant for the scientific world because the DOI structure is built on the URL link system, but DOI survives even after the URL link of the paperwork has disappeared. We are very confident that we have always received full credit from you, the participants in this elegant event, and we recognize that you have always had a positive influence on the quality of our work, but especially on the outcome of this work: IMT Oradea.Editorial BoardList of the conference’s committees are available in this pdf.

Irrational Beliefs and Personality Traits as Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Adolescents' Extremist Mind-Set.

The tripartite model of militant extremist mind-set proposed by Stankov et al. (2010b) includes three components: War (justification of violent acts as war); God (violence is seeing extremist acts as moral because they are done in the name of God or Allah); and West (violence against Western countries is justified because they are perceived as evil and/or immoral). There is a lack of conceptual framework regarding psychological mechanism that underlie radicalization and extremism, and there is little evidence regarding risk factors for radicalization in the scientific literature. In the present study, it is hypothesized that irrational beliefs and a constellation of personality factors are two possible psychological mechanisms that put adolescents in a vulnerable position and could influence them to develop an extremist mind-set. The sample consists in 295 Romanian adolescents, ages 15–18 years, and the mean age being 16.41. The present study was conducted in several schools from Bihor County located in the north-western part of Romania. Adolescents took part on a voluntary basis in the study after the written, informed consent was obtained from their parents. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the structure of Militant Extremist Mind-Set Scale confirmed the three-factor model of the extremist mind-set. Two confirmatory factor analyses were also conducted for the other two administered scales: CASI and Mini-IPIP. The results support the previous models for both scales, including items loading on factors. SEM analysis was performed with AMOS 23 statistical package on a final sample size of 242 participants and there were no missing data. Fifth structural models were specified. The fifth model had adequate fit based on all three indices including the RMSEA (0.054), CFI (0.958), and SRMS (0.047). Global evaluation of self seems to be the only irrational belief that was somewhat related with the extremis mind-set, being part of it. Neuroticism was not identified as being a variable that could have a direct influence on mind-set extremism, or an indirect influence through personality. Religious adherence is a good predictor of extremist ideology. A global personality factor consisting in low Intellect/Imagination, low Extraversion and high Agreeableness seems to be a vulnerability factor that influences people to believe in extremist ideology.

The Quality of Underwater Supplies in Western Romania

Over the last three decades, many scientist, national and international agencies were concerned about pollution of the Romanian environment, especially water and its impact on human health. This research includes studies and interpretations resulting from chemical and bacteriological analyzes of water samples collected from wells or underground springs from central north-western part of Romania. The water parameters were determined using standard analytical methods: pH, turbidity, oxidability, ammonium, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, total hardness, conductivity, mesophilic heterotrophic microorganisms, coliforms, E. coli, intestinal enterococci. Regarding non-compliant samples, the main problem is the bacterial load of water, confirming domestic pollution sources of water. More than 50% of the analyzed samples, which had concentrations of nitrate over 10 mg/L were also found bacteriological inappropria

Association Between Kidney Function, Plasma Endotheline-1 (ET1) Levels, and Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Metal Mines Workers

SESSION TITLE: Cardiovascular 2 SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Poster PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, November 1, 2017 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM PURPOSE: To assess possible relationships between renal function parameters, ET1 levels and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors and to test the hypothesis that occupational exposure to heavy metals (HM) has harmful effects on the kidney and vessels, on historical mines areas in the North-Western part of Romania. The mineral assemblages include native elements like gold, silver, copper, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, zinc, free silica, nickel, asbestos, sulphur, manganase, cobalt. The mechanisms of biological interaction of HM are uncertain and poorly understood. Heavy metals enters many types of cells where bind to oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfhydryl groups in proteins, resulting alterations of enzymatic activity and oxidative stress damage through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced lipid peroxidation and endothelial dysfunction, an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS: We conducted a follow-up prospective study of 44 cases mean aged 43.75±4.97 year-old, with a mean period of HM exposure of 16.88±4.45 years versus 26 individuals nonexposed mean aged 50.5±6.81 year-old. Demographic, anthropometric, smoking history, plasma ET1, lipid profile, uric acid, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), fibrinogen, thrombocytes, glycemia and albumin levels were performed. Kidney function was determined by serum creatinine and urea, urine albumin excretion rate (AER), urea/creatinine ratio (UCR), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) and creatinine clearance, as an estimate of Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), calculated according to the Cockcroft and Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation formulas. Cardiovascular disease risk was evaluated through Reynolds Risk Score (RRS). Statistical analysis included Spearman correlations tests, t test and one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS: ET1 (p=0.0001), ACR (p=0.03), AER (p=0.009), uric acid (p=0.0003), thrombocytes (p=0.009), glycemia (p=0.003) and RRS (p=0.0006) were significantly higher, while eGFR (p=0.0001) lower, in patients versus controls. In miners group, we have found correlations between eGRF and uric acid (r=0.43;p=0.003), thrombocytes (r=0.32;p=0.03); AER and ET1 (r=-0.29;p=0.04), fibrinogen (r=-0.32;p=0.03), glycemia (r=0.33;p=0.02); UCR and uric acid (r=0.36;p=0.01); ACR and CRP (r=-0.31;p=0.03); creatinine and uric acid (r=-0.41;p=0.005), thrombocytes (r=-0.35;p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In metal mines workers, the nontraditional risk factors can be considered as promoters of atherosclerosis and renal disease progresssion with a high predictive value for cardiovascular disease. ET1 and uric acid may be used as biomarkers for early kidney disease and, perhaps would help to stratify their risk to adjust the pharmacological management. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Chronic occupational exposure to HM cause toxic effects on the kidneys, thus becoming a major public health concern and a step forward for disease prevention. DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Ligia Puiu, Ancuta Petrovan, Roxana Nemes, Florin Mihaltan, Ovidiu Fira-Mladinescu, Oana Deleanu, Ruxandra Ulmeanu No Product/Research Disclosure Information

Residential, soil and water radon surveys in north-western part of Romania

The exposure to radon and radon decay products in homes and at workplaces represents the greatest risk from natural ionizing radiation. The present study brings forward the residential, soil and water radon surveys in 5 counties of Romania. Indoor radon measurements were performed by using CR-39 track detectors exposed for 3 months on ground-floor level of dwellings, according to the NRPB Measurements Protocol. Radon concentrations in soil and water were measured using the LUK3C device. The indoor radon concentrations ranged from 5 to 2592 Bq⋅m−3 with an updated preliminary arithmetic mean of 133 Bq⋅m−3, and a geometric mean of 90 Bq⋅m−3. In about 6% of the investigated grid cells the indoor radon concentrations exceed the threshold of 300 Bq⋅m−3. The soil gas radon concentration varies from 0.8 to 169 kBq⋅m−3, with a geometric mean of 28.4 kBq⋅m−3. For water samples, the results show radon concentrations within the range of 0.3–352 kBq⋅m−3 with a geometric mean of 7.7 Bq⋅L−1. The indoor radon map was plotted on a reference grid developed by JRC with the resolution 10 × 10 km2.

Vulnerability assessment methodology: A tool for policy makers in drafting a sustainable development strategy of rural mining settlements in the Apuseni Mountains, Romania

a b s t r a c t Mining settlements are hierarchically integrated in a system of localities at local, county, micro-regional, regional, national, European and even global level. Therefore, this study has a holistic approach to understanding and analyzing the territorial, social, economic or environmental regeneration and development processes as well as the vulnerability degree of selected mining settlements of the Apuseni Mountains located in the north-western part of Romania. The paper has a twofold purpose. First, it aims to contribute to the ongoing process of geographical and environmental research conducted in Romania by proposing new methodologies developed based on available data and an in-depth analysis of the local issues by linking regional, national, and international models. Second, it aims to facilitate the decision-making processbydevelopinga toolusefulinthe planningand sustainabledevelopmentofthe Apuseni Mountainsat multiple scales(local, county and regional).Inorder toaddress current challenges faced by the selected area, the authors propose a novel calculation methodology for the vulnerability of the mining settlements and use GIS technology to elaborate a geospatial database and vulnerability map of the mining villages. Correlated data provided a vulnerability assessment method for rural settlements that might help facilitate the identification of feasible sustainable development solutions and serve as a tool for policy makers in drafting an integrated sustainable development strategy. The results reveal the importance of an integrated approach of the vulnerabilities occurring in rural settlements, especially the mining ones.

Research on the surface water quality in mining influenced area in north-western part of Romania

The paper highlights the current situation of the quality of surface water in the areas influenced by mining activities in the north-western part of Romania. In this respect a series of investigations have been conducted regarding the contamination with heavy metals of the water of the Someş and Tisa hydro- graphic Basins, which cover the northern part of Maramures County and the south-western area of Maramures County, respectively. The results of the comparative research refer to the period between 1999 and 2011 and reveal the specific heavy metal ions of mining activity: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb Cd and Ni, as well as the water pH. The presented values as annual average values reveal an increase in several heavy metals after the closure of mines, which is due to the lack of effectiveness of the closure and of the conservation of the mine galleries, as well as of the impaired functioning of the mining wastewater treatment plants.

An inter‐basin backwater overflow (the Buhai Brook and the Ezer reservoir on the Jijia River, Romania)

AbstractDuring the last few years, the north‐western part of Romania has been affected by catastrophic floods with most of the watercourses reaching their highest recorded discharges. This study reports the generation of a numerical terrain model and the simulation of a backwater phenomenon at elevation steps according to the volume of water accumulated at the confluence of the Buhai Brook with the Jijia River. The hydrological data are complemented by rainfall data and the careful recording of the flood behaviour during the entire period of its development. The main aim of the study is to identify the causes of the backwater phenomenon and to highlight the material damage inflicted on the town of Dorohoi. At the same time, the study uses cartographic model that was developed to establish which areas are at risk of flooding at various levels of probability. The catastrophic flood began on the Buhai Brook, a slow‐flowing stream that drains the areas to the west of the town of Dorohoi and discharged into the upstream sector of the Jijia confluence. The flood caused two types of backwater waves: one behind the bridges and the houses built on the floodplain and a second that followed the course of the main stem (Jijia) upstream from the confluence, flooding the Ezer Lake, which was created specifically to attenuate such floods. The spillway backwater phenomenon was inter‐basin as it did not occur in a single hydrographic basin. The causes of the catastrophic flash flood and of the inter‐basin backwater overflow are natural but also reflect anthropogenic influence. After the lake filled, the discharge into the Jijia was controlled and the flooding downstream was thus greatly diminished. Though fortuitous, the backwater flooding was important in mitigating the impact of the flood wave from the Jijia River. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Oak-Hornbeam Forest Database of the Transylvanian Basin

The report presents the structure and contents of a vegetation database of oak-hornbeam forests from the North-Western part of Romania (Transylvanian Basin). The Oak-Hornbeam Forest Database of the Transylvanian Basin (GIVD ID EU-RO-003) was developed to assemble published and unpublished releves from the class Querco-Fagetea, mainly the Carpinion group from the study area. Currently it contains 524 releves.

Thoron and radon measurements in Romanian schools

A new thoron/radon survey was started in the north-western part of Romania, covering three counties, using discriminative detectors (RADUET). All detectors were deployed throughout 3 months, covering the spring period. The measured radon and thoron concentration ranged from 31 to 414 Bq m(-3) and from below the detection limit to 235 Bq m(-3), respectively. In this survey, 35 schools were submitted to investigation; 21 of the schools included in this study presented radon concentrations higher than 100 Bq m(-3), the reference level recommended by the World Health Organization in 2009. The seasonal effective dose calculated from these exposures, overlapping all three counties, ranged between 0.32 and 0.54 mSv.

Middle Miocene zeolite-bearing turbidites, Abrămuţ Basin (Pannonian Basin), NW Romania

Detailed lithostratigraphic data from a borehole in the Abramuţ Basin, located in the northwestern part of Romania, has revealed the presence of turbiditic deposits containing several layers with tuff/tuffaceous materials in the lower Badenian. The age of these deposits is determined by the presence of the foraminifera Praeorbulina glomerosa and Orbulina suturalis . Detailed quantitative and qualitative X-ray diffraction data (XRD) on 10 different tuff layers situated at depths between 2450 and 2640 m show a mineralogical association comprising analcime, quartz, volcanic glass, smectite, mica, calcite, K-feldspar, glass and minor quantity of chlorite and albite. The presence of analcime suggests that the albite isograd for the interval studied has been never reached and the maximum temperatures have been lower than c . 125°C since the early Badenian.

Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibilities

This article emphasizes the meaning of social entrepreneurship and that of corporate social responsibility and the role held in social value creating process. There are several opinions regarding the distinctions between social entrepreneurship and corporate social responsibility considering the implications, the impact and the stimulus. This article will point out our approach regarding Social Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility based on our research made in Cluj County from northwestern part of Romania, by highlighting their characteristics and the way that both processes influence the social environment. The research was made using two types of questionnaires which were applied to commercial enterprises and NGO’s with social purpose.